Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T15:16:05.487Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Psychopharmacological treatment of adolescent and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 June 2014

Michael Fitzgerald
Michael Fitzgerald*
Affiliation:
Trinity College Dublin, Child and Family Centre, Ballyfermot Road, Ballyfermot, Dublin 10, Ireland
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Adult ADHD is becoming a rather ‘firm’ diagnosis in adult psychiatry practice. Nevertheless it is a diagnosis that is often missed which leads to unnecessary distress to patients. This paper sets out the treatment possibilities.

Keywords

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderUnlicensed medications
Type
Reviews
Information
Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine , Volume 18 , Issue 3 , September 2001 , pp. 93 - 98
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Wilens, T. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and co-morbid substance use disorders in adults. Psychiatric Services 1995; 46(8): 761–3.Google Scholar
2.American Psychiatric Association. DSM-IV American Psychiatric Association: Washington DC, 1994.Google Scholar
3.Murphy, K, Barkley, R. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder adults: co-morbidities and adaptive impairments. Compr Psychiatry 1996; 37(6): 393–01.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Goodman, R, Scott, S. Child Psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1997.Google Scholar
5.World Health Organisation. The ICD10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. WHO: Geneva, 1992.Google Scholar
6.Gorman, C, Greenberg, L. All you ever wanted to know about Attention Deficits but didn't know when to ask. Universal Attention Disorders Inc. Los Alamitos, 1997.Google Scholar
7.Toone, B, Clarke, M, Young, S. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in adults. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 1999; 5: 111–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Spencer, T, Biederman, J, Wilens, T, Farone, S. Is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in adults a valid disorder? Harvard Review Psychiatry 1994; 1: 326–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Chiarello, R, Cole, J. The use of psychostimulants in general psychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry 1987; 44: 286–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Demuth, N. ADHD adult evaluation in private practice: what is sufficient and cost effective. In the ADHD Report 1996; 4(1): 8–13.Google Scholar
11.Hechman, L. American Academy Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Meeting. Challenges and controversies in the diagnosis of adult ADHD 1999; C9018 Chicago: USA.Google Scholar
12.Shekim, W, Asarnow, R, Hess, E, Zaucha, K, Wheeler, N. A clinical and demographic profile of a sample of adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, residual state. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1990, 31, 5, 416–425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Test of Variables of Attention. Universal Attention Disorders Inc. Los Alamitos, CA, 1997.Google Scholar
14.Greenberg, L. Treating Attention Deficit disorders in children and adults. Psychiatric Times Medicine and Behaviour, January 1992; 18–19.Google Scholar
15.Cairns, E, Cammock, T. Development of a more reliable version of the Matching Familiar Figures Test. Developmental Psychology 1978; 14: 555–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Goodman, R, Stevenson, J. A twin study of hyperactivity. J Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1989; 30: 671–709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17.Cook, E, Stein, M, Krasowski, M. Association of Attention Deficit Disorder and the Dopamine transporter gene. American J Medical Genetics 1995; 56: 993–8.Google ScholarPubMed
18.Biederman, J, Farone, J, Keenan, K. Further evidence for family genetic risk factors in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Archives General Psychiatry, 49: 728–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Gill, M, Fitzgerald, M, Hawi, Z, Heron, S. Confirmation of association between Attention Deficit Disorder and a Dopamine transporter polymorphism. Molecular Psychiatry 1997; 2(4): 311–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Daly, G, Hawi, Z, Fitzgerald, M, Gill, M. Mapping susceptibility loci in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: preferential transmission of parental alleles at Dat1, DBH, DRD5 to affected children. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Annual Meeting. Chicago, USA, 1999, 121.Google ScholarPubMed
21.Medicines for Children. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health Publications: London, 1999.Google Scholar
22.Healy, R. Prescriptions, licenses and evidence: A reply. Psychiatric Bulletin 1999; 23: 442–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Green, WH. Child and adolescent clinical psychopharmacology. Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore, 1995.Google Scholar
