Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T01:16:23.711Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of Winter Herbicide Applications on Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum) and Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 November 2018

Bradley T. Sartain  and
Christopher R. Mudge
Bradley T. Sartain
Affiliation:
Former Graduate Research Assistant, Louisiana State University School of Plant Environmental and Soil Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
Christopher R. Mudge*
Affiliation:
Research Biologist, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Louisiana State University School of Plant Environmental and Soil Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
*
*Author for correspondence: Christopher R. Mudge, Research Biologist, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Louisiana State University School of Plant Environmental and Soil Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Immense stands of bald cypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.] make it difficult for herbicide applicators to access the free-floating fern giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell), which can be found growing under the canopy of the trees. The difficulty of accessing these areas, as well as avoiding direct contact of herbicides with tree foliage, provides a substantial amount of nonmanaged plant material capable of rapidly reinfesting treated sites, thus making management efforts null and void. Herbicide application during the winter, when bald cypress sheds its leaves, may be an ideal time to manage S. molesta and minimize negative impacts on the nontarget tree. Therefore, the herbicides diquat, glyphosate, flumioxazin, and glyphosate+diquat were evaluated at one of the three application timings (December, January, or February) against S. molesta and immature bald cypress during the winter. All herbicide treatments, except diquat applied in February of year 1, reduced S. molesta biomass 40% to 100%. In addition, flumioxazin applications during December, January, and February provided ≥70% S. molesta control with little or no negative impacts to bald cypress health. A treatment by timing interaction revealed that trees exposed to flumioxazin did not result in a significant decrease in average leaf length when compared with reference trees 20 wk after bud break at any of the three application timings. In addition, bald cypress exposed to flumioxazin produced the highest probability of a refoliation pattern equivalent to the nontreated reference trees. Although complete tree mortality was not documented in either study, delayed and abnormal leaf formation, reduced leaf length, irregular canopy formation, or no negative effects were observed among herbicide-treated bald cypress. This research suggests that winter herbicide applications over the top of dormant bald cypress may be a practical management technique for controlling severe infestations of S. molesta.

Keywords

Rob J. Richardson, North Carolina State UniversityBiomassbud breakcanopyleaftiming
Type
Research and Education
Information
Invasive Plant Science and Management , Volume 11 , Issue 3 , September 2018 , pp. 136 - 142
Copyright
© Weed Science Society of America, 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ferrell, JA, Vencill, WK (2003) Impact of adjuvants and nozzle types on cotton injury from flumioxazin applied POST-directed. J. Cotton Sci 7:242–247 Google Scholar
Gbur, EE, Stroup, WW. McCarter, KS, Durham, S, Young, LJ, Christman, M, West, M, Kramer, M (2012) Analysis of Generalized Linear Mixed Models in the Agricultural and Natural Resources Sciences. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Crop Science Society of America. Pp 189–194 Google Scholar
Gous, SF, Watt, MS, Richarson, B, Kimberley, MO (2010) Herbicide screening trial to control wilding Pinus cortorta, P. mugo and Pseudotsuga menziesii during winter. New Zeal J Forestry Sci 40:153–159 Google Scholar
Harmer, R, Willoughby, I, Robertson, M (2000) Use of herbicides to control weeds and promote the natural regeneration of Fagus sylvatica . Asp Appl Biol 58:9–14 Google Scholar
Johnson, D (1995) Giant salvinia found in South Carolina. Aquatics 17:22 Google Scholar
Johnson, S, Sanders, D, Eisenberg, L, Whitehead, K (2010) Fighting the Blob: efforts to control giant salvinia. Louisiana Agriculture 53:6–9 Google Scholar
King, SP, Radosevich, SR (1985) Herbicide tolerance in relation to growth and stress in conifers. Weed Sci 33:472–478 Google Scholar
Kuhns, L, Harpster, TL (2002) Efficacy and phytotoxicity of pre-emergence applications of flumioxazin and azafenidin in conifers. Proc Northeast Weed Sci Soc 56:53–59 Google Scholar
Liu, G, Li, Y, Hedgepeth, M, Wan, Y, and Roberts, RD (2009) Seed germination enhancement for bald cypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.]. J Hort For 1:22–26 Google Scholar
McFarland, DG, Nelson, LS, Grodowitz, MJ, Smart, RM, Owens, CS (2004) Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell (Giant Salvinia) in the United States: A Review of Species Ecology and Approaches to Management. Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, ERDC/EL SR-04-2Google Scholar
Mudge, CR, Perret, AJ, Winslow, JR (2016) Evaluation of foliar herbicide and surfactant combinations for control of giant salvinia at three application timings. J Aquat Plant Manag 54:32–36 Google Scholar
Mudge, CR, Sartain, BT (2018) Influence of winter on herbicide efficacy for control of giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta). J Aquat Plant Manag 56:68–71 Google Scholar
Myers, RS, Shaffer, GP, and Llewellyn, DW (1995) Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) restoration in southeast Louisiana: the relative effects of herbivory, flooding, competition, and macronutrients. Wetlands 15:141–148 Google Scholar
Osiecka, A, Minogue, PJ (2012) Selective herbicides for bald cypress restoration and cultivation. Weed Technol 46:460–468 Google Scholar
Pimentel, D, Lach, L, Zuniga, R, Morrison, D (1999) Environment and Economic Costs Associated with Non-indigenous Species in the United States. Ithaca, NY: College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University Google Scholar
Pline, WA, Viator, R, Wilcut, JW, Edmisten, KL, Thomas, J, Wells, R (2002) Reproductive abnormalities in glyphosate-resistant cotton caused by lower CP4-EPSPS levels in the male reproductive tissue. Weed Sci 50:438–447 Google Scholar
Price, AJ, Pline, WA, Wilcut, JW, Cranmer, JR, Danehower, D (2004) Physiological basis for cotton tolerance to flumioxazin applied post-emergence directed. Weed Sci 52:1–7 Google Scholar
Radosevich, SR, Roncoroni, EJ, Conard, SG, McHenry, WB (1980) Seasonal tolerance of six coniferous species to eight foliage-active herbicides. For Sci 26:3–9 Google Scholar
Richardson, RJ, Zandstra, BH (2009) Weed control in Christmas trees with flumioxazin and other residual herbicides applied alone or in tank mixtures. HortTechnology 19:181–186 Google Scholar
Samuelson, LJ, Hogan, ME (2003) Forest Trees: A Guide to the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic Regions of the United States. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. P 8 Google Scholar
Sartain, BT, Mudge, CR (2018) The response of giant salvinia to foliar herbicide applications at three winter timings. J Aquat Plant Manag JAPM-D-18-00005Google Scholar
SAS Institute (2017) SAS® software v. 9.4. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Google Scholar
Senseman, SA (2007) Herbicide Handbook. 9th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America. Pp 186–187 Google Scholar
Thomas, PA, Room, PM (1986) Taxonomy and control of Salvinia molesta . Nature 320:581–584 Google Scholar
Wharton, CH (1977) The Natural Environments of Georgia. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources Google Scholar
Willoughby, I (1996) Dormant season applications of broad spectrum herbicides in forestry. Asp Appl Biol 44:55–62 Google Scholar