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History of Anthropology In Iran

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Soheila Shahshahani
Soheila Shahshahani*
Affiliation:
C.N.R.S. in Paris
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Extract

This article is actually an outline of history of anthropology in Iran. In part, it traces the development of the field and the problems that some of its practitioners have been endeavoring to overcome. In part, it recounts some of the experiences of the author and the frustrations she and others encountered in trying to broaden the scope of the permissible range of study of anthropology.

The ministry of public instructions has made its basic principleless

It propagates in all ways ignorance and ingratitude

On the one hand it does not appreciate the knowledge of those who know

On the other it builds the museum of ethnology.

Type
Articles
Information
Iranian Studies , Volume 19 , Issue 1 , Winter 1986 , pp. 65 - 86
Copyright
Copyright © Association For Iranian Studies, Inc 1986

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References

Notes

1. “Ingratitude,” translation for nasepasi, which also means “heresy."

2. “Who know,” translation for danande. This word, like nasepasi, has religious connotations.

3. Dr. Shafaq, “mardomshenasi Chist,” p. 7 of Majalle-ye Mardomshenasi, 1, 1 (Aban, 1335).

4. “Moqaddame” in Mardomshenasi va Farhang-e Amme-ye Iran, No. 1 (Tabestan, 1353), pp. 2-21.

5. Kia, Sadeq Farhang, p. 160, entesharate Farhang va Honar, Tehran, no date (introduction dated 1349), 189 pages. In this very important book one can follow the usages of this term across time in Persian poetry and prose. The author gives the different constructions of the term with a rich bibliography in Persian, Pahlavi, Arabic, and European languages.

6. Mo'in, Mohammad Farhang-e Farsi, Vol. 2 (Tehran, 1343).

7. Nafisi, Sa'id “Moqaddame” in Loqatname-ye Dehkhoda, p. 178.

8. Ibid., p. 180.

9. Edited by Mohammad Dabir Siaqi (Tehran, 1336).

10. Mohammad Hoseyn ebne Khalafe al-Tabtizi, called Borhan, edited by Mohammad Mo'in, the reference is found in volume three, p. 1481; five volumes (Tehran: Ebne Sina, 1342).

11. "Moqaddame-ye Shahname-ye Abumansuri” edited by Qazvini in Bist Maqale-ye Qazvini, Vol. 2 (Tehran, 1332). Also see Gilbert Lazard, La Langue des Plus Anciens Monuments de la Prose Persane (Paris: Librairie Klincksieck, 1963), p. 36.

12. Bolukbasi, Ali, “Farhang, Jame'e va Sakht-e Ejtema'i” in Mardomshenasi va Farhang-e 'Amme, No. 2 (Pa'iz, 1354), p. 4Google Scholar.

13. Qolam Hoseyn Sadiqi, Ba'zi az Kohantarin Asare Nasre Farsi, ta Payane Qarn-e Charom-e Hejri, Zamime Shomare 4, Sale 13, Majaleye Daneshkade-ye Adabiyat (Tehran, n.d.).

14. G. A. Tavassoli, “Social Sciences in Asia I, Bangladesh, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Thailand” in Reports and Papers in the Social Sciences, UNESCO No. 32, 1976. See also note #17.

15. Henri Massé, Croyances et Coutumes Persanes, Vol. I (Paris, 1938), p. 14. See also Khamshad, H., Modern Persian Prose Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966), pp. 137-141 and 145-146Google Scholar.

16. M. Katira'i, in introduction to Az Khesht ta Khesht. It is interesting to note that the author indicates that almost all the material written by Hedayat were told to him by Om Leili, a woman, p. 6; Entesharate Mo'asese-ye Tahqiqat-e Ejtema'i, No. 66 (Tehran, 1348).

17. See Yahya Ariyanpour, Az Saba ta Nima, two volumes, 1st ed. 1350, Sherkate Sahamiye Ketabhaye Jibi (3rd ed., 1353 was used), Vol. I, pp. 298, 320, 350-351 and Vol. II, pp. 29, 39, etc.

18. S. Hedayat, “Folklor ya Farhang-e Tude” in Sokhan, Yr. 2, No. 3 (Esfand, 1323), p. 180.

19. Hedayat, S., Neyrangestan (2nd ed.; Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1342), pp. 9-10Google Scholar.

20. S. Hedayat, “Folklor ya Farhang-e Tude” in Sokhan, Yr. 2, No. 3 (Esfand 1323), pp. 179-184; in Yr. 2, No. 5 (Ordibehest 1324), pp. 337-342; in Yr. 2, No. 6 (Khordad 1324), pp. 420-424; and “Tarhe Kolli Baraye Kavosh-e Folklore yek Mantaqe” in Sokhan, Yr. 2, No. 4 (Farvardin 1324), pp. 265-275.

21. Neyrangestan, p. 12.

22. Ibid., pp. 23-24.

23. Hedayat, S., “Folklor ya Farhang-e Tude” in Sokhan, Yr. 2, No. 7 (Esfand 1323), p. 182.Google Scholar

24. Farhang-e Logat-e Ammiyane, Entesharat-e Farhang-e Iran-Zamin, No. 7 (Tehran, 1341).

25. “Jam'avari-e Afsaneha va Taraneha va Ravayat va Dastanhaye Melli va Ta'sise Muzeye Ensanshenasi” in Ta'lim va Tarbiyaat (Farvardin 1315), p. 27.

26. Ta'lim va Tarbiat, Yr. 1, No. 6 (Farvardin 1315), pp. 41-43.

27. “Lozume Muzeye Mardomshenasi” in Amuzesh va Parvaresh, Yr. 8, No. 9 (Azar 1317).

28. “'Elme Mardomshenasi” in Majalle-ye Mardomshenasi, Yr. 1, No. 1 (Aban 1335), p. 4.

29. Other members of the scientific council were Rashid Yasami, Sadeq Rezazade Shafaq, Qasem Qani, Mohammad Ali Foruqi, Nasrollah Falsafi, Mas'ud Keyhan. Ali Hanibal became responsible for the museum. For a list of articles by the above one can refer to Fehreste Maqalate Mardomshenasi Entesharate Mo'asseseye Motale'at va Tahqiqat-e Ejtema'i (Tehran, Khordad 1356/2536), and Fehreste Maqalate Farsi, ed. Iraj Afshar, 3 volumes, Entesarate Daneshgahe (Tehran, 1340, 1348, 1355/2536). Also refer to Rahnamaye Ketab, Yr. 8 (Winter 1344), pp. 107-108.

30. Fazlollah Haqiq, “Elme Ensanshenasi” in Ta'lim va Tarbiat, Yr. 7, No. 3 (Khordad 1316), pp. 165-171.

31. In “Bayanate Aqaye Professor Haas,” in Ta'lim va Tarbiat, Yr. 6, No. 1 (Farvardin 1315), pp. 94-97.

32. For a historical and analytical account of the development of sociology in Iran, see: Enayat, H., "The State of Social Sciences in Iran, Middle East Studies, Vol. 8 (19), pp. 1-12Google Scholar.

33. Tarikhe Tahavol-e Danesheah-e Tehran va Mo'assesat-e Ali-e Amuzeshi-e Iran (Tehran, 1350), pp. 426-428; and “Institut d'Etudes et de Recherches Sociales,” Revue Internationale des Sciences Sociales, UNESCO, Vol. XI, No. 3 (1959).

34. From Purpose and Structure of Institute for Social Studies and Research, University of Tehran, p. 3. Dr. Naraghi's specialization is “ethnographie-sociologie et géographie humaine” as it is mentioned by Prof. Stoetzel in the “preface” of his book L'Etude des Populations dans les Pays a Statistique Incomplete... (Paris: Mouton & Co., MCMLX). It is therefore justifiable not to mention his name as an anthropologist; this is further justified after a close look at the bibliography of the book mentioned above.

35. Motale'e Payan Name va Ravande Dah Saleye An Dar Resqte-ye Olume Ejtema'i (Tehran: Daneshgah-e Tehran, Khordad 1353).

36. Owrazan, first published by Danesh 1333 (1954), Tatneshinhaye Boluke Zahra, 1st ed. 1337 (1958), Jazire-ye Khark; Dorre Yatime Khalije Fars, 1st ed. 1339 (1960).

37. H. Pourkarim and M. H. Sani'zade, Fashandak, 1341 (1962); S. Tahbaz, Yus, 1342 (1963); G. Sa'edi, Ilxci, 1342 (1962).

38. Yek Chan va Do Chlehva Masalan Sharhe Ahvalat, p. 52, written in 1343 and published by Ravaq 1357.

39. Khaliqi, Mahmud, "Moaqddame" in Mardomshenasi va Farhange Amme-ye Iran, No. 1 (Summer 1974), p. 15Google Scholar.

40. Ibid., pp. 15-16.

41. Ibid., p. 17.

42. 193 journals were published from 1962-1979.

43. Tayebati, Hoseyn, “Gozareshe Fa'aliathaye Markaza Mardomshenasi-e Iran” in Mardomshenasi va Farhang-e Anrcneye Iran, No 2 (Winter 1356 [2536]), pp. 104-106.Google Scholar

44. Ibid., p. 114.

45. See the issues of Mardomshenasi va Farhang-e Amme-ye Iran.

46. For a reflection on the museums see J. P. Digard, “Quelques Considerations Théoriques et Pratiques a Propos de la Notion de Culture Populaire en Iran,” in Zaman, Iran Histoire et Revolution 2-3 (Paris: le Sycomore, 1980).

47. See the last five pages of Fehreste Maqalate Mardomshenasi (Khordad 1356).

48. Fehreste Tahqiqat va Entesharate Mo'aseseye Motale'at va Tahqiqate Ejtema'i, az Sale 1337 ta Pa'ize 1358 (Tehran: University of Tehran, n.d.).

49. Rahnamaye Daneshgah-e Tehran (Tehran: Entesharate Daneshgah-e Tehran, 1344-45), pp. 95-96.

50. Ibid., 1345-46.

51. Ibid., 1346-47, pp. 102-104.

52. Ibid., 1351, p. 123.

53. Ibid., 1352-53 and 1353-54. I was unable to find later editions of the directory.

54. Mahdavi, Yahya, Jame'e Shenasi ya Elmol Ejtema' (Tehran: Chapkhanch- ye Daneshgah-e Tehran, 1st ed. 1322)Google Scholar.

55. Naraqi, Ehsan, "Hadaf va Ravesh-e Tahqiq-e Ejtema'i dar Iran" in Name-ye Olume Ejtema'i 1, No. 1 (1348)Google Scholar.

56. From lecture notes consulted at the library of I.S.S.R.

57. “Hashtomin Kongere-ye Ensanashenasi va Mardomshenasi” in Name-ye Olume Ejtema'i 1, No. 1 (Winter 1347), p. 208.

58. For further discussion of Ehsan Naraghi's ideas in this second phase, see “Nemudi az Bohran dar Olume Ejtema'i,” p. 130 and particularly p. 132 in Qorbate Qarb (Tehran: Mo'asese-ye Entesharate Amir Kabir, 2536).

59. “Olume Ensani dar Nezane Daneshgahi” in Daneshgah Enqelab, No. 2, Organe Jahade Danesgahi (Mordad 1360).

60. “Chera Ensan-e Emruz dar Olume Ensani Nadan Ast?” in Ettela'at (18 Khordad 1362), p. 17.

61. “Chera Ensan-e...,” op. cit., p. 10.

62. Qolamali Hadad Adel, “Olume Ensani va Ensanshenasi-e Eslami” in Olume Ensani, Eslam va Enqelab-e Farhangi, Jahade Danesgah (1361), p. 141. See also A. Shari' at-madari's article in the same edition, pp. 84-88.

63. Hadad Adel, op. cit., p. 135.

64. “Qat'nameye Seminare Komiteye Olume Ensani-e Jahade Daneshgahi” in Ettela'at (24 Khordad 1362), p. 15.