Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T12:26:25.257Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Guarded Courtship: Soviet Cultural Diplomacy in Iran from the Late 1940s to the 1960s

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Nodar Mossaki
Affiliation:
Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow)
Lana Ravandi-Fadai
Affiliation:
Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow)

Abstract

By bringing to bear previously unstudied Soviet archival documents and conducting firsthand interviews with former diplomats, the article traces the ways in which the Soviet Union sought out opportunities to reinvigorate deteriorated Soviet‒Iranian ties through cultural organizations and events in Iran during the decades following World War II. A variety of Soviet cultural representatives—from wrestlers to classical musicians to scholars of Iranian literature—were marshaled for this effort, which bore unexpected fruit considering the modest expectations of the Soviet leadership, ideological differences between the two countries, and increasingly dominant US cultural projection. The connections between cultural ties and state goals, Iranian perceptions of Russia, and the Soviet/Russian sympathies of some members of the shah’s government are among sub-themes examined.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2018 Association For Iranian Studies, Inc

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

The authors would like to express special thanks to Kevin McNeer for his critical comments and translation.

This article was originally published with errors. This version has been corrected. Please see Corrigendum (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2018.1480335).

References

ᶜAbbāsi, Mehdi. Tārikh-e koshti-ye irān [History of wrestling in Iran]. Vol. 1. Tehran: Majid, 1377/1999.Google Scholar
Abdul-Razak, Rowena.‘But What Would They Think Of Us?’ Propaganda and the Manipulation of the Anglo-Soviet Occupation of Iran, 1941‒46.” Iranian Studies 49, no. 5 (2016): 817835. doi: 10.1080/00210862.2016.1210294Google Scholar
Afanasyev, О. А.Stanovleniye sovetskogo vostokovedeniya” [The formation of Soviet oriental studies]. Voprosy Istorii, no. 3 (1984): 139141.Google Scholar
Alvandi, Roham.Flirting with Neutrality: The Shah, Khrushchev, and the Failed 1959 Soviet–Iranian Negotiations.” Iranian Studies 47, no. 3 (2014): 419440. doi: 10.1080/00210862.2014.880629CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvandi, Roham.The Shah’s Détente with Khrushchev: Iran’s 1962 Missile Base Pledge to the Soviet Union.” Cold War History 14, no. 3 (2014): 423444. doi: 10.1080/14682745.2014.890591CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansari, Ali. Modern Iran Since 1921: The Pahlavis and After. London: Pearson Education, 2003.Google Scholar
Arabadzhyan, Artyom Zavenovich ed. Iran. Ocherki noveyshei istorii [Iran. Essays on modern history]. Мoscow: Nauka, 1976.Google Scholar
Atkin, Muriel.Soviet and Russian Scholarship on Iran.” Iranian Studies 20, no. 2‒4 (1987): 223271. doi: 10.1080/00210868708701702CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avdeev, Gennadii.Dom na Vesal-е Shirazi” [The house on Vesal-e Shirazi]. Aziya i Afrika segodnya [Asia and Africa today], no. 11 (1999): 5155.Google Scholar
Blake, Kristen. The U.S.‒Soviet Confrontation in Iran, 1945‒1962: A Case in the Annals of the Cold War. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2009.Google Scholar
Barghoorn, Frederick C.Soviet Cultural Effort.” Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 29, no. 3, Soviet‒American Rivalry in the Middle East (1969): 156169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barghoorn, Frederick C. The Soviet Cultural Offensive: The Role of Cultural Diplomacy in Soviet Foreign Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016. [Originally published in 1960].Google Scholar
Borjiān, Maryam.The Rise and Fall of a Partnership: The British Council and the Islamic Republic of Iran (2001–09).” Iranian Studies 44, no. 4 (2011): 541562. doi: 10.1080/00210862.2011.569330CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaliand, Gerard ed. A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan. London: Zed Books, 1993.Google Scholar
