No CrossRef data available.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016
Many historians have noted the symbolic role the veteran Fenian and 1916 proclamation signatory, Thomas J. Clarke, played as a ‘living link’ between the neo-Fenians of Easter 1916 and the previous generation of Irish revolutionaries. However, before 1914 the neo-Fenian claim to the revolutionary nationalist tradition was by no means unchallenged. For constitutional nationalists also claimed the legacy of the ‘men of ’67’. Although this now seems most implausible, at the time it was much more convincing, not least because of the presence of so many former Fenians in the Irish Parliamentary Party. In 1887 the R.I.C. estimated that 23 of the 83 Parnellite M.P.s had been Fenians before entering parliament. Paul Bew has argued that their presence influenced the ‘ideological tone’ of Parnellism, bringing an admiration for armed insurrection which, though emphasising its inexpediency, also stressed its nobility and heroic qualities.
1 For instance, see Lyons, F. S. L., Culture and anarchy in Ireland, 1890-1939 (Oxford, 1979), p. 86Google Scholar; Mansergh, Nicholas, The Irish question, 1840-1921 (London, 1965) ed.), p. 225Google Scholar; Senior, Hereward, ‘The place of Fenianism in the Irish republican tradition’ in Harmon, Maurice (ed.), Fenians and Fenianism (Dublin, 1968), p. 66.Google Scholar
2 Bew, Paul, Land and the national question in Ireland, 1858-82 (Dublin, 1978), p. 46.Google Scholar
3 This was Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa. For Rossa’s election see Comerford, R. V., Charles J. Kickham: a study in Irish nationalism and literature (Dublin, 1979), pp 105–6, 112.Google Scholar
4 For Power, O’Connor see Jordan, Donald, ‘John O’Connor Power, Charles Stewart Parnell and the centralisation of popular politics in Ireland’ in I.H.S., xxv, no. 97 (May 1986), pp 46–66.Google Scholar
5 Quoted in Comerford, Kickham, p. 124.
6 Broin, Leon O, Revolutionary underground: the story of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, 1858-1924 (Dublin, 1976), p. 11.Google Scholar
7 Carroll, William to Devoy, John, 10 Apr. 1876 (Devoy’s post bag, 1871-1928, ed. O’Brien, William and Ryan, Desmond (2 vols, Dublin, 1948-53), i, 152)Google Scholar.
8 See Moody, T. W., ‘The New Departure in Irish politics, 1878-9’ in Cronne, H. A., Moody, T. W. and Quinn, D. B. (eds), Essays in British and Irish history in honour of James Eadie Todd (London, 1949), pp 303–34.Google Scholar
9 O’Leary to Devoy, 8 Nov. 1878 (Devoy’spost bag, i, 373).
10 Quoted in Comerford, Kickham, pp 142-3.
11 Freeman’s Journal, 27 Dec. 1878.
12 Maume, Patrick, ‘Parnell and the I.R.B. oath’ in I.H.S., xxix, no. 115 (May 1995), pp 363–70.Google Scholar
13 Dates of parliamentary membership are given for M.P.s’ whole careers, whereas details of constituencies are limited to those represented by the M.P.s between 1900 and 1918. Such details are only given for those M.P.s who had formerly been Fenians.
14 Fairy, Michael, Sligo 1914-1921 (Trim, 1992), p. 2Google Scholar.
15 Mandle, W. F., The Gaelic Athletic Association and Irish nationalist politics, 1884-1924 (London & Dublin, 1987), p. 8Google Scholar.
16 Gaelic-American, 12 May 1910; Cork Examiner, 16 Nov. 1922; Irish Independent, 16 Nov. 1922.
17 Lyons, F. S. L., John Dillon (London, 1968), p. 225Google Scholar; Roscommon Herald, 13 Sept. 1919; Roscommon Messenger, 13 Sept. 1919.
18 Maume, Patrick, The long gestation: Irish nationalist life, 1891-1918 (Dublin, 1999), p. 223Google Scholar. See, for instance, Freeman’s Journal, 2 Dec. 1910.
