Hostname: page-component-f554764f5-qhdkw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-19T14:08:20.014Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Respect and disrespect in international politics: the significance of status recognition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2011

Reinhard Wolf
Reinhard Wolf*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
*
E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In our daily lives few things are as important to us as being treated with respect. Yet in International Relations (IR), we regularly assume that actors follow just their material interests or the social norms appropriate for their identity, without caring if the treatment they get matches their own sense of importance and worth. Drawing mostly on insights from moral philosophy and social psychology this article argues that even in international relations social respect can be a significant goal, both for instrumental reasons and as an end in itself. In fact, as long as we ignore this dimension of international politics we will be unable to fully explain major features, specifically the intensity and duration of many cross-border conflicts. To show the perspectives which systematic research on respect may open for IR, this article presents a theoretical overview of the chief factors that shape the reactions to respectful or disrespectful behavior.

Keywords

social psychologyrecognitioncooperationconflictemotions
Type
Original Papers
Information
International Theory , Volume 3 , Issue 1 , 18 February 2011 , pp. 105 - 142
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abdelal, R., Herrerra, Y.M., Johnston, A.I.McDermott, R. (2009), Measuring Identity. A Guide For Social Scientists, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, E. (1999), Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City, New York, NY: WW Norton & Company.Google Scholar
BBC News (2003), World trade talks in Cancun, Mexico, have collapsed amid serious differences between rich and poor nations. Retrieved 19 January 2009 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/business/3108460.stmGoogle Scholar
Berger, P.L. (1970), ‘On the obsolescence of the concept of honor’, Archives Européennes de Sociologie 11(2): 339–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloom, W. (1990), Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boehm, C. (2001), Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bourgois, P. (2003), In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brennan, G.Pettit, P. (2004), The Economy of Esteem, New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brosnan, S.F.De Waal, F.B.M. (2003), ‘Monkeys reject unequal pay’, Nature 425(6955): 297–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carr, E.H. (1946), The Twenty Years’ Crisis: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations, London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Chaiken, S., Wood, W.Eagly, A.H. (1996), ‘Principles of persuasion’, in E.T. Higgins and A. Kruglanski (eds), Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles, New York, NY: The Guilford Press, pp. 702–742.Google Scholar
Checkel, J. (2005), ‘International institutions and socialization in Europe: introduction and framework’, International Organization 59(4): 801–826.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J.D. (2005), ‘The vulcanization of the human brain: a neural perspective on interactions between cognition and emotion’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 19(4): 3–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conover, P.J.Searing, D. (2005), ‘Studying “Everyday Political Talk” in the deliberative system’, Acta Politica 40(2): 269–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwall, S.L. (1977), ‘Two kinds of respect’, Ethics 88(1): 36–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Cremer, D. (2002), ‘Respect and cooperation in social dilemmas: the importance of feeling included’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28(10): 1335–1341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deitelhoff, N.Müller, H. (2005), ‘Theoretical paradise – empirically lost? Arguing with Habermas’, Review of International Studies 31(1): 167–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dillon, R.S. (2007a), ‘Respect’, in E. Zalta (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2007 Edition). Retrieved 16 April 2008 from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spring2007/entries/respect/Google Scholar
Dillon, R.S. (2007b), ‘Respect: a philosophical perspective’, Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung 38(2): 201–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doosje, B., Ellemers, N.Spears, R. (1999), ‘Commitment and intergroup behaviour’, in N. Ellemers, R. Spears and B. Doosje (eds), Social Identity: Context, Commitment, Content, London: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 84–106.Google Scholar
Druckman, D. (1994), ‘Nationalism, patriotism, and group loyalty: a social psychological perspective’, Mershon International Studies Review 38(1): 43–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenberger, N.I., Lieberman, M.D.Williams, K.D. (2003), ‘Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion’, Science 302(5643): 290–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fattah, K.Fierke, K.M. (2009), ‘A clash of emotions: the politics of humiliation and political violence in the Middle East’, European Journal of International Relations 15(1): 67–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fearon, J.D. (1995), ‘Rationalist explanations for war’, International Organization 49(3): 379–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fierke, K.M. (2009), ‘Agents of death: the structural logic of suicide terrorism and martyrdom’, International Theory 1(1): 155–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, R.H. (1985), Choosing the Right Pond: Human Behavior and the Quest for Status, New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Frank, R.H. (2001), Luxury Fever: Why Money Fails to Satisfy in an Era of Excess, New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Fraser, N. (2001), ‘Recognition without ethics?’, Theory, Culture and Society 18(2–3): 21–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, N.Honneth, A. (2003), Redistribution or Recognition?: A Political–Philosophical Exchange, London and New York: Verso.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frevert, U. (1995), Men of Honour: A Social and Cultural History of the Duel, Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Friedman, T. (2003), ‘The humiliation factor’, The New York Times, 9 November.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, F. (1992), The End of History and the Last Man, London: Hamish Hamilton.Google Scholar
Gaffney, J. (2004), ‘Highly emotional states: French–US relations and the Iraq war’, European Security 13(3): 247–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garthoff, R.L. (1985), Détente and Confrontation: American–Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Geva, N.Skorick, M.J. (2006), ‘The emotional calculus of foreign policy decisions: getting emotions out of the closet’, in D.P. Redlawsk (ed.), Feeling Politics, New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 209–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geva, N.Sirin, C.V. (2008), ‘Reactions to international terror: thematic relevance of negative affect’. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, San Francisco, CA.Google Scholar
Gilpin, R. (1981), War and Change in International Politics, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1967), Interaction Ritual: Essays in Face to Face Behavior, New York, NY: Random House.Google Scholar
Goodin, R. (2005), ‘Sequencing deliberative moments’, Acta Politica 40(2): 182–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, R.V. (2003), Collision of Wills: How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenhill, B. (2008), ‘Recognition and collective identity formation in international politics’, European Journal of International Relations 14(2): 343–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grieco, J.M. (1990), Cooperation among Nations: Europe, America, and Non-tariff Barriers to Trade, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haacke, J. (2005), ‘The Frankfurt School and International Relations on the centrality of recognition’, Review of International Studies 31(1): 181–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harré, R. (1979), Social Being: A Theory for Social Psychology, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Heller, R. (2010), ‘Unveiling the “unconscious” – new approaches to the explanation of Russian foreign policy behavior vis-à-vis the West’, paper presented at the SGIR 7th Pan-European International Relations Conference, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Hill, T.E. (1998), ‘Respect for persons’, in E. Craig (ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, London and New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 283–287.Google Scholar
Hogg, M.A. (2001), ‘A social identity theory of leadership’, Personality and Social Psychology Review 5(3): 184–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, M.A.Abrams, D. (2003), ‘Intergroup behavior and social identity’, in M.A. Hogg and J. Cooper (eds), The SAGE Handbook of Social Psychology, London: Sage Publications, pp. 407–431.Google Scholar
Honneth, A. (1996), The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Honneth, A. (2011), ‘Recognition between states: on the moral substrate in international relations’, in T. Lindemann and E. Ringmar (eds), The Struggle for Recognition in International Relations, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.Google Scholar
Horowitz, D.L. (2000), Ethnic Groups in Conflict, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Huddy, L., Feldman, S.Cassese, E. (2007), ‘On the distinct political effects of anxiety and anger’, in A. Crigler, M. MacKuen, G.E. Marcus and W.R. Neuman (eds), The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 202–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, S.D. (1980), ‘The nature of respect’, Social Theory and Practice 6: 69–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huo, Y.J.Molina, L.E. (2006), ‘Is pluralism a viable model of diversity? The benefits and limits of subgroup respect’, Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 9(3): 359–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hymans, J.E.C. (2002), ‘Applying social identity theory to the study of international politics: a caution and an agenda’. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, LA.Google Scholar
Hymans, J.E.C. (2006), The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation: Identity, Emotions, and Foreign Policy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hymans, J.E.C. (2010), ‘The arrival of psychological constructivism’, International Theory 2(3): 461–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isbell, L.M., Ottati, V.C.Burns, K.C. (2006), ‘Affect and politics: effects on judgment, processing, and information seeking’, in D.P. Redlawsk (ed.), Feeling Politics, New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 57–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iweala, U. (2007), ‘Stop trying to “Save” Africa’, The Washington Post, 15 July.Google Scholar
Johnston, A.I. (2008), Social States: China in International Institutions, 1980–2000, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kelly, J.R.Spoor, J.R. (2006), ‘Affective influence in groups’, in J.P. Forgas (ed.), Affect in Social Thinking and Behavior, London and New York, NY: Psychology Press, pp. 311–325.Google Scholar
Kelman, H.C. (1965), ‘Social-psychological approaches to the study of international relations: the question of relevance’, in H.C. Kelman (ed.), International Behavior. A Social-Psychological Analysis, New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, pp. 565–607.Google Scholar
Kelman, H.C. (1977), ‘The conditions, criteria, and dialectics of human dignity: a transnational perspective’, International Studies Quarterly 21(3): 529–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelman, H.C. (1996), ‘Negotiation as interactive problem solving’, International Negotiation 1(1): 99–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelman, H.C. (1997), ‘Nationalism, patriotism, and national identity: social-psychological dimensions’, in D. Bar-Tal and E. Staub (eds), Patriotism in the Lives of Individuals and Nations, Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall, pp. 165–189.Google Scholar
Kelman, H.C. (2005), ‘Building trust among enemies: the central challenge for international conflict resolution’, International Journal of Intercultural Relations 29(6): 639–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelman, H.C. (2007), ‘Social-psychological dimensions of international conflict’, in W. Zartman (ed.), Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods and Techniques, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, pp. 61–107.Google Scholar
Kelman, H.C. (2008), ‘A social-psychological approach to conflict analysis and resolution’, in D. Sandole, S. Byrne, I. Sandole-Staroste and J. Senehi (eds), Handbook of Conflict Analysis and Resolution, London and New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 170–183.Google Scholar
Keohane, R.O. (1984), After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton, NY: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lachman, M.E.Firth, K.M.P. (2004), ‘The adaptive value of feeling in control during midlife’, in O.G. Brim, C.D. Ryff and R.C. Kessler (eds), How Healthy Are We? A National Study of Well-Being at Midlife, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lalljee, M., Laham, S.M.Tam, T. (2007), ‘Unconditional respect for persons: a social psychological analysis’, Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung 38(4): 451–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, D.W.Shevchenko, A. (2010), ‘Status seekers: Chinese and Russian responses to U.S. primacy’, International Security 34(4): 63–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lebow, R.N. (2008), A Cultural Theory of International Relations, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lebow, R.N. (2010), ‘Motives, evidence, identity: engaging my critics’, International Theory 2(3): 486–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Legro, J.W. (2009), ‘The plasticity of identity under anarchy’, European Journal of International Relations 15(1): 37–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lerner, J.S.Keltner, D. (2000), ‘Beyond valence: toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice’, Cognition & Emotion 14(4): 473–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lerner, J.S.Keltner, D. (2001), ‘Fear, anger, and risk’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81(1): 146–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liberman, P. (2006), ‘An eye for an eye: public support for war against evildoers’, International Organization 60(3): 687–722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindemann, T. (2010), Causes of War: the Struggle for Recognition, Wivenhoe Park: ECPR Press.Google Scholar
Lindner, E. (2006), Making Enemies: Humiliation and International Conflict, Westport, CT: Praeger Security International.Google Scholar
Löwenheim, O.Heimann, G. (2008), ‘Revenge in international politics’, Security Studies 17(4): 685–724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackie, D.M., Smith, E.R.Ray, D.G. (2008), ‘Intergroup emotions and intergroup relations’, Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2(5): 1866–1880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
March, J.G.Olsen, J.P. (1989), Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics, New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
Margalit, A. (1996), The Decent Society, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Markey, D.S. (2000), The Prestige Factor in International Relations, Princeton, NY: Princeton University.Google Scholar
McDermott, R. (2004a), ‘The feeling of rationality: the meaning of neuroscientific advances for political science’, Perspectives on Politics 2(4): 691–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDermott, R. (2004b), Political Psychology in International Relations, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mearsheimer, J. (2001), The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, New York, NY: WW Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Mercer, J. (1996), Reputation and International Politics, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Mercer, J. (2005), ‘Rationality and psychology in international politics’, International Organization 59(1): 77–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mercer, J. (2010), ‘Emotional beliefs’, International Organization 64(1): 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mercer LLC (2008a), Engaging employees to drive global business success: insights from Mercer's What's Working Research. Retrieved 4 December 2010 from http://www.mercer.com/attachment.dyn?idContent=1246465&filePath=/attachments/English/WWGlobalReport1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Mercer LLC (2008b), Mercer research provides insights on engaging employees to drive business success. Retrieved 4 December 2010 from http://www.mercer.com/press-releases/1292085Google Scholar
Miller, D.T. (2001), ‘Disrespect and the experience of injustice’, Annual Review of Psychology 52(1): 527–553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moïsi, D. (2009), The Geopolitics of Emotion: How Cultures of Fear, Humiliation, and Hope Are Reshaping the World, New York: Doubleday Books.Google Scholar
Monroe, K.R. (2001), ‘Morality and a sense of self: the importance of identity and categorization for moral action’, American Journal of Political Science 45(3): 491–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monroe, K.R., Martin, A.Ghosh, P. (2009), ‘Politics and an innate moral sense: scientific evidence for an old theory?’, Political Research Quarterly 62(3): 614–634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgenthau, H.J. (1978), Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, New York, NY: Knopf.Google Scholar
Neumann, I.B. (2004), ‘Beware of organicism: the narrative self of the state’, Review of International Studies 30(2): 259–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nye, J.S. (2004), Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, New York, NY: Public Affairs.Google Scholar
Obama, B. (2010), National Security Strategy, Washington, DC: The White House.Google Scholar
Obama, B.Biden, J. (2008a), Barack Obama and Joe Biden's plan to secure America and restore our standing. Retrieved 4 December 2010 from http://www.barackobama.com/issues/foreign_policy/index_campaign.phpdiplomacyGoogle Scholar
Obama, B.Biden, J. (2008b), A stronger partnership with Europe for a safer America. Retrieved 23 April 2009 from http://www.barackobama.com/pdf/Fact_Sheet_Europe_FINAL.pdfGoogle Scholar
Offer, A. (1995), ‘Going to war in 1914: a matter of honor?’, Politics and Society 23(2): 213–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pew Global Attitudes Project (2005), American character gets mixed reviews U.S. image up slightly, but still negative. Retrieved 4 December 2010 from http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/247.pdfGoogle Scholar
Pinker, S. (1999), How the Mind Works, London: Penguin.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rawls, J. (1999), The Law of Peoples, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Reiter, D.Stam, A.C. (1998), ‘Democracy, war initiation, and victory’, American Political Science Review 92(2): 377–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richardson, L. (2006), What Terrorists Want: Understanding the Enemy, Containing the Threat, New York, NY: Random House.Google Scholar
Ringmar, E. (1996), Identity, Interest and Action: A Cultural Explanation of Sweden's Intervention in the Thirty Years War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringmar, E. (2002), ‘The recognition game: Soviet Russia against the West’, Cooperation and Conflict 37(2): 115–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Risse, T. (2000), ‘ “Let's argue!” Communicative action in international relations’, International Organization 54(1): 1–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rittberger, V. (ed.) (2001), German Foreign Policy Since Unification: Theories and Case Studies, Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Rosen, S.P. (2005), War and Human Nature, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ross, M.H. (2001), ‘Psychocultural interpretations and dramas: identity dynamics in ethnic conflict’, Political Psychology 22(1): 157–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rydell, R.J., Mackie, D.M., Maitner, A.T., Claypool, H.M., Ryan, M.J.Smith, E.R. (2008), ‘Arousal, processing, and risk taking: consequences of intergroup anger’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34(8): 1141–1152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saurette, P. (2005), The Kantian Imperative: Humiliation, Common Sense, Politics, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saurette, P. (2006), ‘You dissin me? Humiliation and post 9/11 gobal politics’, Review of International Studies 32(3): 495–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sennett, R. (2004), Respect: The Formation of Character in an Age of Inequality, London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Simpson, G.J. (2004), Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A. (2004[1759]), The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, H.J., Tyler, T.R., Huo, Y.J., Ortiz, D.J.Lind, E.A. (1998), ‘The self-relevant implications of the group-value model: group membership, self-worth, and treatment quality’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 34(5): 470–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, H.J., Tyler, T.R.Huo, Y.J. (2003), ‘Interpersonal treatment, social identity and organizational behavior’, in A.S. Haslam, D. van Knippenberg, M.J. Platow and N. Ellemers (eds), Social Identity at Work: Developing Theory for Organizational Practice, London and New York, NY: Psychology Press, pp. 155–171.Google Scholar
Snidal, D. (1991), ‘Relative gains and the pattern of international cooperation’, The American Political Science Review 85(3): 701–726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, J.L. (2000), From Voting to Violence. Democratization and Nationalist Conflict, New York, NY: WW Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Solomon, R.C. (2006), True to Our Feelings: What Our Emotions are Really Telling Us, New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Steele, B.J. (2008), Ontological Security in International Relations: Self-Identity and the IR State, London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, J.G. (2008), ‘Foreign policy decision-making: rational, psychological, and neurological models’, in S. Smith, A. Hadfield and T. Dunne (eds), Foreign Policy. Theories, Actors, Cases, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 101–116.Google Scholar
Steinberg, B.S. (1996), Shame and Humiliation: Presidential Decision-Making on Vietnam, Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press.Google Scholar
Stern, P.C. (1995), ‘Why do people sacrifice for their nations?’, Political Psychology 16(2): 217–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szabo, S.F. (2004), Parting Ways: The Crisis in German–American Relations, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Tajfel, H.Turner, J.C. (1979), ‘An integrative theory of intergroup conflict’, in W.G. Austin and S. Worchel (eds), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole, pp. 33–47.Google Scholar
Tang, S. (2005), ‘Reputation, cult of reputation, and international conflict’, Security Studies 14(1): 34–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, C. (ed.) (1995), ‘The politics of recognition’, in Philosophical Essays, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, pp. 225–256.Google Scholar
Thompson, S. (2006), The Political Theory of Recognition: A Critical Introduction, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Turner, J.C., Hogg, M.A., Oakes, P.J., Reicher, S.D.Wetherell, M.S. (1987), Rediscovering the Social Group. A Self-Categorization Theory, New York, NY: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Turner, J.H.Stets, J.E. (2006), ‘Sociological theories of human emotions’, Annual Review of Sociology 32: 25–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyler, T.R.Blader, S.L. (2000), Cooperation in Groups: Procedural Justice, Social Identity, and Behavioral Engagement, London and New York, NY: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Tyler, T.R.Blader, S.L. (2001), ‘Identity and cooperative behavior in groups’, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 4(3): 207–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Evera, S. (1994), ‘Hypotheses on nationalism and war’, International Security 18(4): 5–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Kleef, G.A., van Dijk, E., Steinel, W., Harinck, F.van Beest, I. (2008), ‘Anger in social conflict: cross-situational comparisons and suggestions for the future’, Group Decision and Negotiation 17(1): 13–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varshney, A. (2003), ‘Nationalism, ethnic conflict, and rationality’, Perspectives on Politics 1(1): 85–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waltz, K.N. (1979), Theory of International Politics, Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.Google Scholar
Welch, D.A. (1995), Justice and the Genesis of War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wendt, A. (1994), ‘Collective identity formation and the international state’, American Political Science Review 88(2): 384–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wendt, A. (1999), Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wendt, A. (2003), ‘Why a world state is inevitable’, European Journal of International Relations 9(4): 491–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wendt, A. (2004), ‘The state as person in international theory’, Review of International Studies 30(2): 289–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wight, C. (2004), ‘State agency: social action without human activity?’, Review of International Studies 30(2): 269–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wohlforth, W.C. (2009), ‘Unipolarity, status competition, and great power war’, World Politics 61(1): 28–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, R. (2008), ‘Respekt. Ein unterschätzter Faktor in den Internationalen Beziehungen’, Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 15(1): 5–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, R. (2011), ‘Prickly states? Recognition and disrespect between persons and peoples’, in T. Lindemann and E. Ringmar (eds), The International Politics of Recognition, Boulder: Paradigm Publishers.Google Scholar
Woodward, B. (2004), Plan of Attack, New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
World Economic Forum (2008), Islam and the West, Geneva.Google Scholar
Wright, R. (1995), The Moral Animal. Why We Are the Way We Are, New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Wright, S.C.Taylor, D.M. (2003), ‘The social psychology of cultural diversity: social stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination’, in M.A. Hogg and J. Cooper (eds), The SAGE Handbook of Social Psychology, London: Sage Publications, pp. 432–457.Google Scholar
Zurn, C.F. (2003), ‘Identity or status? Struggles over ‘recognition’ in Fraser, Honneth, and Taylor’, Constellations 10(4): 519–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar