Objective: We sought to establish the views of general practitioners about detecting and managing patients with a first episode of schizophrenia in Ireland.

Method: Twenty per cent of GPs were invited to participate in a cross-sectional postal survey.

Results: Sixty-two per cent (n = 261) participated. Almost all (99.2%) see at least one case of suspected first episode schizophrenia annually. The most commonly (80.7%) encountered symptom is ‘bizarre behaviour’. Many (47.7%) rarely or never prescribe antipsychotics to patients whom they suspect have a first episode of schizophrenia. However, 80.6% of GPs reported that they ‘always’ refer this group of patients to psychiatric services. Over half (57.8%) advised patients with schizophrenia to continue medication for less than a year. A large number of respondents reported that it is difficult to obtain a rapid psychiatric assessment.

Conclusions: GPs want more information about identifying early psychosis, a closer liaison with psychiatric services and a rapid intervention service.

Objectives: We sought to determine the prevalence of and the factors associated with violent and aggressive incidents among clients attending an out-patient methadone stabilisation and detoxification programme in Dublin.

Methods: We retrospectively examined all incident report forms over a two-year period. We also obtained information on demographics, main drug of abuse, timing and location of the incident as well as psychiatric and physical comorbidity among the perpetrators from case note review.

Results: Two hundred and ninety-five incidents occurred over the study period. The overall rate of violence and aggression was 85 per 1,000 clients attending the centre per year. Most incidents involved verbal abuse. Females were significantly more likely to be involved in assaults compared to males. A high proportion of clients (80%) who were physically aggressive tested positive for benzodiazepine medication.

Conclusions: Levels of recorded violence have remained stable however racial abuse has increased in recent years. The relatively low overall rate of violence suggests that existing measures have helped reduce the number of aggressive and violent incidents in the centre. Most of the victims were either doctors, nursing staff or general assistants. This finding reflected their respective roles in the centre, which included limit setting and dealing with positive drug screens among clients.

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity, substance misuse problems and related health and social problems among women prisoners newly committed and a cross-section remanded and sentenced in the Irish prison population. In 2002 women represented 10.7% (1043) of all persons committed to the Irish Prison system, and 3.3% (104) of the daily average number of persons in custody. We surveyed psychiatric morbidity in these two groups to assess the need for psychiatric services for women prisoners, and to compare Irish morbidity with an international average.

Method: We interviewed 94 newly committed women prisoners within 72 hours of committal, representing approximately 9% of female committals per year. We also interviewed a cross sectional sample of 92 women, representing approximately 90% of all women in custody. Mental illness and substance misuse was measured using the SADS-L, SODQ and a structured interview.

Results: Five (5.4%) of the committal and 5 (5.4%) of the cross-sectional sample had a psychotic illness within the previous six months. 8 (8.5%) of the committals and 15 (16.3%) of the women in the cross-sectional sample had a major depressive disorder in the last six months. 8 (8.6%) committals and 14 (15.2%) in the cross-sectional sample had an anxiety disorder within the last six months. 61 (65.6%) of the women interviewed at committal and 61 (65.2%) of the cross-sectional sample had a substance misuse problem in the last six months.

Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of mental illness and substance misuse problems amongst women newly committed to prison and in a cross section of those remanded or sentenced in prison in Ireland. We found evidence of a cycle of deprivation and institutionalisation. These findings highlight the need for the integration of community and forensic psychiatric services, and for ongoing collaboration with drug services.

Objectives: This study examined the impact of psychiatric teaching on attitudes toward psychiatry of a cohort of medical students by means of a questionnaire survey. The impact of social desirability bias on questionnaire responses was also explored. Gender and nationality subgroups in the cohort were examined in more detail to determine whether these variables had any bearing on attitude change.

Methods: Fifth year medical students at NUI Galway completed the Attitudes to Psychiatry-30 questionnaire at the beginning and end of the psychiatric curriculum.

This was coupled to the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (13 items) to determine the effect of this potential bias on responses to the attitudinal scale.

Anonymity was ensured by using unique identification codes on the questionnaires, which facilitated individual comparisons of pre- and post-teaching responses.

Results: Attitudes toward psychiatry were positive prior to training but significantly improved following the teaching programme.

There was no difference in attitudinal change between male and female subgroups.

While students from outside the EU did show an improvement in mean scores on the ATP-30 this increase failed to reach significance. This finding was in contrast to the results for students from EU states whose mean increase on the ATP-30 was highly significant.

Social desirability questionnaire scores fell significantly between the first and second administration, lending support to the findings being a true reflection of the students' attitudes toward psychiatry.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that a teaching programme has the ability to influence students' attitudes. This is encouraging for recruitment into psychiatry and overall patient care.

Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) has developed globally as a model of community care for the severely mentally ill. However, in the United Kingdom there is mixed evidence regarding improvements in outcome and concerns about ACT teams having poor fidelity to the original ACT model.

Objective: This study presents the fidelity characteristics of an established ACT team serving Gloucester City. It describes service user demographic and illness data and compares these findings to other important studies in the United Kingdom.

Method: The Dartmouth Assertive Community Treatment Scale was applied to rate the Gloucester ACT team's fidelity characteristics. The Gloucester Caseload Project Demographic Pro-Forma was collected from all of the team's 79 service users.

Results: The population of severely mentally ill ACT service users in Gloucester City were an older and more “disabled” group compared to the classic ACT studies. Furthermore, although findings indicate a high level of fidelity to the original ACT model, the team it is still associated with high levels of inpatient treatment.

Conclusion: High fidelity ACT services appear to be associated with high admission rates. Therefore teams should not be viewed as alternatives to hospital admission but have goals of improving engagement and social functioning. Furthermore, findings have allowed the team to benchmark its service and target areas for further service development. More consistent reporting of fidelity data on ACT research would facilitate comparison across different services.

Objective: The evaluation of psychosocial need is an important part of the assessment of any patient who presents to a psychiatrist. The Camberwell Assessment of Need (CAN) instrument was developed for the systematic assessment of need in people with severe and enduring mental illness. Variations of the CAN have been developed for forensic, elderly and learning disability populations. Patients presenting to psychiatrists in the general hospital may also have different needs to those presenting to psychiatrists in other settings. We set out to examine whether the CAN would be useful in identifying needs in patients referred to psychiatrists in the general hospital with self-harm or alcohol problems.

Method: Over a four-month period from September 2004 we prospectively assessed all patients with self-harm or alcohol problems referred to a liaison psychiatry service. We used the short version of the Camberwell Assessment of Need instrument (CANSAS) to assess psychosocial needs. Urgent referrals to a local psychiatric service of patients with severe enduring mental illness (SEMI) were assessed using identical methodology over the same time period and used as a comparison group.

Results: Over the study period 53 patients with self-harm, 42 with alcohol problems and 45 with SEMI were assessed. Patients presenting with self-harm and alcohol problems had significantly fewer needs than those with SEMI (4.40 vs 3.98 vs 7.96, p < 0.001). Looking after the home, self-care, daytime activity, psychotic symptoms, safety to others and sexual expression needs were significantly greater in the SEMI group than in either the DSH or alcohol groups. Only safety to self-needs in the DSH group and alcohol needs in the alcohol group were significantly higher than in the SEMI group. The proportion of needs that were unmet was similar in each group.

Conclusions: The CANSAS instrument identified some needs in deliberate self-harm and alcohol problem patients that might not have been identified during the course of a standard psychosocial assessment. It was easy to administer and as such was a useful addition to the assessment process. However the development of a more specific instrument for the assessment of need in these populations would be useful.

Background: This is the first epidemiologically representative cross-sectional study of psychiatric morbidity using research diagnostic instruments in sentenced prisoners in Ireland.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity and psychiatric service requirements.

Method: We interviewed 340 men serving a fixed sentence (14.6% of total) and 98 men serving a life sentence (82% of total). Prisoners were drawn from 15 different prisons using a random stratified sampling method. Mental illness and substance misuse was measured using the SADS-L, SODQ and a structured interview to generate ICD-10-DCR diagnoses.

Results: We found a high prevalence of mental illness. Our six month prevalence for psychosis (2.7%) was similar to an international meta-analysis. We found a significantly higher prevalence of psychosis in life sentenced prisoners (6.1%) compared to fixed sentenced prisoners (1.8%). Drugs and alcohol problems were very prevalent.

Conclusions: Using the six month prevalence figures found for psychosis, we estimate that there are approximately 79 sentenced male prisoners with a severe mental illness who would require treatment in hospital additional to current provision. We discuss the relationship between drug availability and the prevalence of severe mental illnesses in prisons.

Objectives: To determine the extent to which general practitioners are currently active in the screening, assessment, diagnosis and management of eating disorders. To identify current deficits in service delivery for eating disordered patients, as identified by general practitioners.

Method: A postal questionnaire was circulated to 360 general practitioners within the greater Dublin area and North Eastern Health Service Executive.

Results: Response rate was 25%. Respondents had lower case-loads of eating disordered patients than would be expected given the epidemiology of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Most do not routinely screen for eating disorders, even in at-risk populations and are unaware of the current evidence-based data for guidance. GPs do not feel confident at managing eating disorders within the primary care setting and see their chief role as that of referral to psychiatric services. Treatment outcomes are typically poor. Concern was expressed at the lack of access to specialist treatment in the public sector. Specific deficits in service provision were highlighted including delays in assessment, lack of services appropriate to the adolescent population, poor service transition, and poor availability of psychotherapy at primary care level.

Conclusions: Eating disorders are currently underdiagnosed in the primary care setting. Use of simple screening tools might aid detection of pathological eating patterns, particularly in at-risk groups. General practitioners feel under-equipped to manage these complex disorders, given that the resources required to provide high quality care are not widely available. Better integration of primary and secondary services, coupled with training for GPs in the area of screening, assessment and diagnosis, may lead to earlier intervention and improved outcomes.

Aims: The aim of this research is to evaluate a seven week abstinence-based drug treatment programme and to use this to assist policy makers in the planning and provision of future programmes.

Methods: Design: Seventy-nine clients were interviewed at two stages. Stage I, prior to the treatment programme, stage II, immediately after the treatment programme. A selected group of 20 clients were followed-up and interviewed at stage III, up to 24 months after the treatment programme.

Setting: All clients were prisoners at Mountjoy Prison, Dublin Ireland.

Participants: Seventy-nine male prisoners were recruited. A sample of 20 of the original cohort of 79 was selected using a snowball sampling method approximately 24 months following treatment. This latter sample of 20 clients consisted of eight prisoners who had re-offended and returned to prison, three prisoners who were still in prison serving their original sentence and nine prisoners who were out of prison. These 20 also participated in a more detailed quantitative and qualitative survey.

Measurements: In order to measure prisoner's criminogenic attitudes and needs the Crime Pics II instrument was used. This is a semantic differential scale which measures attitudes toward offending behaviour. It includes a problem checklist which can be used to measure change over time.

Results: An 82% follow-up rate was achieved on the original group of 79 clients, similarly a follow-up rate of 100% was also achieved for the selected group of 20 clients who were interviewed three times. Regardless of category of client, findings demonstrate an improvement over time for the outcome variables, general attitude to offending, anticipation of re-offending and perception of current life problems. However, the study failed to demonstrate any significant change for the outcome variables victim hurt denial and evaluation of crime as worthwhile.

Conclusions: These results were short lived for many prisoners, who failed to sustain the gains made. Interviews with the cohort of 20 who underwent stage III interviews possibly suggest that those clients who did not receive continuity of treatment post programme, in terms of case management and structured treatment did not fare as well as those who did.

Objectives: Dual diagnosis refers to co-occurring substance use and psychiatric disorders. The principal aims of this investigation were two-fold: 1) to identify aspects of patients' drug use and prior treatment histories associated with their receiving a dual diagnosis upon admission to the Donwood Institute, a residential drug treatment facility located in Toronto, Canada; 2) to track temporal trends in the rates of diagnosed comorbidities over a five-year period at this same institution.

Methods: We conducted an analysis of the intake assessment forms and hospital records of 159 patients who had been admitted to a drug treatment facility during the month of September for each of the years between 1998 and 2002 inclusive. Comparisons were made between patients who had received a psychiatric diagnosis on admission and patients who had received no such diagnosis. We then employed logistic regression analyses to explore the relationship of the variable psychiatric diagnosis on admission to other patient variables.

Results: Among the patients studied in our sample, those receiving psychotherapy or taking prescription psychotropic medication at the time of their admission as well as patients whose primary problem substance was cannabis or who had been previously admitted to the treatment facility were significantly more likely to have received a psychiatric diagnosis on admission, in spite of our finding that several patients receiving psychotherapy or taking at least one psychotropic medication did not receive a psychiatric diagnosis on admission.

Conclusions: Whilst our data indicate that psychiatric comorbidity is common among individuals in treatment for substance use disorders at the Donwood Institute, it is possible that some individuals with psychiatric illness in our sample were not diagnosed as such when presenting for treatment of their substance use difficulties. Moreover, temporal tracking of rates of dual diagnoses did not reveal a consistent increase during the period studied.

Objectives: The demand for places in supported accommodation is likely to rise due to the increasing longevity of people with intellectual disabilities and as their parents become unavailable or unable to care for them. However few attempts have been made to ascertain carer's views on alternative accommodation.

Method: Four studies were undertaken in Northern Ireland to ascertain carer's views using three different methods. In all, 387 carers participated with the response being greatest for individual interviews conducted in the family home and least for self-completed questionnaires and attendance at group meetings.

Results: The majority of carers envisaged the person continuing to be cared for within the family. The most commonly chosen out-of-home provision was in residential or nursing homes, living with support in a house of their own and in homes for small groups of people. Few carers chose living with another family. However only small numbers of carers envisaged alternative provision being needed in the next two years and few had made any plans for alternative living arrangements.

Conclusions: The implications for service planning are noted, primarily the need for individual reviews of future needs through person-centred planning; improved information to carers about various residential options and their differential benefits, along with more services aimed at improving the quality of life of people living with family carers. These need to be underpinned by a commitment of statutory agencies to partnership working with family carers. The implications for mental health services are noted.

Objectives: There has been no specific planning for older people with enduring or recurrent severe mental illness in Ireland. This survey aims to identify the number of affected over 65 year olds (graduates) and 55-64 year olds (prospective graduates) in the Health Service Executive, Eastern Region, their diagnoses and their use of psychiatric services.

Method: A comprehensive survey of the ten general adult psychiatry and four old age psychiatry services in the (HSE) Eastern Region was undertaken for the year 2003 to determine the number of patients, their diagnoses and service utilisation.

Results: 649 people over 65 years old were identified within the general adult psychiatry services and a further 279 within the old age psychiatry services giving a total of 928. (This number rose to 1141 after correcting for missing outpatient data.) 1,397 people between the ages of 55-64 were identified. (This number rose to 1,916 after correcting for missing outpatient data.)

Conclusions: There are substantial numbers of ‘graduates’ and ‘prospective graduates’ in the Eastern Region. It is essential that services for this population are specifically planned for and further qualitative research is required to inform this process.

Objectives: Over the past three decades, major changes have taken place internationally in the type of residential accommodation provided for people with intellectual disabilities but these appear to be less evident in Northern Ireland.

Method: A census was undertaken of all persons in any form of residential placement using a range of existing databases to identify the population, with a short questionnaire completed for each resident.

Results: Around 440 persons lived in hospitals and 1,970 in some other form of provision but mostly in large congregated settings such as residential care homes and nursing homes. This was more marked in certain Health and Social Service Boards than in others. Most places are provided by the private sector although voluntary organisations and housing associations now manage around one-third of places. People living in hospitals reportedly had different characteristics to those in all other settings while those in nursing homes tended to require greater personal care. However the characteristics of people living in residential homes, supported living arrangements and village communities were broadly comparable. Around one in 10 persons were deemed to benefit from a move; mostly from residential homes to more independent living arrangements.

Conclusions: Compared to Britain and the Republic of Ireland there is an under-provision of residential placements in Northern Ireland. To date, funding from outside of health and social services has been the main driver for the type of accommodation provided. The implications for future policy and provision are discussed.

Objectives: To examine the knowledge and experiences of side-effects and their monitoring in patients prescribed atypical antipsychotic medications.

Methods: A tick box survey was designed to ask questions of patients prescribed atypical antipsychotic medications about side-effects and monitoring for them. This survey was distributed anonymously to all suitable outpatient attendees over a three month period who had been prescribed atypical antipsychotic medication for at least one year.

Results: Seventy-four of the 90 surveys (82%) distributed were returned complete. Fifty-six (76%) of those surveyed said they were currently experiencing side-effects. Twenty-two (39%) said they had not told their psychiatrist about the side-effects. Weight gain was most commonly complained of (49%). Forty-five (61%) said that they had had no monitoring blood tests in the past year. Fifty-one (69%) did not know that certain monitoring blood tests were recommended.

Conclusions: Patients prescribed atypical antipsychotic medications are not currently being monitored as best practice dictates. It cannot be assumed that GPs will pursue this monitoring. More resources are needed for mental health services so that adequate monitoring services can be provided.

Objectives: There is a paucity of data concerning the prevalence of alcohol use disorders and binge drinking in the general hospital adult population in Ireland. We therefore examined the point-prevalence of alcohol use disorders and of binge drinking in the adult inpatient population of the acute wards of an Irish university teaching hospital. The secondary aim was to examine gender, age, and patient group (medical/surgical) as risk factors.

Method: We administered the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) to all consenting patients (n = 126) on the acute adult medical and surgical wards over one day.

Results: 76% of all inpatients on the acute medical and surgical wards were interviewed (n = 126) using the AUDIT.

Of the subjects 28% screened positive for an alcohol use disorder. Of these 91% were identified as binge drinkers.

A further 8% of the subjects screened positive for binge drinking but were not identified as having an alcohol use disorder.

Overall, 36% of the subjects screened positive for either an alcohol use disorder and/or for binge drinking using the AUDIT.

Male gender and under 65s were risk factors for both alcohol use disorders and binge drinking.

Conclusions: The high point-prevalences of alcohol use disorders and binge drinking in hospital inpatients in particular are a cause for concern as they may have illness complicated by or secondary to undiagnosed alcohol excess. As this population is an easily accessible group for screening, and clinical and economic evidence supports intervention, we recommend screening all acute hospital admissions for alcohol use disorders and binge drinking, followed by appropriate management.