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The Military of Qajar Iran: The Features of an Irregular Army from the Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Uzi Rabi
Affiliation:
Tel Aviv University
Nugzar Ter-Oganov
Affiliation:
Tel Aviv University

Abstract

The article examines the parameters of the irregular army in Qajar Iran, including its assembly, numbers, and provisions, as well as the army's organizational structure: its administration and the divisions of the ad hoc forces (provincial militia and tribal cavalry) and of the standing forces (the shah's bodyguard and artillery corps). Until the creation of the so-called regular army units in Iran at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the irregular army was regarded as the only military force in the service of the Qajar dynasty. Despite the existence of a “regular army,” irregular forces, particularly tribal cavalry, continued to play a significant role in Iran's military system throughout the nineteenth century. By understanding the features of the irregular army—its role in Qajar society, its organizational and social structures, its ethnic composition, and other characteristics—we can better understand the character of the state itself.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The International Society for Iranian Studies 2012

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Footnotes

The authors would like to express their deepest gratitude to Ms Anne Tracy and Ms Teresa Harings for their invaluable editorial assistance in preparing this article.

References

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40 Ibid., 201.

41 Bagrationi, Teimuraz, Davit Bagrationis Istoria [The history of Davit Bagrationi] (Tbilisi, 1972), 33Google Scholar (in Georgian). Sometimes the Pishkhāneh also added bastions and dug trenches to avoid a sneak attack by the enemy.

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51 Ibid., 83.

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54 The Persian narrative sources of the seventeenth century indicate that Jazāir was used long before Nader Shah Afshar. This is mentioned, for example, in the work of the court historian of Shah Abbas the Great, Iskander Munshi. See Torkaman, Iskander Beg, Tārikh-e ‘aālamārā-ie abbāsi (Tehran, 1350), 2: 1052Google Scholar. Although the information about the Jazāirchis was provided by many authors, during our research we have not come across a detailed description of the Jazāir. For example, according to the evidence of Captain Vasilii Bebutov, Jazāir was a matchlock—see RGVIA, fond 446, delo 5: 4. But as we know, at the beginning of nineteenth century all irregular foot soldiers were armed with various types of matchlocks. The explanatory dictionary of the Georgian language describes Jazāir as “an old, long bell-mouthed rifle.” See Kartuli enis ganmartebiti lexikoni [The explanatory lexicon of the Georgian language] (Tbilisi, 1964), VIII: 1551 (in Georgian). In the opinion of George Stone, considered one of the leading American specialists in arms, Jazāir or Jazāil is of Afghan origin. He writes that the word originally referred to a matchlock, which was later transformed to a flintlock by mounting European locks on it. See Stone, George C., A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor in all Countries and in all Times (New York, 1961), 332Google Scholar.

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74 Waring, A Tour to Sheeraz, 84.

75 Ibid.

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78 Joushan is a chain mail, and push is a suffix that means dressed; that is chain mail-dressed

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