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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016
Ulick Burke, fifth earl of Clanricarde, presents a compelling character. His connections crossed the sectarian boundaries as well as the national borders of the Stuart kingdoms. He was the half brother of the earl of Essex, a prominent English noble, and later a general for the parliamentary cause. In fact, Clanricarde was one of very few of Charles I’s subjects who had gained footing in more than one of the Stuart kingdoms. He had significant landholdings in both England and Ireland, inheriting not only the Clanricarde and St Albans earldoms from his father, Richard Burke, but also following in the fourth earl’s footsteps as an important figure in the court of Charles I. The foundation was laid for many of his achievements by the fourth earl’s unwavering commitment to establishing himself as an English noble. However, the fifth earl eclipsed his father’s success at court when appointed an English Privy Counsellor in 1641.
1 The earl of Antrim was another: see Ohlmeyer, Jane, Civil War and Restoration in the three Stuart kingdoms: the career of Randall MacDonnell, marquis of Antrim, 1609–1683 (Cambridge, 1993).Google Scholar
2 Connors, Thomas, ‘The impact of English colonial expansion on Irish culture: the clergy, popular religion, and the transformation of the family in early modern Galway’ (Ph.D. thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1997), pp 44-5.Google Scholar
3 Ibid., p. 121; fourth earl of Clanricarde to [Henry Lynch], c. 1626–7 (N.L.I., MS 3111, f. 207); Thomas Smith to Northumberland, 10 Aug. 1641 (Cal. S.P. dom., 1641–3, p. 81).
4 Bossy, John, The English Catholic community, 1587–1850 (London, 1975), pp 257-8.Google Scholar
5 Richard Lascalles, Little way how to hear Mass (1644), quoted in ibid., p. 257.
6 Ó hAnnracháin, Tadhg, ‘Rebels and Confederates: the stance of the Irish clergy in the 1640s’ in Young, John (ed.), Celtic dimensions of the British civil wars (Edinburgh, 1997), pp 97–100Google Scholar; hAnnracháin, Tadhg Ó, Catholic Reformation in Ireland: the mission of Rinuccini, 1645–1649 (Oxford, 2001), pp 66-9Google Scholar; Canny, Nicholas, ‘Religion, politics, and the Irish rising of 1641’ in Devlin, Judith and Fanning, Ronan (eds), Religion and rebellion: Historical Studies XX (Dublin, 1996), pp 60-3.Google Scholar
7 St Albans and Clanricarde to Secretary Windebank, 26 Oct. 1640 (Cal. S.P. dom., 1640–1, p. 197).Google Scholar
8 The letterbook of the earl of Clanricarde 1643–1647, ed. Lowe, John (I.M.C., Dublin, 1983), p. xix.Google Scholar
9 Connors, ‘Impact of English colonial expansion’, pp 44–5.
10 Clanricarde Marquess of, The memoirs and letters of Ulick, marquess of Clanricarde; and earl of St. Albans; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and Commander in Chief of the forces of King Charles the First in that kingdom, during the rebellion, the governor of the town and county of Galway, Lord Lieutenant of the county of Kent and Privy Counsellor in England and Ireland. Printed from an authentic manuscript, and now published by the present earl of Clanricarde (London, 1757), p. 68.Google Scholar
11 Connors, ‘Impact of English colonial expansion’, p. 47. The earl had not been to Ireland since 1611 or for the thirty years preceding the rebellion: Clanricarde to Essex, 14 Nov. 1641 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 14).
12 Connors, ‘Impact of English colonial expansion’, p. 45.
13 Ibid., p. 121.
14 Clarke, Aidan, The Old English in Ireland, 1625–42 (London, 1966)Google Scholar; Corish, P. J., ‘The rising of 1641 and the Confederacy, 1641–5’ in Moody, T.W., Martin, F. X. and Byrne, F. J. (eds), A new history of Ireland, Hi, early modern Ireland 1534–1691 (Oxford, 1976), pp 289–316Google Scholar; idem, ‘The origins of Catholic nationalism’ in idem (ed.), History of Irish Catholicism: iii (Dublin, 1968), pp 1–64; O’Malley, Liam, ‘Patrick Darcy, Galway lawyer and politician, 1598–1668’ in Caerbhaill, Diarmaid Ó (ed.), Galway, town and gown (Dublin, 1994), pp 90–109Google Scholar; Siochrú, Micheál Ó, Confederate Ireland, 1642–1649: a constitutional and political analysis (Dublin, 1998).Google Scholar
15 Carte, Thomas, An history of the life of James, duke of Ormonde … (3 vols, London, 1735-6), i, 231Google Scholar; Bagwell, Richard, Ireland under the Stuarts and during the Interregnum (3 vols, London, 1909-16), i, 312-58, ii, 1–51Google Scholar; Gardiner, S. R., History of the great Civil War 1642–1649 (3 vols, London, 1886-91)Google Scholar; Cregan, D. F., ‘The Confederation of Kilkenny, its organisation, personnel, and history’ (Ph.D. thesis, U.C.D., 1947), p. 42Google Scholar. Similar accounts are given in Coonan, Thomas, The Irish Catholic Confederacy and the puritan revolution (Dublin, 1954), p. 139Google Scholar. Even Meehan, C. P. in The Confederation of Kilkenny (Dublin, 1846; 1882)Google Scholar, while not a particularly reflective or analytical work, does bear mention in that Clanricarde is not portrayed as having a part in the establishment of the Confederate government.
16 The Lords Justice found no evidence of Clanricarde’s involvement even though they examined Dowdall while a prisoner in Dublin Castle. In letters to the Lord Lieutenant and parliament, they praised Clanricarde’s actions in the west of Ireland, and seemed convinced of his loyalty; Lords Justice to Leicester, 23 Apr. 1642 (H.M.C., Ormonde MSS, n.s., ii, 112–13); Lords Justice to Leicester, 9 June 1642 (ibid., 150–1); Lords Justice to Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland, 8 July 1642 (ibid., 163).
17 Temple, John, The Irish rebellion: or an history of the beginnings and first progress of the general rebellion raised within the kingdom of Ireland, upon the three and twentieth day of October in the year 1641 … (London, 1679), pp 143-4Google Scholar; Borlase, Edmund, The history of the execrable Irish rebellion traced from many preceding acts, to the grand eruption the 23rd of October 1641 (London, 1680), p. 49Google Scholar. Temple was a member of the Irish government during the 1640s, and Borlase the son of Lord Justice Sir John Borlase.
18 See, for example, Michael Perceval-Maxwell’s review of Siochrú, Ó, Confederate Ireland (in I.H.S., xxxii, no. 127 (May 2001), pp 443–5)Google Scholar. Perceval-Maxwell accepts assertions about Clanricarde’s involvement in the formulation of both Confederate government forms and of Confederate policy, while levelling strong criticism of Ó Siochrú’s treatment of Ormond.
19 Clarke, Old English; Corish, ‘Rising of 1641’; O’Malley, ‘Darcy’; Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland.
20 Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, pp 27–54.
21 Ibid., p. 33.
22 Ibid., p. 29.
23 Ibid., pp 34–5.
24 Ibid., p. 35.
25 Examination of Edward Dowdall, 13 Mar. 1642 (Gilbert, J. T. (ed.), History of the Irish Confederation and the war in Ireland, 1641–3 … (7 vols, Dublin, 1882-91 ), i, 268-78).Google Scholar
26 Kelly, William, ‘The early career of James Butler, twelfth earl and first duke of Ormond (1610-1688), 1610–1643’ (Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge University, 1997), pp 302-38.Google Scholar
27 Perceval-Maxwell, Michael, The outbreak of the Irish rebellion of 1641 (Dublin, 1994), pp 50-1.Google Scholar
28 Kelly, ‘Early career of Ormond’, pp 337–8.
29 Lords Justice to Leicester, 14 Dec. 1641 (H.M.C., Ormonde MSS, n.s., ii, 35).
30 Lords Justice to Leicester, 26 Nov. 1641 (ibid., 24–5).
31 Perceval-Maxwell, Outbreak of Irish rebellion, pp 274—5; Russell, Conrad, The fall of the British monarchies, 1637–42 (Oxford, 1991), pp 379-85.Google Scholar
32 Examination of Edward Dowdall, 13 Mar. 1642 (Gilbert (ed.), Irish Confederation, i, 276).
33 Ibid., 275.
34 Ibid.
35 Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, p. 34.
36 Examination of Edward Dowdall, 13 Mar. 1642 (Gilbert (ed.), Irish Confederation, i, 268–78).
37 Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, p. 35. Aidan Clarke also identifies Burke, Oliver as ‘Clanricarde’s Dominican chaplain, who carried separately the more explicit parts of the earl’s message to the pale’ (Old English, pp 202-3).Google Scholar
38 Clanricarde’s commentary (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 325).
39 Clanricarde to James Davocke, 25 Jan. 1643 (ibid., p. 326).
40 Dominic Burke to Clanricarde, 31 Jan. 1643 (ibid., pp 326–8). There were numerous attempts to discipline Dominic Burke, and to remove him from Clanricarde’s household throughout the 1640s. See, for example, Barberini to Scarampi, 16 Dec. 1643 (O’Ferrall, Richard and O’Connell, Robert, Commentarius Rinuccinianus, de sedis apostolicae legatione adfoederatos Hiberniae Catholicos per annos 1645–9, ed. Stanislaus Kavanagh (6 vols, I.M.C., Dublin, 1932-49), i, 431-2Google Scholar); Rinuccini to Clanricarde, 25 Oct. 1646 (Clanricarde letterbook, p. 300); bishop of Clonfert to Clanricarde, 31 Oct. 1646 (ibid., pp 300–1); Clanricarde to bishop of Clonfert, 1 Nov. 1646 (ibid., p. 301).
41 O’Heyne, John, Irish Dominicans of the seventeenth century, ed. Ambrose Coleman (Dundalk, 1902), p. 173Google Scholar. I must thank Dr Tom Connors for drawing my attention to this reference.
42 Ibid., pp 173,175.
43 Ibid., p. 131; Commentarius Rinuccinianus, ii, 761–2.
44 Clanricarde’s commentary (Clanricarde letterbook, p. 377).
45 Excommunication published in Connacht by Oliver Burke, 21–5 Jan. 1643 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, pp 322–5); bishop of Clonfert’s declaration upholding the excommunication by Oliver Burke, 2 Mar. 1643 (ibid., p. 352); archbishop of Tuam et al. to Clanricarde, 13 Apr. 1643 (ibid., pp 374–5).
46 Clanricarde suffered from serious health problems at the time. He believed the order to remove Dominic Burke from his household was part of Oliver Burke’s strategy to isolate and put pressure on him by threatening to deny him the last rites in case of death (Clanricarde’s commentary (Clanricarde, Memoirs, pp 355–6)).
47 Commentarius Rinuccinianus, ii, 761–2.
48 Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, p. 28; Ó hAnnracháin, ‘Rebels and Confederates’, p. 98; Debe, D. D., ‘The Irish career of Ulick Burke, fifth earl of Clanricarde and second earl of St Albans, 1641–1643’ (M.Litt. thesis, University College, Dublin, 2004), pp 153-63.Google Scholar
49 Duignan, Aoife, ‘For the preservation of religion and safety of the nation: the Connacht group, 1625–42’ (M.A. thesis, U.C.D., 2000), p. 51Google Scholar; Debe, ‘Irish career of Clanricarde’, pp 18–20; Clanricarde to Lords Justice, 9 May 1642 (Bodl., Carte MS 63, ff 154–9).
50 Examination of Edward Dowdall, 13 Mar. 1642 (Gilbert, (ed.), Irish Confederation, i, 268-78)Google Scholar. The misidentification of Clanricarde’s chaplain may have originated with Aidan Clarke, who first put forward the argument linking Clanricarde to the plot for rebel government; see Clarke, Old English, p. 203; Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, p. 34.
51 Examination of Edward Dowdall, 13 Mar. 1642 (Gilbert, (ed.), Irish Confederation, i, 275).Google Scholar
52 Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, p. 35; Coonan, Irish Catholic Confederacy, p. 139; Cregan, ‘Confederation of Kilkenny’, p. 42; Ohlmeyer, Jane, ‘Irish recusant lawyers during the reign of Charles I’ in Siochrú, Micheál Ó (ed.), Kingdoms in crisis: Ireland in the 1640s. Essays in honour of Dónai Cregan (Dublin, 2001), pp 78-9.Google Scholar
53 Richard Martin was married to Patrick Darcy’s wife’s sister, and attended the Middle Temple shortly after Darcy: O’Malley, ‘Patrick Darcy’, pp 94–5; Connors, ‘Impact of English colonial expansion’, pp 44, 59; earl of Clanricarde to Henry Lynch, 15 Oct. 1623 (N.L.I., MS 3111, ff 103-5).
54 Wentworth seemed to have won his battle for plantation in Connacht in the 1630s. The final bastion of resistance, in County Gal way, began to disintegrate when the 4th earl of Clanricarde died in 1635 (O’Malley, ‘Patrick Darcy’, pp 95–7; Connors, ‘Impact of English colonial expansion’, pp 46-7).
55 Duignan, ‘Connacht group’, pp 33, 36,47.
56 Ibid., pp 31–2; O’Malley, ‘Patrick Darcy’, p. 99.
57 Bric, Breandán Ó, ‘Galway townsmen as the owners of land in Connacht, 1585–1641’ (M.A. thesis, University College, Galway, 1974), pp 471, 485–9.Google Scholar
58 Duignan, ‘Connacht group’, pp 53, 56–7.
59 Lords Justice to Leicester, 28 Dec.1641, 2 Jan. 1642 (H.M.C., Ormonde MSS, ii, 45–52, 54–8); the king to Clanricarde, 10 Dec. 1641 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 47); Lords’ jn., ii, 455–6,458. Dr Patrick Little provided invaluable advice about contemporary views of Clanricarde in the parliamentary journals.
60 Duignan, ‘Connacht group’, p. 53; Canny, ‘Irish rising’, pp 47–54, 58–60; Clarke, Old English, pp 220–34; Russell, Fall of the British monarchies, pp 372–99; Gilbert (ed.), Irish Confederation, i, 64–7; Clanricarde to Essex, 15 Nov. 1641, 23 Feb. 1642 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, pp 14, 62); Clanricarde to Bristol, 14 Nov. 1641 (ibid., p. 15); Clanricarde to the king, 22 Jan. 1642 (ibid., pp 60–2); Clanricarde to Richmond, 23 Feb. 1642 (ibid., pp 62–3); Clanricarde’s commentary (ibid., p. 75).
61 Duignan, ‘Connacht group’, pp 46–7.
62 These are the depositions for County Galway in T.C.D., MS 830.
63 Clanricarde’s commentary (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 38).Google Scholar
64 Deposition of William Hammond, 14 Aug. 1643 (T.C.D., MS 830, f. 134b).
65 Deposition of Mrs Hammond, 16 Aug. 1643 (ibid., f. 136); of Joseph Hampton, May 1643 (ibid., f. 138b).
66 Deposition of Margaret Rolwick, 12 Mar. 1643 (ibid., f. 166).
67 Deposition of John Turner, 23 Mar. 1643 (ibid., f. 146).
68 Deposition of Oliver Smith, 1 Mar. 1643 (ibid., f. 158). O’Malley states that Darcy and Martin helped to establish and sat on Galway’s ruling Council of Eight, ‘which had authority to deal with every emergency’ (O’Malley, ‘Patrick Darcy’, p. 103).
69 Deposition of Thomas Bagworth, Sept. 1643 (T.C.D., MS 830, f. 148b).
70 See Perceval-Maxwell, Michael, ‘The Ulster rising of 1641 and the depositions’ in I.H.S., xxi, no. 82 (Sept. 1978), p. 148Google Scholar: ‘there were two main types of depositions: first, the statements of British refugees taken down within a year or two of the events that were alleged to have happened and second, those that were collected at the time the Irish were being tried for their actions in the 1650s … the earlier ones … appear to have been spontaneous reports and not statements implanted by the commissioners for their own purposes.’ The depositions cited were given in 1643, so they qualify as ‘spontaneous reports’, and are more reliable.
71 Deposition of William Hammond, 14 Aug. 1643 (T.C.D., MS 830, f. 134b): ‘the whole county [is in rebellion] except some few that follow the earl of Clanricarde’.
72 Clanricarde to mayor of Galway, 22 Mar. 1642 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, pp 101–2).Google Scholar
73 See, for example, Clanricarde to Sir Ulick Burke, 8 Mar., 6 Sept. 1642 (ibid., pp 84, 249–50); Clanricarde’s declaration, 1 Apr. 1642 (ibid., pp 109–11); Clanricarde to archbishop of Tuam et al., 19 Apr. 1642 (ibid., pp 116–7); Clanricarde’s commentary (ibid., pp 20, 75, 81, 265–7).
74 Canny, ‘Irish rising’, pp 56, 60–8; Ó hAnnracháin, ‘Rebels and Confederates’, pp 97–9; idem, Catholic Reformation, p. 69.
75 Canny, ‘Irish rising’, pp 56, 60–8; Ó hAnnracháin, ‘Rebels and Confederates’, pp 97–9, 106–8; idem, Catholic Reformation, pp 69, 80–1; idem, ‘Lost in Rinuccini’s shadow: the Irish clergy, 1645–9’ in Ó Siochrú (ed.), Kingdoms in crisis, pp 176–8.
76 Because of his advanced age, the frail bishop of Elphin was probably not a major force in this movement, and was likely acting only in support of Archbishop O’Queeley, Bishop Burke, and Fr Oliver Burke.
77 There is overwhelming evidence to suggest that Clanricarde was against the rebellion in Ireland; see, for example, his declaration against Galway (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 109); Clanricarde to archbishop of Tuam, 4, 8 Apr. 1642 (ibid., pp 113–15); Arthur Hall to parliament, 30 Jan. 1642 (Bodl., Carte MS 4, f. 311); Robert Reynolds and Robert Goodwin to Giles Green, 6 Jan. 1643 (ibid., ff 277, 317).
78 Bishop of Clonfert to Clanricarde, 8 Apr. 1642 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 115); Forrcstal, Alison, Catholic synods in Ireland, 1600–1690 (Dublin, 1998), p. 75.Google Scholar
79 Clanricarde’s commentary (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 115).
80 Bishop of Clonfert to Clanricarde, 8 Apr. 1642 (ibid.); Ó hAnnracháin, ‘Rebels and Confederates’, p. 97.
81 Archbishop of Tuam et al. to Clanricarde, 17 Apr. 1642 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 116).
82 Ó hAnnracháin, ‘Rebels and Confederates’, p. 101; Canny, ‘Irish rising’, pp 60–8. The threat of censure is also consistent with Clanricarde’s interpretation of the part played by the clergy in convincing would-be loyalists to join the rebellion (Clanricarde, Memoirs, pp 75, 84).
83 Archbishop of Tuam et al. to Clanricarde, 17 Apr. 1642 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, pp 116–17).Google Scholar
84 Oliver Burke also travelled with Nicholas Plunkett, who, as Ó Siochrú has shown, was actively pursuing the establishment of a rebel government early in the rebellion (Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, pp 35–7, 45–6). See also examination of Edward Dowdall, 13 Mar. 1642 (Gilbert (ed.), Irish Confederation, i, 275).
85 Clanricarde had lived all his adult life in England, where his contacts with the English Catholic clergy were very different from his contacts with clergy in Ireland (Debe, ‘Irish career of Clanricarde’, pp 99–126).
86 Clanricarde to archbishop of Tuam et al., 19 Apr. 1642 (ibid., p. 117).
87 Ibid.
88 Ibid.
89 Clanricarde to Richmond, 23 Jan. 1642 (ibid., p. 63); Clanricarde to the king, 22 Jan. 1642 (ibid., pp 60–2); Clanricarde to Essex, 23 Jan. 1642 (ibid., p. 62); Clanricarde to Cottington, 23 Jan. 1642 (ibid., p. 65); Debe, ‘Irish career of Clanricarde’, pp 20–4, 32–9.
90 Cunningham, Bernadette, ‘Political and social change in the lordships of Clanricarde and Thomond, 1569–1641’ (M.A. thesis, University College, Galway, 1979), p. 265Google Scholar; Little, Patrick, ‘Family and faction: the Irish nobility and the English court, 1632–42’ (M.Litt. thesis, University of Dublin, 1992), pp 146, 148, 153–6, 171Google Scholar; Connors, ‘Impact of English colonial expansion’, pp 40, 42–3.
91 Ó hAnnracháin, ‘Rebels and Confederates’, pp 96–115; idem, Catholic reformation, pp 39–81; Cunnane, D. W., ‘Catastrophic dimensions: the rupture of English and Irish identities in early modern Ireland, 1534–1615’ in Essays in History, xli (1999) (http://etext. virginia.edu/journals/EH/EH41/Cunnane41.html).Google Scholar
92 Clanricarde to archbishop of Tuam et al., 19 Apr. 1642 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 117).Google Scholar
93 He may have had this advice from Dominic Burke or from priests in his household, some of whom were English; Ó hAnnracháin, ‘Rebels and Confederates’, p. 99; Clanricarde to archbishop of Tuam et al., 19 Apr. 1642 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 117).
94 Clanricarde to archbishop of Tuam et al., 19 Apr. 1642 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 117).Google Scholar
95 The earl wrote of his arrangements to leave Ireland in his commentary (ibid., p. 113). See also Clanricarde to archbishop of Tuam, 4, 8, Apr. 1642 (ibid., pp 113–15); bishop of Clonfert to Clanricarde, 9 Apr. 1642 (ibid., p. 115); Clanricarde’s commentary (ibid.); archbishop of Tuam et al. to Clanricarde (ibid., p. 116); Clanricarde to archbishop of Tuam et al. (ibid., pp 116–17); Gilbert (ed.), Irish Confederation, i, 139.
96 Edwards, David, ‘The poisoned chalice: the Ormond inheritance, sectarian division and the emergence of James Butler, 1614–42’ in Barnard, Toby and Fenlon, Jane (eds), The dukes of Ormond, 1610–1745 (Woodbridge, 2000), pp 55, 57–8,70-1,77-8, 82Google Scholar; Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, p. 38; O’Sullivan, M. D., Old Galway: the history of a Norman colony in Ireland (Cambridge, 1942), p. 247Google Scholar; ‘The Roman Catholiques’ reply, 12 Mar. 1662’ (B.L., Add. MS 4781, ff 282–4).
97 Clanricarde’s commentary (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 118); Gilbert (ed.), Irish Confederation, i, 105.
98 Deposition of William Hammond, 14 Aug. 1643 (T.C.D., MS 830, f. 134b); of Mrs William Hammond, 16 Aug. 1643 (ibid., f. 136); of Joseph Hampton, May 1643 (ibid., f. 138b); of John Turner, 23 Mar. 1643 (ibid., f. 146); of Thomas Bagworth, Sept. 1643 (ibid., f. 148b); of Oliver Smith, 1 Mar. 1643 (ibid., f. 158); of Margaret Rolwick, 12 Mar. 1643 (ibid., f. 166).
99 Duignan, ‘Connacht group’, p. 53.
100 Bourke, Hugh to Wadding, Luke, 12 Apr. 1642 (H.M.C., Franciscan MSS, p. 132).Google Scholar
101 O Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, p. 38; Edwards, ‘Poisoned chalice’, pp 55–82.
102 Mountgarret et al. to Clanricarde, 11 June 1642 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 171); Martin to Clanricarde, 2 Dec. 1642 (ibid., pp 296–8); Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, p. 41.
103 Richard Martin was accompanied by Sir Dominic Brown, Andrew Brown, Sir Valentine Blake and Theobald Burke (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 118).
104 Clanricarde to archbishop of Tuam, 4 Apr. 1642 (ibid., pp 113–14); archbishop of Tuam et al. to Clanricarde, 17 Apr. 1642 (ibid., p. 116).
105 Coonan, Irish Catholic Confederacy, p. 139; Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, pp 44–5; acts agreed upon, ordained and concluded in the general congregation held at Kilkenny, 10, 11, 13 May, 1642 (B.L., Stowe MS 82, ff 271–1). The bishop of Elphin, because of his advanced age, was probably not as active in this group.
106 Examination of Edward Dowdall, 13 Mar. 1642 (Gilbert (ed.), Irish Confederation, i, 275–6).
107 Mountgarret et al. to Wadding, 21 Feb. 1642 (H.M.C., Franciscan MSS, p. 119).
108 Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, p. 40; decrees of the provincial synod of Armagh, 22 Mar. 1642 (Moran, P. F. (ed.), Spicilegium Ossoriense: being a collection of original letters and papers illustrative of the history of the Irish Church from the Reformation to the year 1800 (3 vols, Dublin, 1874-84), ii, 2–8Google Scholar; Commentarius Rinuccinianus, i, 314–19.
109 Ó hAnnracháin, Catholic Reformation, pp 68–9.
110 This is suggested in ibid., p. 69.
111 O’Dwyer to Wadding, 1 Apr. 1642 (H.M.C. Franciscan MSS, p. 129); Hugh Bourke to Wadding, 17 May 1642 (ibid., p. 142); Nachera to Wadding, 25 July 1642 (ibid., p. 167); Dermot Dwyer to Wadding, 8 Aug. 1642 (ibid., pp 174–5).
112 O’Dwyer to Wadding, 25 Aug. 1642 (ibid., pp 182–3). Ironically, he was bought and set free by a Calvinist merchant in August 1642.
113 Clanricarde to Gormanston, 23 Feb. 1642 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, pp 77–8).Google Scholar