19 O’Brien, William, ‘Was Fenianism ever formidable?’ in Contemporary Review, lxxi (1897), p. 688.Google Scholar
20 Idem, Recollections (London, 1905), p. 116. See also T. H. Ronayne to Devoy, 24 Sept. 1881 (Devoy’s post bag, ii, 101).
21 Maume, ‘Parnell & the I.R.B. oath’, p. 363.
22 Ó Broin, Revolutionary underground, p. 56; Denis Kilbride to John Dillon, 1 July 1896 (T.C.D., Dillon papers, MS 6756/771).
23 Blunt, W. S., My diaries (2 vols, London, 1919-20), i, 166Google Scholar.
24 Freeman’s Journal, 9 Oct. 1911.
25 Hansard 5 (Commons), xlvi, 575 (2 Jan. 1913); Lyons, Dillon, p. 15. See also Dillon to Devoy, 6 Aug. 1891 (Devoy’s post bag, ii, 319).
26 Ó Broin, Revolutionary underground, p. 55.
27 Kelly, Matthew, ‘“Parnell’s Old Brigade”: the Redmondite-Fenian nexus in the 1890s’ in I.H.S., xxxiii, no. 130 (Nov. 2002), p. 223Google Scholar. The author would like to thank Dr Kelly for allowing him to read a copy of this article before publication.
28 Kilkenny People, 14 July 1917.
29 The collected letters of W. B. Yeats, 1896-1900, ed. Gould, Warwick, Kelly, John and Toomey, Deirdre (Oxford, 1997), p. 463Google Scholar; McCracken, D. L., MacBride’s brigade: Irish commandos in the Anglo-Boer War (Dublin, 1999), p. 78.Google Scholar
30 Lynch, Arthur, Ireland: vital hour (London, 1915), p. 174Google Scholar; idem, My life story (London, 1924), pp 219, 224, 236.
31 Gaelic-American, 19 Mar. 1910; Campbell, Christy, Fenian fire: the British government plot to assassinate Queen Victoria (London, 2002), pp 279–80.Google Scholar
32 Freeman’s Journal, 27 July 1909; Gwynn, Stephen, Experiences of a literary man (London, 1926), p. 276.Google Scholar
33 Gazette, Pall Mall — ‘Extra’: the popular handbook to the new House of Commons, 1910 (London, 1910), p. 68.Google Scholar
34 Irish Independent, 6 July 1943.
35 Freeman’s Journal, 29 Nov. 1909.
36 Ibid., 31 July 1919.
37 Kilkenny People, 31 Dec. 1927.
38 Dod’s parliamentary companion (London, 1918), p. 394.Google Scholar
39 Irish Times, 19 Dec. 1932.
40 Cork Examiner, 29 Oct. 1928.
41 Meehan, P. F., The members of parliament for Laois and Offaly (Portlaoise, 1972), p. 69.Google Scholar
42 Irish Independent, 17 Oct. 1917.
43 O’Brien, C. C., Parnell and his party, 1880-90 (Oxford, 1968) ed.), p. 156.Google Scholar
44 Longford Leader, 7 Apr. 1917; Longford Independent, 7 Apr. 1917.
45 Freeman’s Journal, 19 May 1913.
46 For this see Senior, Hereward, The last invasion of Canada (Toronto & Oxford, 1991)Google Scholar.
47 Newsinger, John, Fenianism in mid-Victorian Britain (London, 1994), p. 47.Google Scholar
48 Limerick Leader, 2 Apr. 1909.
49 Bourke, Marcus, John O’Leary (Tralee, 1967), pp 72–3.Google Scholar
50 The Times, 23 Dec. 1916.
51 For O’Kelly’s experiences in Cuba see O’Kelly, James, The Mambi-land, or Adventures of a ‘Herald’ correspondent in Cuba (London, 1874))Google Scholar.
