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Lawyers and the law in later seventeenth-century Ireland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2016

T.C. Barnard
T.C. Barnard*
Affiliation:
Hertford College, Oxford
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Extract

In seventeenth-century Ireland the law increasingly defined and regulated relationships: between government and governed; between landlord and tenant; between master and servant; among the propertied; and even, by the end of the century, between Catholics and Protestants. This situation, similar to that throughout western Europe, signalled — at least superficially — England’s success in assimilating Ireland. The system of courts, centred on Dublin, and, through regular assizes and quarter sessions, borough, sheriffs’, church and manorial courts, reaching deep into the localities, was celebrated as a prime benefit, as well as the principal means, of anglicisation. The English policies which had progressively dismantled indigenous institutions, including the brehon law of Gaelic and gaelicised society, and replaced older Catholic with new Protestant élites, rested on statute, proclamation and judicial decree or process. Sincethe law was essential to England’s rule in Ireland, its opponents countered through the courts and legal argument: as a result, the functioning of the law, especially the quasi-judicial commissions which redistributed land, was politicised. Not only did the law accomplish, it also reflected these changes; for, bit by bit, Catholics were edged from the judicial bench and then disqualified from practising as barristers and attorneys. By the early eighteenth century the courts — publicly at least — were manned by and run for the burgeoning Protestant interest in Ireland.

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Articles
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Irish Historical Studies , Volume 28 , Issue 111 , May 1993 , pp. 256 - 282
Copyright
Copyright © Irish Historical Studies Publications Ltd 1993

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22 N.A.L, SR 1/1/1-2/3/17; SR 2/3/20-4/2/11.

23 Ibid., SR 2/3/20-25; SR 2/4/1-11.

24 Ibid., SR 1/1/1.

25 Unpublished autobiography of John P. Prendergast, ch. 3 (King’s Inns, Dublin, Prendergast papers).

26 N.A.I., SR 1/1/1; Ó Dálaigh (ed.), Corporation book of Ennis, pp 74 n. 16, 79 n. 19, 404–6; Osborough, W. N., ‘The regulation of the admission of attorneys and solicitors in Ireland’ in Hogan, & Osborough, (eds), Brehons, Serjeants & attorneys, pp 102, 108-16, 120-21Google Scholar; Steele, Tudor & Stuart, ii, no. 690 (Ireland).

27 Lemmings, Gentlemen & barristers, pp 123–4; Murdoch, ‘The advocates, the law & the nation’, p. 151; Shaw, Management of Scottish society, p. 31.

28 The Catholic Sir Richard Nagle, appointed attorney general in 1686, had been practising in the previous decade (N.A.I., SR 1/1/1; SR 2/4/6). William Cooper to Sir John Perceval, 11, 21, 30 Nov. 1682 (B.L., Egmont papers, Add. MS 46959B, ff 134, 145, 156); same to same, 12 Feb. 1683[4] (ibid., Add. MS 46960B, f. 145); Edward Lloyd to Sir John Perceval, 27 May 1684 (ibid., f. 233); Keane et al. (eds), King’s Inns admission papers, p. 360.

29 List of property-owners, Co. Wexford, 1686 (Bodl., Clarendon state papers, 88, ff 260–65); Berlanstein, L. R., The barristers of Toulouse in the eighteenth century (Baltimore & London, 1975), pp 2–3, 11-12, 49-51Google Scholar; Dickson, David, ‘An economic history of the Cork region in the eighteenth century’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Trinity College, Dublin, 1977), pp 64-5Google Scholar; idem, ‘Property and social structure in eighteenth-century south Munster’ in L. M. Cullen and François Furet (eds), Irlande et France, XVIIe–XXe siècles: pour une histoire rurale comparée (Paris, 1980), p. 130; Hayton, ‘Ireland & the English ministers’, pp 5–6; Holmes, Augustan England, pp 137–8, 151–2; Kagan, Law suits & litigants, pp 35–6, 63–5, 122–3; Lemmings, Gentlemen & barristers, pp 123–4; McCracken, J. L., ‘The social structure and social life, 1714-60’ in Moody, T. W. and Vaughan, W. E. (eds), A new history of Ireland, iv: Eighteenth-century Ireland (Oxford, 1986), p. 34.Google Scholar

30 List of property-owners, Co. Wexford, 1686 (Bodl., Clarendon state papers, 88, ff 260–65); Brooks, Pettyfoggers, pp 8, 32; Holmes, Augustan England, pp 139–40. For insights into the structure and wealth of the landowning orders in the county see Gahan, Daniel, ‘The estate system of County Wexford’ in Whelan, Kevin (ed.), Wexford: history and society (Dublin, 1987), pp 201-21.Google Scholar

31 Edward Jones, Patrick Lambert, William Russell and Thomas Richards are known to have been members of King’s Inns (Keane et al. (eds), King’s Inns admission papers, pp 252, 275, 421, 431. For evidence of their practising see answer to bill of complaint, c. 1695 (N.L.I., Esmonde papers, MS 8516/3); bill book of equity division of Exchequer, 1674–6 (N.A.I., SR 1/1/1); Williams, Griffith, A true relation of a law-proceeding (London, 1663), p. 6 Google Scholar. For two of the others, John Harvey and Ambrose Sutton, see bill book of equity division of Exchequer, 1674–6 (N.A.I., SR 1/1/1); Chancery bill books, 1682–96 (ibid., SR 2/4/6-8); Harris, Walter, The history of the life and reign of William-Henry (Dublin, 1749), app., p. xi.Google Scholar

32 Prendergast, J. P., ‘Further notes in the history of Sir Jerome Alexander’ in R. Hist. Soc. Trans., n.s., ii (1873), pp 116-41Google Scholar; Charles Rogers, ‘Notes in the history of Sir Jerome Alexander’, ibid., pp 107–12. James IPs lord chancellor, Sir Alexander Fitton, had also been in trouble with the law (O’Flanagan, Lives of the lord chancellors, i, ch. 30).

33 William Cooper to Sir John Perceval, 2 Dec. 1682 (B.L., Egmont papers, Add. MS 46959B, f. 159). A flurry of publications accompanied the Jacobean drive to increase the availability and use of the law: SirDavies, John, Le primer report des cases et matters en ley (Dublin, 1615)Google Scholar; Mericke, John, A compendious collection and brief abstract of all the auncient English statutes now in force within Ireland (Dublin, 1617)Google Scholar; SirBolton, Edward, The statutes of Ireland (Dublin, 1620[1])Google Scholar. The county justices received a manual with SirBolton, Richard, A justice of the peace for Ireland (Dublin, 1638; repr. 1683)Google Scholar. The greater demand for printed guides was later supplied by the various compilations of Matthew Dutton, which appeared in Dublin between 1720 and 1727.

34 Sir James Shaen, ‘Considerations concerning the increasing of Irish judges’ salaries’, June 1693 (B.L., Harl. MS 4892, f. 87); Lord Sydney to Lord Portland, 7 Oct. 1690 (Nottingham University Library, Portland papers, Pw A 1325); E.S. to Queen Mary, 25 July 1695 (ibid., Pw A 2691a); P. Rogers to Lord Anglesey, 2 Nov. 1665 (Bodl., Clarendon state papers, 83, ff 283–4); Clarendon to Orrery, 22 Feb. [1662?] (Petworth, Orrery papers, general series, 27); The state letters of Henry, earl of Clarendon (2 vols, Oxford, 1763), i, 163; Report on the manuscripts of the duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry preserved at Montagu House, Whitehall (3 vols, H.M.C., London, 1899–1926), ii, 160. Salaries are listed in Cal. S.P. Ire., 1665–9, pp 73–4.

35 Diary of 2nd earl of Cork, 1 Nov. 1670 (Chatsworth House, Derbyshire, Lismore papers); Barnard, T. C., Cromwellian Ireland (Oxford, 1975), pp 273-4Google Scholar; ‘Autobiography of Pole Cosby of Stradbally’ in Kildare Arch. Soc. Jn., v ( 1906), pp 254, 313.

36 Robert Clayton to John Morris, 11 Nov. 1662; Morris to Clayton, 12 Nov. 1662 (Buckinghamshire County Record Office, Aylesbury, Clayton papers, D/CE, box K); Robert Grenewell to Morris, 29 Sept. 1664 (N.L.I., Clayton papers, MS 30/59); Bp John Evans to Abp William Wake, 14 Jan. 1717[18], 21 May 1718 (Christ Church, Oxford, Wake papers, xii, f. 267v; xiii, f. 6); Barnard, T. C., ‘An Anglo-Irish industrial enterprise’ in R.I.A. Proc., lxxxv (1985), sect. C, p. 134.Google Scholar

37 Sir Charles Porter to Lord Coningsby, 21 Oct. 1695 (P.R.O.N.I., De Ros papers, D638/18/54); Lord Sydney to Lord Portland, 7 Oct. 1690 (Nottingham University Library, Portland papers, Pw A 1325).

