Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T12:23:12.740Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Neo-Aramaic Dialects of Iran

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Geoffrey Khan
Geoffrey Khan*
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Spoken vernacular dialects of Aramaic, generally known as Neo-Aramaic dialects, have survived down to modern times in various regions of the Middle East and can be divided into various subgroups. There are some islands of Neo-Aramaic in the West of Iran, which are situated on the eastern periphery of the Neo-Aramaic area. These include dialects spoken by Christians and Jews belonging to the North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic subgroup in the West Azerbaijan, Kordestan and Kermanshah provinces and Neo-Mandaic spoken by Mandaeans in the Khuzestan province. This paper examines a number of distinctive features of the Neo-Aramaic dialects of Iran, including those that have been induced by contact with other languages in the area.

Keywords

AramaicNeo-AramaicNorth-Eastern Neo-AramaicNeo-MandaicChristiansJewsMandaeansUrmiSalamasGawilanJamlawaTergawarMargawarMawanaBalulanK̭allaTazacandŠəno (Ushnuye)Solduz (Naghade)Sablah (Mahabad)SainqalaBokanSaqəzSanandajBījārQasr-e ShīrīnKerendKhorramshahrAhvāzErgativity
Type
Aramaic and Arabic linguistic islands
Information
Iranian Studies , Volume 53 , Issue 3-4: Commemorating Ehsan Yarshater Endangered Iranian Languages: Language Contact and Language Islands in Iran , August 2020 , pp. 445 - 463
Copyright
Copyright © Association For Iranian Studies, Inc 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aloni, Oz. The Neo-Aramaic Speaking Jewish Community of Zakho: A Survey of the Oral Culture. Saarbrücken: Lap Lambert, 2014.Google Scholar
Anonby, Erik, and Taheri-Ardali, . “Bakhtiari.” In The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective, ed. Haig, Geoffrey and Khan, Geoffrey, 445–480. The World of Linguistics 6. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulut, Christiane. “Turkic Varieties of Iran.” In The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective, ed. Haig, Geoffrey and Khan, Geoffrey, 398–444. The World of Linguistics 6. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2018.Google Scholar
Caferoğlu, A., and Doerfer, G. “Das Aserbeidschanische.” In Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta I, ed. Deny, J., 280–307. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1959.Google Scholar
Chyet, Michael L. “Neo-Aramaic and Kurdish: An Interdisciplinary Consideration of Their Influence on Each Other.” Israel Oriental Studies 15 (1995): 219–249.Google Scholar
Coghill, Eleanor. The Rise and Fall of Ergativity in Aramaic: Cycles of Alignment Change. Oxford Studies in Diachronic and Historical Linguistics 21. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubois, Georges. La Question Assyro-Chaldéenne: Études et Notes, Novembre et Décembre 1920–Janvier 1921. Paris: Imprimerie Henry Maillet, 1921.Google Scholar
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine. Armenian. 14. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duval, Rubens. Les Dialectes Néo-Araméens de Salamâs: Textes sur L’état Actuel de la Perse et Contes Populaires Publiés avec une Traduction Française. Paris: F. Vieweg, 1883.Google Scholar
Garbell, Irene. “The Impact of Kurdish and Turkish on the Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Persian Azerbaijan and the Adjoining Regions.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 85, no. 2 (June 1965): 159–177. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/597988CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garbell, Irene. The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Persian Azerbaijan: Linguistic Analysis and Folkloristic Texts. Janua Linguarum. Series Practica 3. London: Mouton, 1965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim–Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gavish, Haya. Unwitting Zionists: The Jewish Community of Zakho in Iraqi Kurdistan. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Häberl, Charles. The Neo-Mandaic Dialect of Khorramshahr. Semitica Viva 45. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2009.Google Scholar
Haig, Geoffrey. “The Iranian Languages of Northern Iraq.” In The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective, ed. Haig, Geoffrey and Khan, Geoffrey, 267–304. The World of Linguistics 6. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinrichs, Wolfhart. “Peculiarities of the Verbal System of Senaya within the Framework of North Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA).” In “Sprich Doch mit Deinen Knechten Aramäisch, Wir Verstehen Es!” 60 Beiträge zur Semitistik: Festschrift für Otto Jastrow Zum 60. Geburtsag, ed. Arnold, Werner and Bobzin, Hartmut, 238–268. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2002.Google Scholar
Hoberman, Robert. “The History of the Modern Aramaic Pronouns and Pronominal Suffixes.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 108 (1988): 557–575. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603145CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkins, Simon. “Preterite and Perfect in the Jewish Neo-Aramaic of Kerend.” In “Sprich Doch mit Deinen Knechten Aramäisch, Wir Verstehen Es!” 60 Beiträge zur Semitistik. Festschrift für Otto Jastrow zum 60. Geburtsag, ed. Arnold, Werner and Bobzin, Hartmut, 281–298. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2002.Google Scholar
Israeli, Yaffa. Ha-Aramit Ha-Ḥadashah Shebe-fi Yehude Saḳiz (Derom Kurdisṭan). Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University. Jerusalem, 1998.Google Scholar
Kalin, Laura M. “Aspect and Argument Licensing in Neo-Aramaic.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 2014.Google Scholar
Kapeliuk, Olga. “Is Modern Hebrew the Only ‘Indo-Europeanized’ Semitic Language? And What about Neo-Aramaic?” Israel Oriental Studies 16 (1996): 59–70.Google Scholar
Kapeliuk, Olga. “Language Contact between Aramaic Dialects and Iranian.” In The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook, ed. Weninger, Stefan, Khan, Geoffrey, Streck, Michael, and Watson, Janet, 738–746. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2011.Google Scholar
Khan, Geoffrey. “Ergativity in Neo-Aramaic.” In Oxford Handbook of Ergativity, ed. Coon, Jessica, Massam, Diane, and Travis, Lisa, 873–899. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Khan, Geoffrey. “Jewish Neo-Aramaic in Kurdistan and Iran.” In Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present, ed. Hary, Benjamin and Benor, Sarah Bunin, 9–34. Contributions to the Sociology of Language 112. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2018.Google Scholar
Khan, Geoffrey. The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Sanandaj. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Khan, Geoffrey. The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Sulemaniyya and Ḥalabja. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics 44. Leiden: Brill, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, Geoffrey. The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Urmi. Gorgias Neo-Aramaic Studies. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2008.Google Scholar
Khan, Geoffrey. The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of the Assyrian Christians of Urmi. 4 vols. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics 86. Leiden: Brill, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, Geoffrey. “The Neo-Aramaic Dialects and Their Historical Background.” In The Syriac World, ed. King, Daniel, 266–289. London: Routledge, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, Geoffrey. “The Neo-Aramaic Dialects of Eastern Anatolia and Northwestern Iran.” In The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective, ed. Haig, Geoffrey and Khan, Geoffrey, 190–236. The World of Linguistics 6. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2018.Google Scholar
Khan, Geoffrey. “The Neo-Aramaic Dialects of Northern Iraq.” In The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective, ed. Haig, Geoffrey and Khan, Geoffrey, 305–353. The World of Linguistics 6. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, Geoffrey. “The Neo-Aramaic Dialects of Western Iran.” In The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective, ed. Haig, Geoffrey and Khan, Geoffrey, 481–582. The World of Linguistics 6. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKenzie, David N. Kurdish Dialect Studies. London Oriental Series. Vols. 9–10. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.Google Scholar
Macuch, Rudolf. Geschichte der Spät- und Neusyrischen Literatur. 1. Aufl. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahmoudveysi, Parvin, and Bailey, Denise. “Hawrāmī of Western Iran.” In The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective, ed. Haig, Geoffrey and Khan, Geoffrey, 533–568. The World of Linguistics 6. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milroy, Leslie. Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Blackwell, 1987.Google Scholar
Murre-van den Berg, Heleen L. From a Spoken to a Written Language: The Introduction and Development of Literary Urmia Aramaic in the Nineteenth Century. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1999.Google Scholar
Mutzafi, Hezy. “Christian Salamas and Jewish Salmas: Two Separate Types of Neo-Aramaic.” In Neo-Aramaic and Its Linguistic Context, ed. Khan, Geoffrey and Napiorkowska, Lidia, 289–304. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mutzafi, Hezy. Comparative Lexical Studies in Neo-Mandaic. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics 73. Leiden: Brill, 2014.Google Scholar
Mutzafi, Hezy. “Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic.” Bulletin of SOAS 71, no. 3 (2008): 409–431.Google Scholar
Panoussi, Estiphan. “Ein Vorläufiges Verbglossar zum Aussterbenden Neuaramäischen Senaya-Dialekt.” Rivista Degli Studi Orientali 65, no. 3/4 (1991): 165–183.Google Scholar
Panoussi, Estiphan. “On the Senaya Dialect.” In Studies in Neo-Aramaic, ed. Heinrichs, Wolfhart, 107–129. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Pennacchietti, Fabrizio. “Verbo Neo-Aramaico e Verbo Neo-Iranico.” In Tipologie della Convergenza Linguistica: Atti del Convegno della Società Italiana di Glottologia, Bergamo, 17–19 Dicembre 1987, ed. Orioles, Vincenzo, 93–110. Biblioteca Della Società Italiana Di Glottologia 12. Pisa: Giardini, 1988.Google Scholar
Rockwell, William Walker. The Pitiful Plight of the Assyrian Christians in Persia and Kurdistan Described from the Reports of Eye-Witnesses. New York: American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, 1916.Google Scholar
Stilo, Donald L. “Phonological Systems in Contact in Iran and Transcaucasia.” In Persian Studies in North America: Studies in Honor of Mohammad Ali Jazayery, ed. Marashi, Mehdi, 75–94. Bethesda, Maryland: Iranbooks, 1994.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. “Contact and Isolation in Linguistic Change.” In Language Change: Contributions to the Study of Its Causes, edited by Breivik, Leiv Egil and Jahr, Ernst Håkon, 227–238. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1989.Google Scholar
Tsereteli, Konstantin. “Die Assyrer in der UdSSR.” In Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte und Deren Nachleben: Festschrift für Franz Altheim, ed. Stiehl, Ruth and Stier, Hans Erich, 2: 375–385. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1970.Google Scholar
Werda, Joel E. The Flickering Light of Asia or the Assyrian Nation and Church. The Author. Reprinted 1990, Assyrian Language and Culture Classes Incorporated, 1924.Google Scholar
Yonan, Gabriele. Assyrer Heute: Kultur, Sprache, Nationalbewegung der Aramäisch Sprechenden Christen im Nahen Osten: Verfolgung und Exil. Reihe Pogrom. Hamburg: Gesellschaft für Bedrohte Völker, 1978.Google Scholar
Yonan, Gabriele, and Bangert, Yvonne. Ein Vergessener Holocaust: Die Vernichtung der Christlichen Assyrer in der Türkei. 2. Aufl. Pogrom Taschenbücher 1018. Göttingen: Gesellschaft für Bedrohte Völker, 2006.Google Scholar
Younansardaroud, Helen. Der Neuostaramäische Dialekt von Särdä: Rïd. Semitica Viva, Bd. 26. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2001.Google Scholar