52 Devoy, John, Recollections of an Irish rebel (New York, 1929), p. 334.Google Scholar
53 Irish People, 21 Oct. 1899.
54 Devoy, Recollections, p. 335.
55 Irish People, 23, 30 June 1900; Devoy, Recollections, p. 234.
56 Irish People, 24 Nov. 1900; Devoy, Recollections, p. 336.
57 According to O’Kelly, he was a member of the provisional government (located in London) which organised the rising, being elected during the rising to replace one of the members who had been arrested (The Times, 17 July 1889).
58 Bew, Land & the national question, p. 41.
59 Comerford, R. V., The Fenians in context: Irish politics and society, 1848-82 (Dublin, 1985), pp 166–7.Google Scholar
60 Moody, T. W. and Broin, Leon Ó, ‘The I.R.B. Supreme Council, 1868-78’ in I.H.S., xix, no. 75 (Mar. 1975), pp 303–10.Google Scholar
61 Comerford, Fenians in context, p. 168.
62 MacDonagh, Michael, The home rule movement (Dublin & London, 1920), pp 115–16Google Scholar. For a discussion of this see Lyons, F. S. L., Ireland since the Famine (London, 1985), p. 150.Google Scholar
63 Comerford, Fenians in context, p. 177; Thornley, David, Isaac Butt and home rule (London, 1964), pp 70–71Google Scholar.
64 Unpublished autobiography of J. F. X. O’Brien (N.L.I., O’Brien papers, MS 16695).
65 Thornley, Butt, p. 72.
66 Gaelic-American, 22 Jan. 1910; Bourke, O’Leary, p. 150.
67 Freeman’s Journal, 26 Jan. 1884; Bourke, O’Leary, p. 143.
68 O’Brien, Recollections, p. 98.
69 Thornley, Butt, p. 161. See also O’Brien, Recollections, pp 139-41.
70 The Times, 29 June 1889.
71 Kickham to Devoy, 29 Apr. 1876 (Devoy’s post bag, i, 163); Comerford, Kickham, pp 135, 158.
72 N.A.I., miscellaneous ‘Fenian papers’, quoted in O’Brien, Parnell & his party, p. 156.
73 Unpublished autobiography of J. F. X. O’Brien (N.L.I., O’Brien papers, MS 16695).
74 Gaelic-American, 30 Dec. 1916.
75 Bourke, O’Leary, p. 151.
76 Devoy’s post bag, i, 292-4.
77 O’Kelly to Devoy, 5 Aug. 1877, quoted in Abels, Jules, The Parnell tragedy (London, 1966), p. 70.Google Scholar
78 Lyons, F. S. L., Charles Stewart Parnell (London, 1977), p. 71Google ScholarPubMed.
79 Gaelic-American, 6 Jan. 1916; Bourke, O’Leary, p. 150.
80 Bourke, O’Leary, pp 408-11.
81 Devoy, Recollections, p. 344.
82 Ibid., pp 274-5, 333.
83 The Times, 17 July 1889.
84 See O’Connor, James, Recollections of Richard Pigott (Dublin, 1889Google Scholar)).
85 Comerford, Kickham, pp 162-3; Moody, T. W., Davitt and Irish revolution, 1846-82 (Oxford, 1981), p. 278.Google Scholar
86 The Times, 14 Mar. 1910; Wicklow People, 19 Mar. 1910; Irish Independent, 14 Mar. 1910.
87 According to Stephen Gwynn, O’Connor strongly considered joining the Papal Brigade in 1869, but remained in Ireland because he had several relations to provide for (Gwynn, Stephen, Memories of enjoyment (Tralee, 1946), p. 86Google Scholar).