24.Wender, PH, Reimher, R, Wood, D, Ward, M. The first choice treatment is still Ritalin. A control study of methylphenidate in the treatment of Attention Deficit Disorder, residual type in adults. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 547–52.Google Scholar
25.Rosenberg, D, Hottum, J, Ryan, N, Gershon, S. Pocket guide for the textbook of pharmacotherapy for child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Taylor and Francis: Washington, 1998.Google Scholar
26.Pliska, S. What's new in stimulant treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 44th Annual Meeting, Toronto, 1998.Google Scholar
27.Spencer, T, Wilens, T, Biederman, J. Double-blind crossover trial of Methylphenidate in placebo in adults with childhood onset Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Archives General Psychiatry 1995; 52: 434–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Wender, P. Attention Deficit Disorder in adults. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1995.Google Scholar
29.Levin, FR, Evans, SM, McDowell, DM, Kleber, HD. Methylphenidate treatment for cocaine abusers with adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A pilot study. J Clinical Psychiat 1998; 59(6): 300–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30.Levin, FR, Evans, SM, Kleber, HD. Prevalence of adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among cocaine abusers seeing treatment. Drug Alcohol Dependence 1998, 52(1): 15–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.Zametkin, A. ADHD, the DEA and you. ADHD Report 1999; 7(1): 5–6.Google Scholar
32.Spencer, T, Biederman, T, Wilens, T. Pharmacotherapy of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A life span approach. Advanced psychopharmacology: Contemporary issues in clinical care. Institute 7, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Meeting, Chicago, October 1999.Google Scholar
33.Wender, PH, Reimherr, FW. Bupropion treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in adults. Am J Psychiat 1990; 147(8): 1018–20.Google ScholarPubMed
34.Wilens, T, Biederman, J, Prince, J. Six week double blind, placebo controlled study of Desipramine for adult ADHD. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 1147–53.Google Scholar
35.Hunt, RD, Capper, L, O'Connell, P. Clonidine in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Adolescent Psychopharmacology 1990; 1: 87–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.Wender, P. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in adults. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1995.Google Scholar
37.Wilens, T, Spencer, T. Combing Methylphenidate and Clonidine. J Am Acad Child Adolescent Psychiat 1999; 38(5): 614–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38.Wilens, T, Spender, T, Biederman, J. A controlled trial of Bupropion SR for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in adults. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Meeting, Chicago, November 1999.Google Scholar
39.Hedges, D, Reimherr, FW, Rogers, A. An open label trial of venlafaxine in adult patients with ADHD. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1995; 31: 779–83.Google Scholar
40.Horig-Rohan, M, Amsterdam, J. Venlafaxine versus stimulant therapy in patients with dual diagnosis of Attention Deficit Disorder and Depression. NCDEU Annual Meeting, June 3rd 1995: Orlando, Florida.Google Scholar
41.Bender, K. A dual-action antidepressant. Psychiatric Times Monograph, 1997; 6–12.Google Scholar
42.Kewley, GD. Risperidone in co-morbid ADHD and Oppositional Defiant Disorder / Conduct Disorder. J Am Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1999; 38(11): 1327–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43.Wilens, T, Biederman, J, Spencer, T, Bostig, J. A cholinergic agonist for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A pilot controlled clinical trial of ABT–418 in adults. Am Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry Meeting, Chicago, November 1999.Google Scholar
44.Curran, S, Fitzgerald, M. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in the prison population. Am J Psychiat 1999; 156(10): 1664–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45.Hawi, Z, McCarron, M, Fitzgerald, M, Gill, M. Association between ADHD and the dopamine beta hydroxylase gene. Molecular Psychiat 1999; 4(1): 269.Google Scholar
46.Kent, L, Fitzgerald, M, Hawi, Z, Gill, M, Middle, F, Craddock, N. Nicotinic-acetylcholine receptor Alfa 4 sub unit gene polymorphisms and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Molecular Psychiat 1999; 4, Supplement 1, 109.Google Scholar
47.Fitzgerald, M. Fundamentals of child psychopharmacology. CNS 1999; 2(2): 16–8.Google Scholar
48.Fitzgerald, M. Unlicensed and off label drug use for children with child psychiatric problems. IMJ 1999; 92(2): 284.Google ScholarPubMed