Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T20:56:03.703Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Tumbling: Use of Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) to Examine an Understudied Dispersal Mechanism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Dirk V. Baker ,
John R. Withrow ,
Cynthia S. Brown  and
K. George Beck
Dirk V. Baker*
Affiliation:
Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, C129 Plant Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
John R. Withrow
Affiliation:
SofTec Solutions, Contractor for USDA-FS WO FHTET, 2150 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526
Cynthia S. Brown
Affiliation:
Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, C129 Plant Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
K. George Beck
Affiliation:
Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, C129 Plant Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Dispersal is a critically important process in the spread of invasive plants. Although knowledge of dispersal will be crucial to preventing the spread of invasive plants, little research has been performed within this context. Many important invasive or agricultural weeds disperse their seeds via tumbling, yet only one previously published paper investigated this dispersal mechanism. Field and wind tunnel experiments were conducted to quantify and model tumbling dispersal. We developed competing models for diffuse knapweed seed dispersal from wind tunnel experiments and compared predictions to data collected from a field site in Colorado. Seeds were retained in plants that had traveled hundreds to as much as 1,039 m (3,408 ft). Although neither model accurately predicted dispersal when compared with independent field data, surprisingly, seed retention with distance was somewhat better described as a linear process than as exponential decay. Wind tunnel trials showed no evidence that the number of seeds deposited per meter depended on plant size. Thus, fecundity might be a key factor determining seed dispersal distances; plants with higher fecundity might disperse seeds over longer distances than those with fewer seeds.

Keywords

Diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa Lam. CENDIAnemogeochoryinvasive plantpreventionwind tunnel
Type
Research
Information
Invasive Plant Science and Management , Volume 3 , Issue 3 , November 2010 , pp. 301 - 309
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Current address: Postdoctoral Research Associate, Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biology, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1137, St. Louis, MO 63130

References

Literature Cited

Baker, D. V. 2007. Dispersal of an Invasive Tumbleweed. Ph.D Dissertation. Fort Collins, CO Colorado State University. 185 p.Google Scholar
Baker, D. V. and Beck, K. G. 2008. The weed tunnel: building an experimental weed tunnel. Weed Tech 22:549–552.Google Scholar
Baker, D. V., Bienkiewicz, B. J., Beck, K. G., and Bjostad, L. B. 2008. Forces necessary to initial dispersal for three tumbleweeds. Invasive Plant Sci. Manage 1:59–65.Google Scholar
Baker, D. V., Tracey, J. A., Withrow, J. R., and Beck, K. G. 2007. Tumbling dispersal of diffuse knapweed seed. Proc. Weed Sci. Soc. Am 60:38.Google Scholar
Beck, K. G. and Rittenhouse, L. R. 2002. The influence of cattle grazing on diffuse knapweed. Proc. Weed Sci. Soc. Am 42:61–62.Google Scholar
Becker, D. A. 1968. Stem abscission in the tumbleweed, Psoralea . Am. J. Bot 55:753–756.Google Scholar
Becker, D. A. 1978. Stem abscission in tumbleweeds of the Chenopodiaceae: Kochia . Am. J. Bot 65:375–383.Google Scholar
Bohrer, G., Katul, G. G., Nathan, R., Walko, R. L., and Avissar, R. 2008. Effects of canopy heterogeneity, seed abscission and inertia on wind-drive dispersal kernels of tree seeds. J. Ecol 96:569–580.Google Scholar
Bullock, J. M., Kenward, R. E., and Hails, R. S. eds. 2002. Dispersal Ecology: 42nd Symposium of the British Ecological Society. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Burke, A. 1995. Geigeria alata in the Namib desert: seed heteromorphism in an extremely arid environment. J. Veg. Sci 6:473–478.Google Scholar
Cain, M. L., Nathan, R., and Levin, S. A. 2003. Long-distance dispersal. Ecology 84:1943–1944.Google Scholar
Clark, J. S., Silman, M., Kern, R., Macklin, E., and HilleRisLambers, J. 1999. Seed dispersal near and far: patterns across temperate and tropical forests. Ecology 80:1475–1494.Google Scholar
Clements, D. R., DiTommaso, A., Darbyshire, S. J., Cavers, P. B., and Sartonov, A. D. 2004. The biology of Canadian weeds. 127. Panicum capillare L. Can. J. Plant Sci 84:327–341.Google Scholar
Costea, M., Weaver, S., and Tardif, F. J. 2004. The biology of Canadian weeds. 130. Amaranthus retroflexus L., A. powellii S. Watson and A. hybridus L. (update). Can. J. Plant Sci 84:631–668.Google Scholar
Fernald, M. L. 1950. Manual of Botany. New York American Book.Google Scholar
Greene, D. F. and Johnson, E. A. 1997. Secondary dispersal of tree seeds on snow. J. Ecol 85:329–340.Google Scholar
Heyligers, P. C. 1999. Dispersal of the exotic coastal dune plants Gladiolus gueinzii and Trachyandra divaricata in Australia. Cunninghamia 6:315–329.Google Scholar
Kamenetsky, R. 1994. Life cycle, flower initiation, and the propagation of the desert geophyte Allium rothii . Int. J. Plant Sci 155:597–605.Google Scholar
Kiran Raj, M. S. and Sivadasan, M. 2008. A new species of Dimeria (Poaceae, Panicoideae, Andropogoneae) from Goa, India. NOVON 18:183–186.Google Scholar
Kuparinen, A. 2006. Mechanistic models for wind dispersal. Trends Plant Sci 11:296–301.Google Scholar
Levin, S. A., Muller-Landau, H. C., Nathan, R., and Chave, J. 2003. The ecology and evolution of seed dispersal: a theoretical perspective. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst 34:575–604.Google Scholar
Manly, B. F. J. 2007. Randomization, Bootstrap, and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology. New York Chapman and Hall/CRC. 455 p.Google Scholar
Marushia, R. G. and Holt, J. S. 2006. The effects of habitat on dispersal patterns of an invasive thistle, Cynara cardunculus . Biol. Invasions 8:577–593.Google Scholar
Mehlman, D. W. 1993. Tumbleweed dispersal in Florida sandhill Baptisia (Fabaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 120:60–63.Google Scholar
Miller, J. H. and Miller, K. V. 1999. Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses. Athens, GA Southern Weed Science Society. 454 p.Google Scholar
Nathan, R. 2006. Long-distance dispersal of plants. Science 313:786–788.Google Scholar
Nathan, R., Getz, W. M., Revilla, E., Holyoak, M., Kadmon, R., Saltz, D., and Smouse, P. E. 2008. A movement ecology paradigm for unifying organismal movement research. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105:19,052–19,059.Google Scholar
Nathan, R. and Katul, G. G. 2005. Foliage shedding in deciduous forests lifts up long-distance seed dispersal by wind. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102:8251–8256.Google Scholar
Nathan, R. and Muller-Landau, H. C. 2000. Spatial patterns of seed dispersal, their determinants and consequences for recruitment. Trends Ecol. Evol 15:278–285.Google Scholar
Nelson, J. K. 2002. Diffuse knapweed movement—A critical, often overlooked component of control. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci 55:54.Google Scholar
Neter, J., Kutner, M. H., Nachtsheim, C. J., and Wasserman, W. 1996. Applied Linear Statistical Models, 4th ed. St. Louis, MO WCB McGraw Hill. 1408 p.Google Scholar
Nolan, D. G. and Upadhyaya, M. K. 1988. Primary seed dormancy in diffuse and spotted knapweed. Can. J. Plant Sci 68:775–783.Google Scholar
Roché, B. F., Piper, G. L., and Talbott, C. J. 1986. Knapweeds of Washington Washington State University Cooperative Extension Service Bull. EB1393. 41 p.Google Scholar
Roché, C. T. and Roché, B. F. 1993. Identification of knapweeds and starthistles in the Pacific Northwest. Pullman, WA Washington State University. Pacific Northwest Extension Pub. PNW432. 22 p.Google Scholar
Roché, C. T. and Wilson, L. M. 1999. Mediterranean sage. Pages 261–270. In Sheley, R. L. and Petroff, J. K. eds. Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Corvalis, OR Oregon State University Press.Google Scholar
Schurr, F. M., Bond, W. J., Midgley, G. F., and Higgins, S. I. 2005. A mechanistic model for secondary seed dispersal by wind and its experimental validation. J. Ecol 93:1017–1028.Google Scholar
Shirman, R. 1981. Seed production and spring seedling establishment of diffuse and spotted knapweed. J. Range Manage 34:45–47.Google Scholar
Snijman, D. A. and Linder, H. P. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships, seed characters, and dispersal system evolution in Amaryllideae (Amaryllidaceae). Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard 83:362–386.Google Scholar
Stallings, G. P., Lass, L. W., Mallory-Smith, C. A., and Thill, D. C. 1995. Plant movement and seed dispersal of Russian thistle (Salsola iberica). Weed Sci 43:63–69.Google Scholar
Stubbendieck, J., Friisoe, G. Y., and Bolick, M. R. 1995. Weeds of Nebraska and the Great Plains, 2nd ed Nebraska Department of Agriculture. 589 p.Google Scholar
Trakhtenbrot, A., Nathan, R., Perry, G., and Richardson, D. M. 2005. The importance of long-distance dispersal in biodiversity conservation. Divers. Distrib 11:173–181.Google Scholar
[USDA, NRCS] U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service 2009. The PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov. Baton Rouge, LA: National Plant Data Center. Accessed: April 10, 2009.Google Scholar
van der Pijl, L. 1982. Principles of dispersal in higher plants. Berlin Springer-Verlag. 215 p.Google Scholar
van Rheede van Oudtshoorn, K. and van Rooyen, M. W. 1999. Dispersal biology of desert plants. Berlin Springer-Verlag. 242 p.Google Scholar
Watson, A. K. and Renney, A. J. 1974. The biology of Canadian weeds. Centaurea diffusa and C. maculosa . Can. J. Plant Sci 54:687–701.Google Scholar
Whitson, T. D., Burrill, L. C., Dewey, S. A., Cudney, D. W., Nelson, B. E., Lee, R. D., and Parker, R. eds. 2000. Weeds of the West. Laramie, WY Western Society of Weed Science, in cooperation with the Western U.S. Land Grant Universities Cooperative Extension Services and the University of Wyoming.Google Scholar
Zeroni, M., Arzee, T., and Hollander, E. 1978. Abscission in the tumbleweed Kochia indica: ethylene, cellulase, and anatomical structure. Bot. Gaz 139:299–305.Google Scholar