Chehābi, Houchang E.A Political History of Football in Iran.” Iranian Studies 35, no. 4 (2002): 371402. doi: 10.1080/00210860208702025CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorri, Jahāngir.Zapiski vostokoveda: Druzya i vstrechi.” [An orientalist’s notes: friends and encounters]. Aziya i Afrika segodnya [Asia and Africa today] no. 1 (2003): 5358.Google Scholar
Dorri, Jahāngir. Moi put’ v iranistiku [My journey into Iranian studies]. Moscow: Arktika 4D, 2012.Google Scholar
Feyzulayev, F. Е.Uchastiye Sovetskogo Azerbaydzhana v mezhdunarodnom kulturnom i nauchnom obmene v 20–30-е gody” [The participation of Soviet Azerbaijan in international cultural and scholarly exchanges in the 1920s‒30s]. Voprosy Istorii, no. 9 (1987): 177180.Google Scholar
Gasanly, Dzhamil P. SSSR‒Iran: Azerbaydzhaskii krizis i nachalo kholodnoi voyny (1941–1946 gg.) [USSR‒Iran: the Azerbaijan crisis and the beginning of the cold war (1941‒1946.)]. Мoscow: Geroy Otechestva, 2006.Google Scholar
Gasymly, Musa Dzhafar Ogly. Azerbaydzhan v mezhdunarodnyh kul'turnyh svyazyah (1946–1990 gg.) [Azerbaijan in international cultural relations (1946‒1990)]. Tbilisi: Izdatel’stvo Artanuchi, 2005.Google Scholar
Gheissari, Ali. Iranian Intellectuals in the Twentieth Century. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Giunashvili, Lyudmila Semyonovna. Khudozhestvennaya proza Saida Nafisi [The fiction of Saᶜid Nafisi]. Tbilisi: Metsniereba, 1966.Google Scholar
Giunashvili, Lyudmila Semyonovna. Poeziya Saida Nafisi [The poetry of Saᶜid Nafisi]. Tbilisi: Metsniereba, 1971.Google Scholar
Giunashvili, Lyudmila Semyonovna. Tvorcheskii put’ Saida Nafisi [The creative path of Saᶜid Nafisi]. Tbilisi: Metsniereba, 1976.Google Scholar
Giunashvili, Lyudmila.Iranskiy demokrat-gumanist Said Nafisi.” [Iranian democrat and humanist Saᶜid Nafisi]. Voprisy Istorii, no. 12 (1987): 173178.Google Scholar
Gvosdev, Yuri.Publishing and Book Distribution in the U.S.S.R.” The Library Quarterly 28, no. 4 (1958): 269276. doi: 10.1086/618586Google Scholar
Ivanov, Mikhail Sergeevich. Ocherki istorii Irana [Essays on the history of Iran]. Мoscow: Gos. izdatelstvo polit. literatury, 1952.Google Scholar
Ivanova, Anna Sergeevna.‘Solntse selo nizhe eli … ’” [“The sun set below the spruce … ”]. Rodina [Motherland], no. 3 (2011): 116117.Google Scholar
Kalinovsky, Artemy.The Soviet Union and Mosaddeq: A Research Note.” Iranian Studies 47, no. 3 (2014): 401418. doi: 10.1080/00210862.2014.880633CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemper, Michael.Propaganda for the East, Scholarship for the West: Soviet Strategies at the 1960 International Congress of Orientalists in Moscow.” In Reassessing Orientalism: Interlocking Orientologies during the Cold War, edited by Kemper, Michael and Kalinovsky, Artemy M. 170210. London: Routledge, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keshelava, Tengiz Georgiyevich. Khudozhestvennaya proza Sadeka Khedayata [The fiction of Sādegh Hedāyat]. Tbilisi: Zarya Vostoka, 1958.Google Scholar
Kirasirova, Masha.‘Sons of Muslims’ in Moscow: Soviet Central Asian Mediators to the Foreign East, 1955–1962.” Ab Imperio, no. 4 (2011): 106132. doi: 10.1353/imp.2011.0003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klyashtorina, Vera Borisovna.Rossiya—Iran. Kul’turnoye vzaimodeystviye v proshlom i nastoyaschem” [Russia‒Iran. Cultural cooperation past and present]. Aziya i Afrika segodnya, no. 7 (2003): 4245.Google Scholar
Komissarov, Daniil Semyonovich. Sadek Hedāyat: zhizn’ i tvorchestvo [Sādegh Hedāyat: life and art]. Moscow: Nauka, 1967.Google Scholar
Komissarov, Daniil Samuilovich. Sadek Hedāyat: zhizn' posle smerti [Sādegh Hedāyat: life after death]. Мoscow: Vostochnaya literatura RAN, 2001.Google Scholar
Komissarov, Daniil.Nafisi—vydayuschiisya uchenii i pisatel' sovremennogo Irana.” [Nafisi: outstanding scholar and writer of modern Iran]. Narody Azii i Afriki [Peoples of Asia and Africa], no. 2 (1962): 150153.Google Scholar
Kulagina, Lyudmila ed. Iranistika v Rossii i iranisty [Iranology and Iranologists in Russia]. Мoscow: IVRAN, 2001.Google Scholar
Mahdiyān, Mohammad. Istoriya mezhgosudarstvennykh otnoshenii Irana i Rossii (XIX—nachalo XXI veka) [The history of governmental relations between Iran and Russia (nineteenth‒early twenty-first centuries)]. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies, 2014.Google Scholar