88 The Times, 10 July 1889.
89 Hansard 3, cccxli, 1713 (3 Mar. 1890).
90 The Times, 29 Oct. 1928.
91 Ibid., 11 July 1889; Lyons, Parnell, p. 79.
92 For the political geography of Cork in the early 1880s see Murphy, Maria, ‘Fenianism, Parnellism and the Cork trades, 1860-1900’ in Saothar, 5 (1979), pp 27–38.Google Scholar
93 O’Shea, James, Priest, politics and society in post-Famine Ireland: a study of County Tipperary, 1850-1891 (Dublin, 1983), p. 203.Google Scholar
94 O’Kelly campaigned on behalf of John Martin (John Mitchel’s brother-in-law) in Longford in 1869 (Gaelic-American, 13 Jan. 1917).
95 O’Brien, Recollections, p. 123.
96 Freeman’s Journal, 29 Nov. 1909.
97 The Times, 10 July 1889.
98 Limerick Leader, 2 Apr. 1909; Freeman’s Journal, 1 Nov. 1885.
99 Meehan, Members of parliament for Laois & Offaly, p. 69; O’Hanlon, Johnet al, History of the Queen’s County (2 vols, Dublin, 1907-14), ii, 728, 735.Google Scholar
100 Irish Independent, 31 July 1919.
101 Ibid., 13 July 1917; The Times, 13 July 1917.
102 Irish Independent, 27 Apr. 1915; Freeman’s Journal, 27 Apr. 1915.
103 Ó Broin, Revolutionary underground, p. 11; Gaelic-American, 20 Aug. 1910.
104 A candidate’s Fenianism was not always a means to automatic selection; for instance, see the case of John O’Connor and Tipperary in 1885 (O’Shea, Priest, politics & society, p. 203).
105 Additionally, of those Fenians elected after mid-1909, Lynch was a writer and journalist and Fitzgibbon was a merchant.
106 Lyons, F. S. L., The Irish Parliamentary Party, 1890-1910 (London, 1951), p. 175Google Scholar.
107 Ibid., pp 177-9.
108 Gaelic-American, 3 June 1905.
109 O’Donovan Rossa to O’Brien, 30 July, 5 Sept. 1894 (N.L.I., O’Brien papers, MS 13432 [9]).
110 Denvir, John, The life story of an old rebel (Dublin, 1910), p. 73.Google Scholar
111 O’Donovan|Rossa, Jeremiah, Rossa’s recollections, 1838-1898 (Shannon, 1972) ed.), pp 27–8.Google ScholarPubMed
112 Irish Independent, 2 Aug. 1915; Freeman’s Journal, 2 Aug. 1915.
113 Comerford, Kickham, pp 173, 176.
114 Bourke, O’Leary, p. 233. David Sheehy also attended the funeral {Freeman’s Journal, 20 Mar. 1907). It seems likely that O’Connor was the author of an appreciation of O’Leary ‘written by one who knew him’, which appeared in the Freeman’s Journal, 18 Mar. 1907.
115 O’Connor to Devoy, 1, 29 Dec. 1908, 26 Feb. 1909 (Devoy’s post bag, ii, 372, 374, 377); Ó Broin, Revolutionary underground, p. 30.
116 Ryan, M. F., Fenian memories (Dublin, 1946), p. 65.Google Scholar
117 Ibid., p. 181.
118 Ó Broin, Revolutionary underground, p. 64.
119 Ibid., p. 71. For Allan see McGee, Owen, ‘Frederick James Allan (1861-1937), Fenian and civil servant’ in History Ireland, x, no. i (2002), pp 29–33.Google Scholar
120 MacBride, Maud Gonne, A servant of the queen (London, 1938), pp 298–9, 116.Google Scholar
121 James Clancy to Devoy, 21 Jan. 1891 (Devoy’s post bag, ii, 317).
122 Gaelic-American, 6 Jan. 1916.
123 O’Brien, Recollections, pp 396-7; O’Kelly to Devoy, 21 Sept., 24 Oct. 1882 (Devoy’s post bag, ii, 140-41, 157).
124 Ryan, Fenian memories, p. 34; Devoy, Recollections, p. 345; Gaelic-American, 6 Jan. 1916.
125 O’Kelly to Devoy, 14 Jun. 1899 (Devoy’s post bag, ii, 341).
126 Devoy, Recollections, p. 346.
127 Gaelic-American, 30 Dec, 1916, 6, 13 Jan 1917.
128 O’Kelly to Devoy, 27 July 1880 (Devoy's post bag, i, 541).
129 Le Caron told O’Kelly this in April 1881 when he met Parnell at the House of Commons (The Times, 17 July 1889). Le Caron himself claimed that O’Kelly had on his arrival in England been ‘unfaithful to his trust’ by entering parliament without repaying the money he had brought to England for the purchase of arms. This claim prompted O’Kelly to threaten a libel action, in response to which Le Caron’s publishers excised certain offending passages (see Caron, Henri Le, Twenty-five years in the secret service (London, 1893)), pp v–viii, 153, 172Google Scholar). Devoy insisted that O’Kelly did pay this money back (Devoy, Recollections, p. 344).
130 The Times, 2 Nov. 1928.
131 Devoy, Recollections, p. 346.
132 Le Caron, Twenty-five years, pp 259-60.
133 The Times, 29 Oct. 1928.
134 Devoy, Recollections, p. 207; Irish Freedom, July 1912.
135 Clare Champion, Feb.-May 1914; McCracken, MacBride’s brigade, pp 97, 159. See also Arthur Lynch to D. F. Cohalan, 9 Mar. 1909 (Devoy’s post bag, ii, 378-9); Thomas Clarke to Devoy, 3 Apr. 1914 (ibid., ii, 448).
136 Ranelagh, John O’Beirne, ‘The Irish Republican Brotherhood in the revolutionary period, 1879-1923’ in Boyce, D. G. (ed.), The revolution in Ireland, 1879-1923 (Dublin, 1988), p. 137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
137 O’Flaherty, Liam, The life of Tim Healy (London, 1927), p. 67.Google Scholar
138 Gaelic-American, 1 Jan. 1910.
139 Ibid., 12 Feb. 1910.
140 Daily Telegraph, 29 Oct. 1928; Gwynn, Memories of enjoyment, p. 37.
141 Steven, Robert, The National Liberal Club (London, 1925), p. 37.Google Scholar
142 Unpublished autobiography of J. F. X. O’Brien (N.L.I., O’Brien papers, MS 16695); James O’Shee to John Redmond, 11 June 1908 (ibid., Redmond papers, MS 6748/345).
143 Cork Examiner, 29 Oct. 1928.
144 Gwynn, Memories of enjoyment, p. 84.
145 Leinster Leader, 17 May 1913.
146 Roscommon Messenger, 13 Sept. 1919.
147 Irish Independent, 17 Oct. 1917.
148 Levenson, Leah and Natterstad, J. H., Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington: Irish feminist (Syracuse, 1986), p. 7Google Scholar.
149 Hutchins, Patricia, James Joyce’s world (London, 1957), p. 14Google Scholar.
150 Valentine, John, Irish memories (Bristol, 1927), p. 66Google Scholar.
151 Punch, 13 Oct. 1909.
152 Pall Mall Gazette — ‘Extra’, 1910, p. 68.
153 Ward, Margaret, Hanna Sheehy Skeffington: a life (Cork, 1997), p. 137Google Scholar.
154 O’Brien to Thomas Sexton, n.d. (N.L.I., O’Brien papers, MS 13429).
155 O’Kelly to Devoy, 15 Dec. 1882 (Devoy’s post bag, ii, 175).
156 Jerry MacVeagh to John Dillon, 8 Dec. 1900 (T.C.D., Dillon papers, MS 6757/1189).
157 O’Kelly to Redmond, 2 Dec. 1907 (ibid., Redmond papers, MS 6747/233).
158 Gaelic-American, 13 Jan. 1917.
159 Connacht Tribune, 5 July 1913; Ryan, Memories of enjoyment, p. 34.
160 O’Brien, Recollections, pp 127-8.
161 Ibid., p. 128.
162 Unattributed speech, quoted in Meehan, Members of parliament for Laois & Offaly, p. 69. In the 1880s O’Kelly was known for his associations ‘with the extreme republicans in Paris ... [and] the red press’, while in the 1860s J. F. X. O’Brien had been an ‘uncompromising, not to say vicious, anti-clerical correspondent of the Irish People’. However, at least later in life, the majority of the ‘Fenian M.P.s’ were of ‘unchallenged orthodoxy’: see O’Donnell, F. H., A history of the Irish Parliamentary Party (2 vols, London, 1910), ii, 325Google Scholar; Bourke, O’Leary, p. 62; O’Brien, Parnell & his party, p. 28.
163 Freeman’s Journal, 3 Jan. 1885.
164 Unpublished autobiography of J. F. X. O’Brien (N.L.I., O’Brien papers, MS 16695).
165 Bew, Paul, Ideology and the Irish question (Oxford, 1994), p. 14Google Scholar.
166 Kilkenny Journal, 29 Dec. 1909.
167 Despite the fact that O’Kelly was neither heard in parliament for many years before his death, nor seen in Roscommon after 1902, he apparently retained the confidence of his constituents (see Freeman’s Journal, 30 Dec. 1909).
168 Murphy, James H., ‘Between the drawing-room and the barricade: the autobiographies and nationalist fictions of Justin McCarthy’ in Stewart, Bruce (ed.), Hearts and minds: Irish culture and society under the Act of Union (Gerrards Cross, 2002), pp 111-20Google Scholar. The author would like to thank Dr Murphy for allowing him to read a copy of this article before publication.
169 The Times, 29 Oct. 1928.
170 Unpublished autobiography of J. F. X. O’Brien (N.L.I., O’Brien papers, MS 16695); O’Brien, Recollections, p. 687; Kilkenny People, 31 Dec. 1927.
171 The Times, 13 Nov. 1928; Gwynn, Memories of enjoyment, p. 82; O’Brien, Recollections, p. 53.
172 Irish Independent, 14 Mar. 1910.
173 Gaelic-American, 3 June 1905.
174 Gwynn, Memories of enjoyment, p. 86. The same author described one stormy party meeting during the Irish Council Bill when ‘one of the disaffected took on himself to say that the old Fenian element had no trust in John Redmond’ (ibid., p. 85).
175 Gwynn, Stephen, John Redmond’s last years (London, 1919), p. 168.Google Scholar
176 J. P. Farrell to John Dillon, 8 Oct. 1914 (T.C.D., Dillon papers, MS 6753/430); Irish Independent, 3 Dec. 1914. However, citing the absence of any mention of Phillips’s ‘pro- Germanism’ in the Longford or Roscommon press, Michael Wheatley has suggested to me that Farrell deliberately lied to Dillon about Phillips’s anti-war stance as part of his ongoing feud with the South Longford M.P.; additionally, in the spring of 1916 Phillips signed a recruiting circular issued by the Longford Recruiting Committee.
177 Freeman’s Journal, 4 Aug. 1914.
178 Devoy, Recollections, p. 346. In 1916 Devoy declared that it was ‘inconceivable that O’Kelly in good mental and bodily health could be in agreement with the recent action and attitude of the Party’ because he was ‘at heart an Irish rebel’ (Gaelic-American, 30 Dec. 1916, 13 Jan. 1917).
179 Freeman’s Journal, 25 Sept., 8 Oct., 11 Nov. 1914. Fitzgibbon lost two sons during the war (see Maume, Long gestation, p. 153).
180 Maume, Long gestation, p. 234.
181 Raymond, E. T., Portraits of the new century (London, 1928), p. 277.Google Scholar
182 Devoy, Recollections, pp 345-6.
183 The Times, 23 Apr. 1888.
184 Freeman’s Journal, 3 June 1892.
185 Ibid., 13 Oct. 1914.
186 Comerford, Fenians in context, p. 249.
187 Freeman’s Journal, 26 May 1911.
188 Cork Examiner, 29 May 1905.
189 Freeman’s Journal, 25 Nov. 1907.
190 Hansard 5 (Commons), xlvi, 226 (31 Dec. 1912).
191 Freeman’s Journal, 24 Oct. 1910.
192 Kee, Robert, The green flag, ii: The bold Fenian men (London, 1976), pp 127–8.Google Scholar
193 O’Keefe, Timothy, ‘“Who fears to speak of ‘98?”: the rhetoric and rituals of the United Irishmen centennial, 1898’ in Eire-Ireland, xxvii (1992), pp 81–2.Google Scholar
194 William Lundon and J. F. X. O’Brien had both been ‘out’ in 1848. William Field, John Dillon and Stephen Gwynn had close family connexions with the Young Ireland movement. John Redmond, Dr John Esmonde and James O’Connor claimed to have ancestors who had fought in 1798. The father of one member of the party, the octogenarian Sam Young, had actually ‘carried a pike and fought for liberty in ‘98’ (Samuel Young to John Dillon, 1897 (T.C.D., Dillon papers, MS 6760/1778)).
195 O’Callaghan, Margaret, ‘Parnellism and crime: constructing a conservative strategy of containment, 1887-91’ in McCartney, Donal (ed.), Parnell: the politics of power (Dublin, 1991), pp 102–24.Google Scholar
196 Kelly, ‘Parnell’s Old Brigade’, p. 218.
197 Owens, Gary, ‘Constructing the Martyrs: the Manchester executions and the nationalist imagination’ in McBride, L. W. (ed.), Images, icons and the Irish nationalist imagination (Dublin, 1999), p. 22.Google Scholar
198 Edwards, O. D., ‘Ireland’ in Edwards, O. D., Evans, Gwynfor, loan Rhys and MacDiarmid, Hugh, Celtic nationalism (London, 1968), p. 173.Google ScholarPubMed
199 Alter, Peter, ‘Symbols of Irish nationalism’ in O’Day, Alan (ed.), Reactions to Irish nationalism (London, 1987), p. 7.Google Scholar
200 McGee, Owen, ‘“God save Ireland”: Manchester-Martyr demonstrations in Dublin, 1867-1916’ in Eire-Ireland, xxxvi (2001), p. 49.Google Scholar
201 Freeman’s Journal, 27 Nov. 1900, 25 Nov. 1901, 21 Nov. 1904, 26 Nov 1906, 25 Nov. 1907, 23 Nov. 1908, 24 Nov. 1909. Nannetti had himself been a member of the Old Guard in the late 1890s; Field had been associated with the I.R.B. when he served as treasurer of the G.A.A. central council in the 1890s (see McGee, , ‘“God save Ireland”‘, p. 61Google Scholar; Mandle, Gaelic Athletic Association, p. 93).
202 Freeman’s Journal, 26, 27 Nov. 1901., 25 Nov. 1902, 24 Nov. 1904, 20 Nov. 1905, 25 Nov. 1907, 23 Nov. 1908, 22 Nov. 1909, 23, 24 Nov. 1910, 29 Nov. 1911, 23 Nov. 1912, 26 Nov. 1913,.
203 Hill, Judith, Irish public sculpture: a history (Dublin, 1998), p. 104.Google Scholar
204 Freeman’s Journal, 11 Mar. 1907.
205 Ibid., 8 Mar. 1911, 19 May 1913, 2 June, 27 July 1914.
206 McGee, , ‘“God save Ireland”‘, p. 57.Google Scholar
207 Freeman’s Journal, 19 May 1913.
208 Ibid., 27 Nov. 1911.
209 Jackson, Alvin, Ireland 1798-1998: politics and war (Oxford, 1999), p. 167.Google Scholar
210 Lyons, F. S. L., ‘Decline and fall of the Nationalist Party’ in Edwards, O. D. and Pyle, Fergus (eds), 1916: the Easter Rising (London, 1968), p. 60.Google Scholar
211 Freeman’s Journal, 9 Nov. 1910.