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Using invaded-range species distribution modeling to estimate the potential distribution of Linaria species and their hybrids in the U.S. northern Rockies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 July 2019

Kevin R. McCartney ,
Sunil Kumar ,
Sharlene E. Sing Open the ORCID record for Sharlene E. Sing [Opens in a new window]  and
Sarah M. Ward Open the ORCID record for Sarah M. Ward [Opens in a new window]
Kevin R. McCartney
Affiliation:
Graduate Student, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
Sunil Kumar
Affiliation:
Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory and Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
Sharlene E. Sing
Affiliation:
Research Entomologist, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Bozeman, MT, USA
Sarah M. Ward*
Affiliation:
Associate Professor, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Sarah M. Ward, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1499. (Email: [email protected])
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Abstract

Invasive populations of Dalmation toadflax [Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill.] and yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris Mill.) are widespread throughout the Intermountain West, where gene flow between these nonnative species is producing vigorous and fertile hybrids. These hybrid toadflax populations are less responsive to herbicides than either parent species, and biocontrol agents routinely released on L. dalmatica and L. vulgaris often fail to establish on hybrid hosts. Early detection of hybrid Linaria populations is therefore essential for effective management, but resources are limited for scouting large expanses of range and wildland. We used species distribution modeling to identify environmentally suitable areas for these invasive Linaria taxa in Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado. Areas suitable for hybrid Linaria establishment were estimated using two different modeling approaches: first, based on known hybrid occurrence and associated environmental conditions, and second, based on zones environmentally suitable for co-occurrence of the parent species. This also allowed comparison of different model outputs, especially relevant when modeling emerging invasives, such as novel hybrids, with minimal occurrence data. Combining the two model outputs identified areas at greatest risk of hybrid Linaria invasion, including parts of north-central Montana, where model estimates indicate the hybrid may spread without prior co-invasion of the parents. Potential hybrid hot spots were also identified in western Montana; northwestern, northeastern, and southeastern Wyoming; and the Western Slope and Front Range of Colorado. Despite relatively few confirmed occurrences of hybrid populations to date, our results indicate that extensive spread of hybrid populations is possible within the studied area. Model-based maps of potential Linaria distributions will allow area weed managers to direct limited resources more effectively for locating and controlling these invaders.

Keywords

Dalmatian toadflaxhybridizationLinaria dalmaticaLinaria vulgarisMaxEntspecies distribution modelingyellow toadflax
Type
Research Article
Information
Invasive Plant Science and Management , Volume 12 , Issue 2 , June 2019 , pp. 97 - 111
Copyright
© Weed Science Society of America, 2019 

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Footnotes

Associate Editor: Catherine Jarnevich, U.S. Geological Survey

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