38 Denny Muschamp to Thomas Fitzgerald, 28 May 1692 (Abbeyleix House, Co. Laois, Viscount de Vesci papers, H/2); accounts of Denny Muschamp for Abp Michael Boyle, 27 June, 14 Nov. 1671 (ibid., H/4); accounts of John Bellew with Lord Carlingford, 1661–8 (Barmeath Castle, Co. Louth, Bellew papers) (I owe my knowledge of this manuscript to Raymond Gillespie and Harold O’Sullivan, to both of whom I am most grateful for use of a transcript); trustees’ book fund for the education of young men for the ministry, Jan. 1709 (Baptist Union of Ireland, Belfast); transcripts of orders of equity division of Exchequer, 1638–73 (N.A.I., Ferguson MSS, xiii, p. 188); Sir William Barker’s bill for legal expenses, to Hilary 1691 (T.C.D., Barker-Ponsonby papers, P 11/2/3); Brooks, Pettyfoggers, pp 233–7, 240–41; Lemmings, Gentlemen & barristers, pp 151–7; P.R.I. rep. D.K. 5, pp 36–7.

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40 Anthony Richards to 2nd Lord Cork, 25 Feb. 1662[3] (Chatsworth, Lismore papers, MS 32/182); Lord Burlington to William Congreve, 25 July, 20 Oct., 24 Nov. 1696 (ibid., MSS 34/101, 116, 121); Barnard, Cromwellian Ire., p. 283; Morris, H. F., ‘The Pynes of Cork’ in Ir. Geneai., vi (1985), pp 696–710.Google Scholar

41 Robert Southwell to Thomas Southwell, 1 Nov. 1661 (Cork University Library, Southwell papers, U. 55); John Morris to James Morley, 5 June 1669 (N.L.I., MS 3294); Irish agents’ accounts, 13 Mar. 1677[81, 5 Aug. 1678, 25 July 1681, 28 Apr., 25 Aug., 19 Sept. 1687 (N.L.I., Lismore papers, MSS 6300, 6902); Richard Barry to Thomas Lemon, Jan. 1674[5] (N.L.I., MS 10786).

42 Denny Muschamp to Thomas Fitzgerald, 24 July 1697 (Abbeyleix, De Vesci papers, H/2); accounts of John Bellew, 1661–8 (Barmeath Castle, Bellew papers); John Petty to William Petty, 20 May 1671; John Petty to James Phillips, 6 June 1671; John Petty to John Rutter, 25 July 1671 (Bowood House, Wiltshire, Petty papers, 13/3, 12, 60); Thomas Waller to William Petty, 11, 18, 24, 25 Apr. 1674; memo, 23 Apr. 1674; Thomas Waller to William Petty, 16, 23 May, 21,31 Nov. 1674, 6 Apr. 1675; Peter Bunworth to William Petty, 8 Apr. 1675; John Mahony to William Petty, 8 Apr. 1675 (ibid., 16/107, 112, 113, 115, 117, 119, 122, 163, 176, 241, 243, 245–6); Richard Graham to Lord Cork, 18 July 1663 (Chatsworth, Lismore papers, 33/70); Roger Power to Garnet Roche, 29 Jan. 1683[4] (ibid., 33/126); ledger book, Irish account of Robert Clayton and John Morris, 1660–63 (Guildford Muniment Room, Clayton papers, 84/1/3, ff 97v, 210v, 211 v); William Petty to John Grant, 21 July 1668; William Petty to Thomas Crookshank, 6, 10 Mar. 1676[7] (McGill University Library, Osier MSS); Lord Sydney to Lord Portland, 19 July 1692 (Nottingham University Library, Portland papers, Pw A 1340); Thomas Fitzgerald to Bp Thomas Vesey, 11 Nov. 1701, 31 Oct. 1704 (Darner House, Roscrea, De Vesci papers, J/2); Brady, W. M. (ed.), The McGillicuddy papers (London, 1867), pp xxvii–xxviii.Google Scholar

43 E.g. ‘A book of ancient formes and precedents of law’ (T.C.D., MS 657). Libraries of the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries contained mainly English statutes, reports and cases: see, e.g., ‘Books, a catalogue’ (Darner House, Roscrea, De Vesci papers, T/2a); legal library formed in the eighteenth century, now in Christ Church cathedral, Waterford; Ormonde MSS, n.s., vii, 513–27; Sotheby & Co., Catalogue of books sold 14–16 Dec. 1953 (from Markree Castle, Co. Sligo), lots 37, 79, 126, 379–81.

44 Account book of Bp Francis Hutchinson, c. 1721–9 (P.R.O.N.I., DIO 1/22/1); library catalogue of 1st earl of Orrery, c. 1674 (Petworth, Orrery papers, general series, 14); accounts of 1664–71 and 19 Oct. 1674 (ibid., 17); Orrery papers, pp 301, 312, 324, 333, 336, 361, 363, 364, 366; Stevenson, John, Two centuries of life in County Down (Belfast & Dublin, 1920), p. 300.Google Scholar

45 Petty to Robert Southwell, 14 Sept. 1681 (Bowood, Petty papers, 9/110); John Rutter to Petty, 26 July, 6, 16 Aug. 1672 (ibid., 14, pp 3–1, 7–8); Petty to Rutter, 28 Jan. 1667[8]; Petty to Robert Wood, 17 Oct. 1671; Petty to Thomas Waller, 9 Jan. 1671 [2]; same to same, 1 Aug. 1676 (McGill University Library, Osier MSS); Brady (ed.), McGillicuddy papers, pp xxvii–xxviii.

46 Accounts with Sir Donough O’Brien, 1684–9 (N.L.I., Inchiquin papers, MS 14836); presentment of grand jury of Co. Cork, 27 July 1676 (B.L., Add. MS 46953, f. 145); account of Robert Holmes with Robert Southwell, 1675 (ibid., f. 217); Thomas Meade to Robert Southwell, 13 Mar. 1676[7] (ibid., Add. MS 46954A, f. 58); account for 1676–7 (ibid., f. 74); Sir John Perceval to Sir Robert Southwell, 18 Nov. 1684 (ibid., Add. MS 46961, ff 143–3v).

47 Transcripts of orders of equity division of Exchequer, 22 June 1662, Sept. 1670 (N.A.I., Ferguson MSS, xiii, pp 154, 215).

48 Bp Francis Hutchinson’s account book, 1721–9 (P.R.O.N.I., DIO 1/22/1); Black Book of King’s Inns, f. 123 (King’s Inns, Dublin); papers concerning Castleisland, Co. Kerry, by Humphrey Owen, 1686 (N.L.I., MS 7861, ff 156, 164v–5); memorandum on Neylan as seneschal of Charleville (Petworth, Orrery papers, general series, 14); Bennett, George, The history ofBandon (2nd ed., Cork, 1869), pp 549-52Google Scholar; Keane et al. (eds), King’s Inns admission papers, p. 385; Orrery papers, p. 308; Mulcahy (ed.), Cal. Kinsale documents, i, 10; O’Byrne, Eileen (ed.), The convert rolls (Dublin, 1981), p. 226 Google Scholar; Ó Dálaigh (ed.), Corporation book of Ennis, pp 349–65; Townshend, ‘Notes on the council book of Clonakilty’, p. 454.

49 Crawford, W. H., ‘The significance of landed estates in Ulster, 1600-1820’ in Ir. Econ. & Soc. Hist., xvii (1990), pp 48-9, 58Google Scholar; Gillespie, R. G. (ed.), Settlement and survival on an Ulster estate (Belfast, 1988), pp lvi–lviii Google Scholar; Peter Roebuck, review in Ir. Econ. & Soc. Hist., xvi (1989), p. 129.

50 Smith, W. J. (ed.), Herbert correspondence (Dublin & Cardiff, 1963), pp 236, 244, 248Google Scholar; report on Ballynakill, 8 Oct. 1696 (Abbeyleix, De Vesci MSS, H/18); Bp Francis Hutchinson’s account book, entry for Jan. 1729[30], and at p. 274 (P.R.O.N.I., DIO 1/22/1); Bp Hutchinson’s account book from 20 Jan. 1729, entry for 23 Aug. 1729 (ibid., DIO 1/22/2).

51 Bail books, Dublin Tholsell court, 1651–2, 1693–4, 1699–1700 (Dublin Muncipal Archives, City Hall, Dublin, MSS Cl/J/4/1–3); records of Belturbet borough court, c. 1660–1800 (N.A.I., M. 3573). In the eighteenth century fees charged by practitioners in the Dublin Tholsell court remained appreciably lower than those in the central courts: see Tholsell precedent book (Dublin Muncipal Archives, Cl/J/7, p. 51).

52 Chancery bill books, 1633–48, 1740–51 (N.A.I., SR 2/3/22-23; SR 1/1/11-15).

53 O’Flanagan, Lives of the lord chancellors, i, 357, 487–8, 494–5; Rules and orders appointed to be used in the High Court of Chancery in Ireland (Dublin, 1685); ‘Rules and orders to be observed … in the High Court of Chancery in Ireland, 1659’, ed. Hand, G. J. in Ir. Jurist, n.s., ix (1974), pp 179–212.Google Scholar

54 Barnard, Cromwellian Ire., ch. 9; Liber mun. pub. Hib., ii, 23.

55 Chancery pleadings book, 1627–30 (N.A.I., SR 2/3/20); Chancery bill books, 1633–48, 1655–9 (ibid., SR 2/3/21-3, 25); entry books of Chancery pleadings, 1655–8 (Representative Church Body Library, Dublin (henceforth R.C.B.), Christ Church MSS C. 6. 1. 27/2–3).

56 They were, in order of frequency of pleading: Thomas Richardson, Gabriel Briscoe, John Exham, Roger Brereton, John Temple and John Lewis.

57 Chancery bill book, 1660–67 (N.A.I., SR 2/4/1). In order of frequency of pleading they were: Henry Whitfield, Thomas Richardson, Thomas Browne, Richard Reynell, Francis Dynne, Patrick Kirwan, George Barnewall, Charles Ireton, John Temple and Standish Hartstonge.

58 An example of a Chancery lawyer whose practice was largely provincial is Henry Bathurst: see survey of Kinsale, 21 Feb. 1658[9] (Cork University Library, Southwell papers, U. 55); Bathurst and others to Orrery, 26 June 1667 (Bodl., Carte MS 35, f. 498); Chancery pleadings, 1655–8 (R.C.B., Christ Church MS C. 6. 1. 27/2, 13 June 1656); Caulfield, Richard (ed.), The council hook of the corporation of Kinsale (Guildford, 1879), pp 419, 434Google Scholar; Keane et al. (eds), King’s Inns admission papers, p. 26.

59 For the Temple family see Haley, K. H. D., An English diplomat in the Low Countries (Oxford, 1986)Google Scholar; Gifford, Lady, ‘The life of Sir William Temple’ in The early essays of Sir William Temple, ed. Moore Smith, G. C. (Oxford, 1930).Google Scholar

60 Account book of Sir John Temple (Southampton University Library, Broadlands MSS, BR7A/l, f. 129).

61 Sir Charles Porter to Lord Coningsby, 14 Aug. 1693, 2 Jan. 1693[4], 7 Feb. 1694(5], 28 Sept. 1696 (P.R.O.N.I., De Ros papers, D638/18/7, 13, 19, 81); legal opinions from Temple (Bowood, Petty papers, D/28, 38, 55, 58, 103); accounts with Sir Donough O’Brien, 1681–7 (N.L.I., Inchiquin papers, MS 14836); Temple to Robert Southwell, 24 May, 14 June 1670 (B.L., Egmont papers, Add. MS 46947A, ff 103, 161); John Meade to Southwell, 28 May, 4, 11, 21 June 1670 (ibid., ff 111, 126, 154, 175); Temple to Southwell 28 Mar. 1676 (ibid., Add. MS 46953, f. 38); account of Robert Holmes with Southwell, 1675 (ibid., f. 217); Temple to Lady Katherine Perceval, 5 June 1677 (ibid., Add. MS 46954A, f. 220); Temple to John Perceval, 2, 27 Aug. 1681 (ibid., Add. MS 46958A, ff 144, 176); William Cooper to Perceval, 7, 11, 20 Nov., 2 Dec. 1682 (ibid., Add. MS 46959B, ff 120, 134, 154, 159); Temple to Perceval, 31 Oct. 1682 (ibid., f. 106); Perceval to Cooper, 10 Nov. 1682 (ibid., f. 132); Perceval to Southwell, 25 Sept. 1683 (ibid., Add. MS 46960B, f. 30); Cooper to Perceval, 6, 10, 18 Nov. 1683, 2 Feb. 1683[4], 27 May 1684 (ibid., ff 75, 77, 92, 145, 232); Temple to Perceval, 13 Nov. 1683 (ibid., f. 86); Cooper to Perceval, 10 June, 27 Dec. 1684 (ibid., Add. MS 46961, ff 23, 175); Temple to Perceval, 5 July 1684, 17 Mar. 1684[5] (ibid., ff 59, 238); Philip Savage to Perceval, 19 July 1684 (ibid., f. 75); Lord Sydney to Lord Portland, 28 June 1695 (Nottingham University Library, Portland papers, Pw A 1358); Temple account book (Southampton University Library, BR 7A/1, passim); Barnard, T. C., ‘Gardening, diet and “improvement” in later seventeenth-century Ireland’ in Journal of Garden History, x (1990), pp 80–81 Google Scholar; Cal. S.P. dom., 1672–3, p. 494; ibid., 1682–3, p. 236; ibid., 1691–2, pp 474, 494–5; ibid., 1693, p. 152; ibid., 1694–5, p. 472; ibid., Ire. 1663–5, p. 96; ibid., 1666–9, pp 30, 105; Buccleuch MSS, ii, 160; Manuscripts of the earl of Egmont: diary of Viscount Percival, afterwards first earl of Egmont (3 vols, H.M.C., London, 1920–23), iii, 365, 366; Ormonde MSS, n.s., vii, 91, 112–13, 159, 166, 411–12, 489; Orrery papers, pp 164–5, 218, 233, 264, 267, 299, 326, 360.

62 ‘Persons who have in 1686 over £2,000 p.a.’ (Bowood, Petty papers, B/20).

63 Holmes, Augustan England, pp 121, 125; Lemmings, Gentlemen & barristers, pp 154–6.

64 James Morley to Thomas Lemon, 21 Jan. 1672[3]; Morley to John Morris and Robert Clayton, 8 Feb. 1674[5]; Morley to Clayton, 18 Feb. 1674[5]; Morley to Morris, 16 Dec. 1674 (N.L.I., Morley correspondence, MS 8538/9); Alan Brodrick to St John Brodrick, 11 Nov. 1684 (Guildford Muniment Room, Midleton papers, MS 1248/1, f. 202v); Chancery bill book, 1682–7 (N.A.I., SR 2/4/6, ff 123, 294v, 295); Lord Capell to Lord Portland, 6 Nov. 1695 (Nottingham University Library, Portland papers, Pw A 252); Barnard, ‘An Anglo-Irish industrial enterprise’, p. 133 n. 127; idem, ‘The political, material & mental culture of the Cork settlers’; Cal. S.P. dom., 1695, p. 119; Keane et al. (eds), King’s inns admission papers, p. 351. For earnings later, in the eighteenth century, see Malcomson, A. P. W., John Foster (Oxford, 1978), p. 14 n. 3.Google Scholar

65 List of Protestant refugees from Ireland, 1689 (T.C.D., MS 847); list of property-owners, Co. Wexford, 1686 (Bodl., Clarendon state papers, 88, ff 260–65); Gahan, ‘The estate system of County Wexford’, pp 206–14.

66 Barnard, ‘Gardening, diet & “improvement”’; idem, ‘The political, material & mental culture of the Cork settlers’; Earle, Peter, The making of the English middle class (London, 1988)Google Scholar; Grassby, Richard, ‘The personal wealth of the business community in seventeenth-century England’ in Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd ser., xxiii (1970), pp 225-34Google Scholar; R. G. Lang, ‘Social origins and social aspirations of the Jacobean London merchants’, ibid., xxvii (1974), pp 28–47. But evidence of the rapid growth of consumerism in eighteenth-century Ireland is offered in The Knight of Glin, , ‘Early Irish trade cards’ in Eighteenth-Century Ireland, ii (1987), pp 115-32.Google Scholar

67 Dickson, ‘An economic history of the Cork region’, pp 64–5; Hayton, ‘Ireland & the English ministers’, pp 5–6.

68 Temple, for example, let his mansion at Palmerston to the judge and quondam lord chancellor Sir Richard Cox (will of Sir John Temple (B.L., Egerton MS 1708, f. 132)). Another instance of personal and social ties is in Rogers, ‘Sir Jerome Alexander’, pp 105–6.

69 James Bonnell to John Strype, 26 May 1697 (Cambridge University Library, Baumgartner MSS, Add. MS 1, f. 84); Edward Southwell to Lord Nottingham, 6 Aug. 1703 (P.R.O., SP 63/363/335); Lord Sydney to Lord Portland, 28 Nov. 1690 (Nottingham University Library, Portland papers, Pw A 1332); E.S. to Queen Mary, 25 July 1695 (ibid., Pw A 2691a); John Evelyn jun. to John Evelyn sen., 18 June 1695 (Christ Church, Oxford, Evelyn papers, bound letters, f. 674); Cal. S.P. dom., 1694–5, p. 172; Buccleuch MSS, ii, 184.

70 Denny Muschamp to Robert Maxwell, 1 Sept. 1685 (Abbeyleix, De Vesci papers, H/l); Muschamp to Thomas Fitzgerald, 17 May 1695 (ibid., H/2); John Fitzpatrick to Muschamp, 14 Oct. 1690 (ibid., H/14); John Hely to Lord Coningsby, 8 Jan. 1692[3], 7, 18 June 1698 (P.R.O.N.I., De Ros papers, D638/1/3, 22, 26); Lord Ranelagh to Lord Coningsby, 29 July 1690 (ibid., D638/6/5); Sir Charles Porter to Lord Coningsby, 30 Nov. 1695 (ibid., D638/18/60); Alan Brodrick to St John Brodrick, 11 Nov. 1684, 18 June 1686, 11 Nov. 1691, 6 May 1693 (Guildford Muniment Room, Midleton papers, MS 1248/1, ff 202, 204, 255v, 259–60); Sir Richard Cox to Edward Southwell, 9 May 1704 (B.L., Add. MS 38153, f. 52); Henry Osborne to Lord Essex, 9 July 1674 (ibid., Stowe MS 205, f. 317); Lord Sydney to Lord Nottingham, 9 Nov. 1692 (P.R.O., SP 63/354/197); Lord Essex to Henry Osborne, 31 Mar. 1674 (Bodl., Essex letter-book, Add. MS C. 34, f. 76v); Essex to Lord Arlington, 28 Apr. 1674 (ibid., f. 98); William Perceval to Arthur Charlet, 28 Nov. 1710, 16 Oct. 1714 (Bodl., Ballard MSS, 36, ff 65, 92); Lord Capell to Lord Shrewsbury, 11, 20 Jan. 1695[6] (Nottingham University Library, Portland papers, Pw A 261, 263); Lord Sydney to Lord Portland, 28 Nov. 1690 (ibid., Pw A 1332); Ormonde MSS, n.s., vi, 372, 494, 511,516; vii, 69–72, 83, 91, 303–4, 480–81.

71 Sir Charles Porter to Lord Coningsby, 8 Oct. 1695 (3 letters) (P.R.O.N.I., De Ros papers, D638/18/51-3); same to same, 1 Nov. 1695, 18 Aug., 1 Sept. 1696 (ibid., D638/18/56, 77, 79); ‘A paper promoted by Mr Bennet against my lord chancellor of Ireland in the parliament 1673’ (N.L.I., MS 17845); Sir Richard Cox to Edward Southwell, 23 Dec. 1714 (B.L., Add. MS 38157, f. 145); The conduct of the purse in Ireland (London, 1714), p. 25; The resolutions of the House of Commons in Ireland relating to the Lord-Chancellor Phips (London, 1714), pp 20–23.

72 Richard Barry to William Belke, 25 Dec. 1671, 27 Jan. 1671 [2] (N.L.I., MS 10786); ‘A copy of some discovery of a plot’, 5 Feb. 1678[9] (ibid., Flower papers, MS 13014); ‘A paper promoted by Mr Bennet against my lord chancellor of Ireland in the parliament 1673’ (ibid., MS 17845); Michael Boyle to Heneage Finch, 13 July 1680 (Leicester County Record Office, Finch papers, DG 7, box 4965, Ire. 13); Michael Boyle to Gilbert Sheldon, 1 July, 5 Aug. 1665, 20 Feb. 1665[6] (Bodl., Sheldon papers, Add. MS C. 306, ff 180, 186, 188); Lord Conway to Lord Conway, 8 Mar. 1672[3] (Darner House, Roscrea, De Vesci papers, H/15); William Molyneux to Edmund Borlase, 31 Jan. 1679[80] (B.L., Sloane MS 1008, f. 252); Breffny, Brian de, ‘The building of the mansion at Blessington, 1672’ in GPA Irish Arts Review (1988), pp 73-7Google Scholar; State letters of Clarendon, i, 101–2; Ormonde MSS, n.s., vii, 417; O’Flanagan, , Lives of the lord chancellors, i, ch. 27Google Scholar; Cal. S.P. dom, 1691, p. 68.

73 Sir Charles Porter to Lord Coningsby, 9, 13 Nov. 1695, 6 Oct. 1696 (P.R.O.N.I., De Ros papers, D638/18/57, 59, 84); Alan Brodrick to St John Brodrick, 6 May 1693 (Guildford Muniment Room, Midleton papers, 1248/1, ff 259–60); John Evelyn jun. to John Evelyn sen., 10 Oct., Nov. 1695 (Christ Church, Oxford, Evelyn papers, bound letters, ff 676v–7); Lord Capell to Lord Portland, 28 Sept. 1675 (Nottingham University Library, Portland papers, Pw A 246); Capell to William III, 26 Oct. 1695 (ibid., Pw A 251); The conduct of the purse in Ireland; Hayton, David, ‘The crisis in Ireland and the disintegration of Queen Anne’s last ministry’ in I.H.S., xxii, no. 87 (Mar. 1981), pp 195-8, 205-7Google Scholar; Buccleuch MSS, ii, 229, 233, 235; Collected poems of Thomas Parnell, ed. Rawson, Claude and Lock, F. P. (Newark, 1989), pp 335-6Google Scholar; Resolutions relating to Lord-Chancellor Phips, esp. pp 10–14, 19–30, 35–9, 44–5.

74 John Pocklington to Abp William Wake, 7 Apr. 1720 (Christ Church, Oxford, Wake papers, 13, f. 160); Victory, Isolde, ‘Colonial nationalism in Ireland, 1692-1725: from common law to natural right’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Trinity College, Dublin, 1984), pp 145-6Google Scholar; idem, ‘The making of the declaratory act of 1720’ in Gerard O’Brien (ed.), Parliament, politics and people: essays in eighteenth-century Irish history (Dublin, 1989), pp 14–25.

75 Sir Charles Porter to Lord Coningsby, 8, 26 Oct., 1 Nov. 1695 (P.R.O.N.I., De Ros papers, D638/18/51-3, 55, 56); Michael Boyle to Heneage Finch, 13 July 1680 (Leicester County Record Office, Finch papers, DG 7, box 4965, Ire. 13); ‘Proceedings in the Four Courts … Trinity Term, 1688’ (Bodl, Clarendon state papers, 89, f. 153).

76 Barnard, , ‘The political, material & mental culture of the Cork settlers’; Journal of the Very Rev. Rowland Davies, ed. Caulfield, Richard (Camden Soc, London, 1857), pp 60–61 Google Scholar; Cox, Richard, Hibernia Anglicana (2 pts, London, 1689-90)Google Scholar; Kelly, Patrick, ‘Ireland and the Glorious Revolution’ in Beddard, Robert (ed.), The revolutions of 1688 (Oxford, 1991), p. 177 & n. 63.Google Scholar

77 Lord Capell to William III, 26 Oct. 1695 (Nottingham University Library, Portland papers, Pw A 251); McCracken, J. L., ‘Central and local administration in Ireland under George II’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Queen’s University, Belfast, 1951), p. 110.Google Scholar

78 Barnard, T. C., ‘Planters and policies in Cromwellian Ireland’ in Past & Present, no. 61 (1973), p. 66 nn 156-7Google Scholar; Clarke, Old English, pp 97–101, 129–30, 141, 146–50, 217–18; Cregan, ‘Irish recusant lawyers’; O’Malley, ‘Patrick Darcy’; Simms, J. G., William Molyneux of Dublin (Dublin, 1982), pp 102-19Google Scholar. For Molyneux as a lawyer see Chancery bill book 1692–6 (N.A.I., SR 2/4/8); Simms, Molyneux, p. 19.

79 Sir Charles Porter to Lord Coningsby, 23 Nov. 1692, 21 Nov. 1695 (P.R.O.N.I., De Ros papers, D638/18/3, 59); McGuire, J. I., ‘The Irish parliament of 1692’ in Bartlett, Thomas and Hayton, D. W. (eds), Penal era and golden age (Belfast, 1979), pp 19–22 Google Scholar; Szechi, Daniel and Hayton, D. W., ‘John Bull’s other kingdoms: Scotland and Ireland’ in Jones, Clyve (ed.), Britain in the first age of party, 1680-1750 (London, 1987), pp 265-6.Google Scholar

80 Sir Richard Cox to Edward Southwell, 24 Oct. 1699 (B.L., Add. MS 38153, ff 23–5); Hill, J. R., ‘The legal profession and the defence of the ancien régime in Ireland, 1790-1840’ in Hogan, & Osborough, (eds), Brehons, Serjeants & attorneys, pp 181–209 Google Scholar; Kelly, James, ‘The origins of the Act of Union: an examination of unionist opinion in Britain and Ireland, 1650-1800’ in I.H.S., xxv, no. 99 (May 1987), pp 181–207 Google Scholar; Kelly, P. H., ‘Perceptions of Locke in eighteenth-century Ireland’ in R.I A. Proc., lxxxix (1989), sect. C, pp 17–35 Google Scholar; idem, ‘William Molyneux and the spirit of liberty in eighteenth-century Ireland’ in Eighteenth-Century Ireland, iii (1988), pp 133–48; Victory, ‘Colonial nationalism in Ireland’.