Mamedova, Nina.Istoriya sovetsko‒iranskikh otnoshenii (1917‒1991)” [The History of Soviet‒Iranian Relations (1917‒1991)]. In Iran: istoriya, ekonomika, kul’tura / Pamyati Salekha Mamedovicha Aliyeva [Iran: history, economy, culture / in memory of Saleh Mamedovich Aliyev]. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies, 2009.Google Scholar
McFarland, Stephen.The Crisis in Iran, 1941‒1947: A Society in Change and the Peripheral Origins of the Cold War.” PhD diss., University of Texas at Austin, 1981.Google Scholar
Mossaki, Nodar.Mezhbibliotechnoye sotrudnichestvo i knigoobmen v kul'turnoy politike SSSR v Irake v kontse 50-h‒60-h gg. ХХ v.” [Interlibrary cooperation and book exchanges in the cultural policy of the USSR in Iraq in the late 1950s‒60s]. Voprosy Istorii, no. 3 (2016): 144150.Google Scholar
Naficy, Hamid. A Social History of Iranian Cinema, Volume 2: The Industrializing Years: 1941‒1978. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Nafisi, Saᶜid.Khafiz i Jahan Malik Khatun.” [Khāfiz and Jahān Malik Khātun]. Narody Azii i Afriki, no. 1 (1967): 118121.Google Scholar
Nevezhin, Vladimir Aleksandrovich.Sovetskaya politika i kul’turnye svyazi s Germaniyei (1939–1941 gg.)” [Soviet policy and cultural cooperation with Germany (1939‒1941)]. Otechestvennaya istoriya, no. 1 (1993): 1834.Google Scholar
Orlov, Yevgeni Aleksandrovich. Vneshnyaya politika Irana posle vtoroi mirovoy voiny [Iranian foreign policy after World War II], Мoscow: Nauka, 1975.Google Scholar
Pankov, N. A. and Rubenovich Saakov, Rafael. “Mezhdunarodnoye dvizheniye za druzhbu i kulturniye svyazi s SSSR” [The International Friendship Movement and cultural relations with the USSR]. Voprosy Istorii, no. 8 (1972): 7993.Google Scholar
Pickett, James.Soviet Civilization through a Persian Lens: Iranian Intellectuals, Cultural Diplomacy and Socialist Modernity 1941–55.” Iranian Studies 48, no. 5 (2015): 805826. doi: 10.1080/00210862.2015.1058639CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubinchik, Yuri.V filologicheskikh uchrezhdeniyakh Irana” [In philological institutes in Iran]. Narody Azii i Afriki [The peoples of Asia and Africa], no. 3 (1969): 221223.Google Scholar
Saakov, Rafael Rubenovich.Dvizheniye obschestvennosti za druzhbu mezhdu narodami SSSR i drugikh stran” [The social movement for friendship between peoples of the USSR and other countries]. Voprosy Istorii, no. 10 (1975): 1528.Google Scholar
Sreberny, Annabellem and Torfeh, Massoumeh. Persian Service: The BBC and British Interests in Iran. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomoff, Kiril. Virtuosi Abroad: Soviet Music and Imperial Competition during the Early Cold War, 1945–1958. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Torfeh, Massoumeh and Sreberny, Annabelle. “The BBC Persian Service and the Islamic Revolution of 1979.” Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 3, no. 2 (2010): 216241. doi: 10.1163/187398610X510029Google Scholar
Troinikov, Sergei.Titany bor’by XX-go Veka: v chest’ Aleksandra Medvedya, pervogo v istorii tryokhkratnogo olimpiiskogo championa po vol’noi bor’be [Wrestling Titans of the twentieth century: in honor of Aleksandr Medved’, the first three-time Olympic Freestyle Wrestling Champion]. Accessed January 9, 2018. http://www.live.kiev.ua/ru/bluesland/Alexandr%20Medved.htmGoogle Scholar
Volkov, Denis.Individuals, Institutions and Discourses: Knowledge and Power in Russia’s Iranian Studies of the Late Imperial, Soviet and Post-Soviet Periods.” Middle East—Topics & Arguments 4 (2015): 6179. http://meta-journal.net/article/view/2521/3467Google Scholar
Whitby, Thomas J.Soviet Libraries Today.” ALA [American Library Association] Bulletin 53, no. 6 (June 1959): 485489.Google Scholar
Zagrebel'ny, V.Stanovleniye sovremennogo sporta v Irane i sovetsko‒iranskiye sportivnye kontakty” [The formation of modern sports in Iran and Soviet‒Iranian contacts through sport]. In Strany Blizhnego i Srednego Vostoka. Istoriya. Ekonomika [Countries of the Near and Middle East: history and economy], edited by Kulagina, Lyudmila. Мoscow: Nauka, 1972: 80.Google Scholar
Zand, Mikhail Isaakovich.Pervyi Vsemirnyi kongress iranistov v Tegerane” [The First World Congress of Iran Scholars in Tehran]. Narody Azii i Afriki [The peoples of Asia and Africa], no. 3 (1967): 202206.Google Scholar

A correction has been issued for this article: