Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T15:47:43.607Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Pragmatism, Realism and the ethics of crisis and transformation in international relations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 October 2014

Seán P. Molloy*
Affiliation:
Reader in International Relations, School of Politics & International Relations, Rutherford College, University of Kent, Kent, UK

Abstract

This article examines Carr’s work in The Twenty Years’ Crisis and Conditions of Peace in the light of an analogy that Carr draws between his work and that of the American pragmatist philosopher, William James. The article argues that one gains a greater understanding of the internal workings of Carr’s most important IR works if one understands him as operating within the pragmatist tradition (as James understood it). A further aim of the paper is to investigate the evolution in Carr’s ethical commitment to peace in The Twenty Years' Crisis and Conditions of Peace as a product of a pragmatist perspective on global politics. The article concludes with a section on how pragmatist Realist ethics complements existing theories of Realist ethics in IR by reference to Richard Ned Lebow’s The Tragic Vision of Politics and Michael C. Williams’ The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations.

Type
Original Papers
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albert, Mathias, and Kopp-Malek, Tanja. 2002. “The Pragmatism of Global and European Governance: Emerging Forms of the Political ‘Beyond Westphalia’.” Millennium 31(3):453471.Google Scholar
Bauer, Harry, and Brighi, Elisabeta. eds. 2009. Pragmatism and International Relations. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bell, Duncan. 2003. “Political Theory and the Functions of Intellectual History: A Response to Emmanual Navon.” Review of International Studies 29(1):151160.Google Scholar
Bohman, James. 2002. “How to Make a Social Science Practical: Pragmatism, Critical Social Science and Multiperspectival Theory.” Millennium 31(3):499524.Google Scholar
Carr, Edward Hallett. 1939. Britain: A Study of Foreign Policy from the Versailles Treaty to the Outbreak of War. London: Longmans, Green.Google Scholar
Carr, Edward Hallett 1942. Conditions of Peace. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Carr, Edward Hallett 1980. “Karl Mannheim.” In From Napoleon to Stalin and Other Essays, edited by Edward Hallett Carr, 177183. Basingstoke: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Carr, Edward Hallett 2000. “An Autobiography.” In E.H. Carr: A Critical Appraisal, edited by Michael Cox, xiii–xxii. London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Carr, Edward Hallett 2001. The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919–1939. An Introduction to the Study of International Relations. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Cochran, Molly. 1999. Normative Theory in International Relations. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Cormier, Harvey J. 1997. “Pragmatism, Politics and the Corridor.” In The Cambridge Companion to William James, edited by Ruth Anna Putnam, 343363. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Conquest, Robert. 1999. “Agit-Prof.” The New Republic 221(18):3238.Google Scholar
Cox, Michael. 2000. E.H. Carr. A Critical Appraisal, edited by Michael Cox. Basingstoke: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Cox, Michael 2001. “Introduction.” In E.H. Carr, The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919–1939. An Introduction to the Study of International Relations, edited by Michael Cox, ixlviii. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Dunne, Tim. 1998. Inventing International Society: A History of the English School. Basingstoke: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dunne, Tim 2000. “Theories as Weapons.” In E.H. Carr. A Critical Appraisal, edited by Michael Cox, 217233. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Elshtain, Jean Bethke. 2008. “On Never Reaching the Coast of Utopia.” International Relations 22(2):147172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Festenstein, Matthew. 2002. “Pragmatism’s Boundaries.” Millennium 31(3):549571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franke, Ulrich, and Weber, Ralph. 2012. At the Papini Hotel – On Pragmatism and the Study of International Relations.” European Journal of International Relations 18(4).Google Scholar
Friedrichs, Jörg. 2009. “From Positivist Pretense to Pragmatic Practice Varieties of Pragmatic Methodology in IR Scholarship.” International Studies Review 11(3):645648.Google Scholar
Friedrichs, Jörg, and Kratochwil, Friedrich. 2009. “On Acting and Knowing: How Pragmatism Can Advance International Relations Research and Methodology.” International Organization 63(4):701731.Google Scholar
Gilbert, Mark. 2009. “The Sovereign Remedy of European Unity: The Progressive Left and Supranational Government 1935–1945.” International Politics 46(1):2847.Google Scholar
Haslam, Jonathan. 1999. The Vices of Integrity: E.H. Carr, 1892–1982. Cambridge: Verso.Google Scholar
Hellman, Gunther. ed. 2009a. “The Forum: Pragmatism and International Relations.” International Studies Review 11(3):638662.Google Scholar
Hellman, Gunther 2009b. “Beliefs as Rules for Action: Pragmatism as a Theory of Thought and Action.” International Studies Review 11(3):638641.Google Scholar
Jackson, Patrick Thaddeus. 2009. “Situated Creativity, or, the Cash Value of a Pragmatist Wager for IR.” International Studies Review 11(3):656662.Google Scholar
James, William. 1891. “The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life.” International Journal of Ethics 1(3):330354.Google Scholar
James, William 1904. “Humanism and Truth.” Mind 13(52):457474.Google Scholar
James, William 1907a. “A Word More About Truth.” Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 4(15):396406.Google Scholar
James, William 1907b. “Pragmatism’s Conception of Truth.” The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 4(6):141155.Google Scholar
James, William 1908. “The Pragmatist Account of Truth and its Misunderstanders.” The Philosophical Review 17(1):117.Google Scholar
James, William 1975. Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking, edited by Fredson Bowers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
James, William 1976a. “Is Radical Empiricism Solipsistic?.” Essays in Radical Empiricism, edited by Fredson Bowers, and Ignas K. Skrupskelis, 234240. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
James, William 1976b. “Humanism and Truth Once More.” In Essays in Radical Empiricism, edited by William James, 244265. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
James, William 1982a. “The Moral Equivalent of War.” in Essays in Religion and Morality, edited by Frederick Burkhart, Fredson Bowers, and Ignas K Skrupskelis, 162173. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
James, William 1982b. “Remarks at the Peace Banquet.” In Essays in Religion and Morality, edited by Frederick Burkhart, Fredson Bowers, and Ignas K. Skrupskelis, 120123. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Joas, Hans. 1993. Pragmatism and Social Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jones, Charles. 1998. E.H. Carr and International Relations: A Duty to Lie. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Kenealy, Daniel, and Kostagiannis, Konstantinos. 2013. “Realist Visions of European Union: E.H. Carr and Integration.” Millennium – Journal of International Studies 41(2):221246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kratochwil, Friedrich. 1998. “Politics, Norms and Peaceful Change.” Review of International Studies 24(5):193218.Google Scholar
Kratochwil, Friedrich 2007. “Of Communities, Gangs, Historicity and the Problem of Santa Claus.” Journal of International Relations and Development 10(1):5778.Google Scholar
Kratochwil, Friedrich 2009. “Ten Points to Ponder about Pragmatism: Some Critical Reflections on Knowledge Generation in the Social Sciences.” In Pragmatism and International Relations, edited by Harry Bauer, and Elisabetta Brighi, 1125. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lacey, Robert J. 2007. American Pragmatism and Democratic Faith. De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Lebow, Richard Ned. 2003. The Tragic Vision of Politics: Ethics, Interests and Orders. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Linklater, Andrew. 1997. “The Transformation of Political Community: E.H. Carr, Critical Theory and International Relations.” Review of International Studies 23(3):321338.Google Scholar
Molloy, Seán. 2006. The Hidden History of Realism: A Genealogy of Power Politics. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Molloy, Seán 2008. “Hans J. Morgenthau Versus E.H. Carr: Conflicting Conceptions of Ethics in Realism”.” In Political Thought and International Relations: Variations on a Realist Theme, edited by Duncan Bell, 83104. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Molloy, Seán 2009. “Aristotle, Epicurus, Morgenthau and the Political Ethics of the Lesser Evil.” Journal of International Political Theory 5(1):94112.Google Scholar
Molloy, Seán 2013. “Spinoza, Carr, and the Ethics of The Twenty Years’ Crisis.” Review of International Studies 39(2):251271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgenthau, Hans J. 1948. “The Political Science of E.H. Carr.” World Politics 1(1):127134.Google Scholar
Nishimura, Kuniyuki. 2011a. “E.H. Carr, Dostoevsky, and the Problem of Irrationality in Modern Europe.” International Relations 25(1):4564.Google Scholar
Nishimura, Kuniyuki 2011b. “The Age of the Lonely Crowd: E.H. Carr and Peter F. Drucker on the Fragility of Modern Life.” Global Society: Journal of Interdisciplinary International Relations 25(3):431448.Google Scholar
Overy, Richard J. (w/Andrew Ashcroft). 1999. The Road to War. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Owen, David. 2002. “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning.” Millennium 31(3):653673.Google Scholar
Puchala, Donald J. 1994. “Pragmatics of International History.” Mershon International Studies Review 39(1):118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rich, Paul. 2000. “E.H. Carr and the Quest for Moral Revolution in International Relations.” In E.H. Carr: A Critical Appraisal, edited by Michael Cox, 198216. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Rorty, Richard. 1982. Consequences of Pragmatism (Essays: 1972–1980). Brighton: Harvester Press.Google Scholar
Scheuerman, William. 2011. “The (Classical) Realist Vision of Global Reform.” International Theory 2(2):246282.Google Scholar
Schou Tjalve, Vibeke. 2013. “Realism, Pragmatism and the Public Sphere: Restraining Foreign Policy in an Age of Mass Politics.” International Politics 50(6):784797.Google Scholar
Suganami, Hidemi. 1989. The domestic Analogy and World Order Proposals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Michael C. 2005. The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Wilson, Peter. 1996. “The New Europe Debate.” In Visions of European Unity, edited by Philomena Murray, and Paul Rich. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, Peter 1998. “The Myth of the ‘First Great Debate’.” Review of International Studies 24(5):116.Google Scholar
Wilson, Peter 2000. “Carr and his Early Critics: Responses to The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1939–1946.” In E.H. Carr: A Critical Appraisal, edited by Michael Cox. London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Wilson, Peter 2001. “Radicalism for a Conservative Purpose: The Peculiar Realism of E.H. Carr.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 30(1):123136.Google Scholar
Wilson, Peter 2001. “Radicalism for a Conservative Purpose: The Peculiar Realism of E.H. Carr.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 30(1):123136.Google Scholar
Wilson, Peter 2009. “E.H. Carr’s The Twenty Years’ Crisis. Appearance and Reality in World Politics.” Politik 12(4):2125.Google Scholar