Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T21:31:36.198Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

What is the responsibility to respect human rights? Reconsidering the ‘respect, protect, and fulfill’ framework

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 November 2019

David Jason Karp Open the ORCID record for David Jason Karp [Opens in a new window]
David Jason Karp*
Affiliation:
Department of International Relations, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The world's understanding of the action needed to advance human rights is deeply structured by the ‘respect, protect, and fulfill’ framework. But its potential is significantly undermined by a narrow conception of ‘respect’ for human rights. This paper systematically addresses these weaknesses and advances an original alternative. It first provides a historical account of the ‘do no harm’ conception of ‘respect’ in the political context of the late Cold War. It then analyzes this conception's empirical functioning today, using the example of unauthorized migration along the US–Mexico border. These points illustrate an overarching theoretical argument: the responsibility to respect human rights should be based on a responsibility not to dehumanize, rather than exclusively on a duty to do no harm. This involves the consideration of each person as a moral equal, the elevation of human rights practice as a basis for judgment inside of a moral agent's self, and the rejection of state-centrism as the basis for all political responsibility. This argument has implications traversing the theory and practice of human rights, including: the ability to translate and embed into practice the new meanings of ‘respect,’ ‘protect,’ and ‘fulfill’; and the need to re-consider the contemporary significance of 1980s liberalism.

Keywords

human rightsresponsibilityrespectprotect, and fulfillharmhumanizationrecognitionCharles Taylor
Type
Original Papers
Information
International Theory , Volume 12 , Issue 1 , March 2020 , pp. 83 - 108
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press, 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABC News. 2018. “White House Press Briefing with Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen on Border Family Separation.” Accessed March 7, 2019. https://youtu.be/ae23MjN9GOU.Google Scholar
Acharya, Amitav. 2004. “How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism.” International Organization 58(2):239–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ackleson, Jason. 2005. “Constructing Security on the U.S.–Mexico Border.” Political Geography 24(2):165–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agamben, Giorgio. 1998/1942. Homo Sacer. Translated by Daniel Heller-Roazen. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Ainley, Kirsten. 2008. “Individual Agency and Responsibility for Atrocity.” In Confronting Evil in International Relations: Ethical Responses to Problems of Moral Agency, edited by Jeffery, Renee. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Alston, Philip, ed. 2005. Non-State Actors and Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Alston, Philip, and Goodman, Ryan. 2013. International Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Alston, Philip, and Quinn, Gerard. 1987. “The Nature and Scope of State Parties’ Obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.” Human Rights Quarterly 9(2):156–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alston, Philip, and Tomaševski, Katarina, eds. 1984. The Right to Food. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. 2016. “Amnesty International Policy on the State Obligations to Respect, Protect and Fulfil the Human Rights of Sex Workers.” Accessed September 20, 2018. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol30/4062/2016/en/.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 1963. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York: Viking Press.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 1968. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 1987. “Collective Responsibility.” In Amor Mundi: Explorations in the Faith and Thought of Hannah Arendt, edited by Bernauer, James W., 43–50. Boston: M. Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 1994. “Organized Guilt and Universal Responsibility.” In Essays in Understanding, 1930–1954, edited by Kohn, Jerome, 121–32. New York: Hartcourt-Brace.Google Scholar
BBC News. 2011. “Arizona Sheriff Office Pays Out Over Migrant Raid.” Accessed April 27, 2017. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-14086554.Google Scholar
Benhabib, Seyla. 2014. “Defending a Cosmopolitanism Without Illusions: Reply to my Critics.” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 17(6):697–715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bigo, Didier. 2002. “Security and Immigration: Toward a Critique of the Governmentality of Unease.” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 27(suppl 1):63–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bódig, Mátyás. 2015. “Doctrinal Innovation and State Obligations: The Patterns of Doctrinal Development in the Jurisprudence of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.” In Human Rights Protection in Global Politics: Responsibilities of State and Non-State Actors, edited by Mills, Kurt and Karp, David Jason, 49–68. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brincat, Shannon. 2013. “The Harm Principle and Recognition Theory: On the Complementarity between Linklater, Honneth and the Project of Emancipation.” Critical Horizons 14(2):225–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brincat, Shannon. 2017. “Cosmopolitan Recognition: Three Vignettes.” International Theory 9(1):1–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Chris. 1999. “Towards a Neo-Aristotelian Resolution of the Cosmopolitan-Communitarian Debate.” In Value Pluralism, Normative Theory and International Relations, edited by Brown, Chris, 76–99. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Bukovansky, Mlada, Clark, Ian, Eckersley, Robyn, Price, Richard, Reus-Smit, Christian, and Wheeler, Nicholas J.. 2012. Special Responsibilities: Global Problems and American Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, Judith. 2009. Frames of War: When is Life Grievable? London: Verso.Google Scholar
Cabrera, Luis. 2010. The Practice of Global Citizenship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, R. Charli. 2007. “Setting the Advocacy Agenda: Theorizing Issue Emergence and Nonemergence in Transnational Advocacy Networks.” International Studies Quarterly 51(1):99–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, Audrey R. 1996. “A ‘Violations Approach’ for Monitoring the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.” Human Rights Quarterly 18(1):23–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connolly, William E. 1993. The Terms of Political Discourse, 3rd ed.Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Cowan, Jane K., and Billaud, Julie. 2015. “Between Learning and Schooling: The Politics of Human Rights Monitoring at the Universal Periodic Review.” Third World Quarterly 36(6):1175–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, Jane K., Dembour, Marie-Benedicte, and Wilson, Richard A., eds. 2001. Culture and Rights: Anthropological Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, Robert. 1981. “States, Social Forces and World Orders.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 10(2):126–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, Neta C. 2013. Accountability for Killing: Moral Responsibility for Collateral Damage in America's Post-9/11 Wars. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dankwa, Victor, Flinterman, Cees, and Leckie, Scott. 1998. “Commentary to the Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.” Human Rights Quarterly 20(3):705–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Leon, Jason. 2015. The Land of Open Graves: Living and Dying on the Migrant Trail. Oakland: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Deng, Francis Mading, Kimaro, Sadikiel, Lyons, Terrence, Rothchild, Donald S., and Zartman, I. William. 1996. Sovereignty as Responsibility: Conflict Management in Africa. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
De Schutter, Olivier. 2018. International Human Rights Law: Cases, Materials, Commentary, 2nd ed.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Donnelly, Jack. 2008. “Human Rights and Social Provision.” Journal of Human Rights 7(2):123–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doty, Roxanne Lynn. 2003. Anti-Immigrantism in Western Democracies: Statecraft, Desire, and the Politics of Exclusion. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doty, Roxanne Lynn. 2006. “Fronteras Compasivas and the Ethics of Unconditional Hospitality.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 35(1):53–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doty, Roxanne Lynn. 2007. “States of Exception on the Mexico–U.S. Border: Security, ‘Decisions,’ and Civilian Border Patrols.” International Political Sociology 1(2):113–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doty, Roxanne Lynn. 2011. “Bare Life: Border-Crossing Deaths and Spaces of Moral Alibi.” Environmental Planning D: Society and Space 29(4):599–612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dripps, Donald A. 1998. “The Liberal Critique of the Harm Principle.” Criminal Justice Ethics 17(2):3–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eide, Asbjørn. 1987. The Right to Adequate Food as a Human Right. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1987/23. United Nations Commission on Human Rights.Google Scholar
Eide, Asbjørn, Eide, Wenche Barth, Goonatilake, Susantha, Gossow, Joan, and Omawale, , eds. 1984. Food as a Human Right. Tokyo: United Nations University.Google Scholar
Eide, Asbjørn, Oshaug, Arne, and Barth Eide, Wenche. 1991. “Food Security and the Right to Food in International Law and Development.” Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems 1(2):415–67.Google Scholar
Eide, Wenche Barth. 2001. “Breaking Conceptual and Methodological Ground: Promoting the Human Rights to Adequate Food and Nutrition.” Ecology of Food and Nutrition 40(6):571–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Englehart, Neil A. 2000. “Rights and Culture in the Asian Values Argument: The Rise and Fall of Confucian Ethics in Singapore.” Human Rights Quarterly 22(2):548–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erskine, Toni, ed. 2003. Can Institutions Have Responsibilities? Collective Moral Agency and International Relations. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erskine, Toni. 2008. Embedded Cosmopolitanism: Duties to Strangers and Enemies in a World of “Dislocated Communities”. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erskine, Toni. 2012. “Whose Progress, Which Morals? Constructivism, Normative IR Theory and the Limits and Possibilities of Studying Ethics in World Politics.” International Theory 4(3):449–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fariss, Christopher J. 2014. “Respect for Human Rights has Improved over Time: Modeling the Changing Standard of Accountability.” American Political Science Review 102(2):297–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finnemore, Martha, and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization 52(4):887–917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fredman, Sandra. 2008. Human Rights Transformed: Positive Rights and Positive Duties. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, Michael. 1996. “Human Rights, Democracy and ‘Asian Values’.” The Pacific Review 9(3):352–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, Mervyn. 1996. Ethics in International Relations: A Constitutive Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis. 1992. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Gallie, Walter B. 1956. “Essentially Contested Concepts.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 56:167–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galtung, Johan, and Helge Wirak, Anders. 1977. “Human Needs and Human Rights – A Theoretical Approach.” Bulletin of Peace Proposals 8(3):251–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gewirth, Alan. 1978. Reason and Action. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Glanville, Luke. 2017. “Responsibility to Perfect: Vattell's Conception of Duties Beyond Borders.” International Studies Quarterly 61(2):385–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, Maria. 2001. “What We Talk About When We Talk About Indicators: Current Approaches to Human Rights Measurement.” Human Rights Quarterly 23(4):1062–097.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, James. 2008. On Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, Herbert L.A. 1955. “Are There Any Natural Rights?” Philosophical Review 64(2):175–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayden, Patrick, and Schick, Kate, eds. 2016. Recognition and Global Politics: Critical Encounters Between State and World. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Hegel, Georg W.F. 1977. The Phenomenology of Spirit. Translated by A.V. Miller. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Honneth, Axel. 1995. The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Hoover, Joe. 2012. “Reconstructing Responsibility and Moral Agency in World Politics.” International Theory 4(2):233–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoover, Joe. 2013. “Rereading the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Plurality and Contestation, Not Consensus.” Journal of Human Rights 12(2):217–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopgood, Stephen. 2013. The Endtimes of Human Rights. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1993. “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs 72(3):22–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Husymans, Jef. 2000. “The European Union and the Securitization of Migration.” Journal of Common Market Studies 38(5):751–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Commission of Jurists, Urban Morgan Institute for Human Rights, and Centre for Human Rights of the Faculty of Law of Maastricht University. 1998. “The Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.” Human Rights Quarterly 20(3):691–704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jabri, Vivienne. 1998. “Restyling the Subject of Responsibility in International Relations.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 27(3):591–611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Robert H. 1990. Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Karp, David Jason. 2009. “Facts and Values in Politics and Searle's Construction of Social Reality.” Contemporary Political Theory 8(2):152–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karp, David Jason. 2013. “The Location of International Practices: What is Human Rights Practice?” Review of International Studies 39(4):969–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karp, David Jason. 2014. Responsibility for Human Rights: Transnational Corporations in Imperfect States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, Ida Elisabeth. 2005. “Dichotomies, Trichotomies or Waves of Duties?” Human Rights Law Review 5(1):81–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krauthammer, Charles. 1990. “The Unipolar Moment.” Foreign Affairs 70(1):23–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landman, Todd. 2016. “Human Rights: Building Blocks for a Comparative Politics of Power.” In Conceptualising Comparative Politics, edited by Spanakos, Anthony Petros and Panizza, Francisco, 107–25. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Landman, Todd, and Carvalho, Edzia. 2010. Measuring Human Rights. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Linklater, Andrew. 2006. “The Harm Principle and Global Ethics.” Global Society 20(3):329–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macklem, Patrick. 2015. “Human Rights in International Law: Three Generations or One?” London Review of International Law 3(1):61–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
March, James G., and Olsen, Johan P.. 1998. “The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders.” International Organization 52(4):943–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meckled-Garcia, Saladin. 2014. “Does the WTO Violate Human Rights (and do I Help it?) Beyond the Metahor or Culpability for Systemic Global Poverty.” Political Studies 62(2):435–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, Kurt. 2015. International Responses to Mass Atrocities in Africa: Responsibility to Protect, Prosecure, and Palliate. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, Kurt, and Karp, David Jason, eds. 2015. Human Rights Protection in Global Politics: Responsibilities of States and Non-State Actors. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moravcsik, Andrew. 2005. “The Paradox of U.S. Human Rights Policy.” In American Exceptionalism and Human Rights, edited by Ignatieff, Michael, 147–97. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Moyn, Samuel. 2018. Not Enough: Human Rights in an Unequal World. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neumayer, Eric. 2005. “Do International Human Rights Treaties Improve Respect for Human Rights?” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(6):925–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nickel, James W. 1993. “How Human Rights Generate Duties to Protect and Provide.” Human Rights Quarterly 15(1):77–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nozick, Robert. 1974. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha C. 1988. “Non-Relative Virtues: An Aristotelian Approach.” Midwest Studies in Philosophy 13(1):32–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha C. 2000. Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orford, Anne. 2011. International Authority and the Responsibility to Protect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parrish, John M. 2009. “Collective Responsibility and the State.” International Theory 1(1):119–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patel, Shelly Chandra. 2010. “E-Verify: An Exceptionalist System Embedded in the Immigration Reform Battle between Federal and State Governments.” Boston College Law Journal 30(2):453–74.Google Scholar
Pattison, James. 2010. Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility to Protect: Who Should Intervene? Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peltier, Linda J. 1987. “Reviewed Work: The Right to Food by P. Alston and K. Tomasevski.” Human Rights Quarterly 9(1):104–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, Anne. 2015. The Politics of the Human. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pogge, Thomas. 2002. World Poverty and Human Rights. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Pogge, Thomas. 2007. “Severe Poverty as a Human Rights Violation.” In Freedom from Poverty as a Human Right: Who Owes What to the Very Poor?, edited by Pogge, Thomas, 11–53. Oxford: UNESCO and Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pogge, Thomas. 2011. “Are We Violating the Human Rights of the World's Poor?” Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal 14(2):1–33.Google Scholar
Price, Richard, ed. 2008. Moral Limit and Possibility in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ralph, Jason. 2018. “What Should Be Done? Pragmatic Constructivist Ethics and the Responsibility to Protect.” International Organization 72(1):173–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reus-Smit, Christian. 2013. Individual Rights and the Making of the International System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, Kenneth. 2004. “Defending Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Practical Issues Faced by an International Human Rights Organization.” Human Rights Quarterly 26(1):63–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubenstein, Leonard S. 2004. “How International Human Rights Organizations Can Advance Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Response to Kenneth Roth.” Human Rights Quarterly 26(4):845–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruggie, John G. 2013. Just Business: Multinational Corporations and Human Rights. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Santos, Fernanda. 2016. “Judge Refers Arizona Sheriff Joe Arapaio for Criminal Prosecution.” New York Times, August 19.Google Scholar
Schneewind, Jerome B. 1990. “The Misfortunes of Virtue.” Ethics 101(1):42–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, John R. 1995. The Construction of Social Reality. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Sen, Amartya. 1981. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shue, Henry. 1980. Basic Rights: Subsistence, Affluence, and U.S. Foreign Policy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Singer, Peter. 1972. “Famine, Affluence, and Morality.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 1(3):229–43.Google Scholar
Tansey, Olsin. 2014. “Evaluating the Legacies of State-Building: Success, Failure, and the Role of Responsibility.” International Studies Quarterly 58(1):174–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tasioulas, John. 2010. “Taking Rights out of Human Rights.” Ethics 120(4):647–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, Charles. 1985. “What is Human Agency?” In Human Agency and Language: Philosophical Papers 1, edited by Taylor, Charles, 15–44. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 1999a. General Comment 12 (‘The Right to Adequate Food’). E/C.12/1999/5. 20th session. Geneva: United Nations. http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/TBSearch.aspx?TreatyID=9&DocTypeID=11. Accessed March 12, 2018.Google Scholar
United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 1999b. General Comment 13 (‘The Right to Education’). E/C.12/1999/10. 21st session. Geneva: United Nations. http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/TBSearch.aspx?TreatyID=9&DocTypeID=11. Accessed March 12, 2018.Google Scholar
United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 2000. General Comment 14 (‘The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health’). E/C.12/2000/4. 22nd session. Geneva: United Nations. http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/TBSearch.aspx?TreatyID=9&DocTypeID=11. Accessed March 12, 2018.Google Scholar
United Nations Economic and Social Council. 1985. The New International Economic Order and the Promotion of Human Rights: Progress Report on the Right to Adequate Food as a Human Right Submitted by Mr. Asbørn Eide, Special Rapporteur. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/23.Google Scholar
Vetterlein, Antje. 2018. “Responsibility is more than Accountability: From Regulatory towards Negotiated Governance.” Contemporary Politics 24(5):545–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldron, Jeremy. 2007. “Dignity and Rank.” European Journal of Sociology 48(2):201–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warner, Daniel. 1991. An Ethic of Responsibility in International Relations. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Weinert, Matthew S. 2015. Making Human: World Order and the Global Governance of Human Dignity. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weldes, Jutta. 1996. “Constructing National Interests.” European Journal of International Relations 2(3):275–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wendt, Alexander. 2004. “The State as Person in International Theory.” Review of International Studies 30(2):289–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whelan, Daniel J. 2010. Indivisible Human Rights: A History. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whelan, Daniel J., and Donnelly, Jack. 2007. “The West, Economic and Social Rights, and the Global Human Rights Regime: Setting the Record Straight.” Human Rights Quarterly 29(4):908–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiener, Antje. 2008. The Invisible Constitution of Politics: Contested Norms and International Encounters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiener, Antje. 2014. A Theory of Contestation. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, Iris Marion. 2006. “Responsibility and Global Justice: A Social Connection Model.” Social Philosophy and Policy 23(1):102–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, Iris Marion. 2011. Responsibility for Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar