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The importance of food systems in a climate crisis for peace and security in the Sahel

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 May 2022

Peter Läderach ,
Julian Ramirez-Villegas ,
Steven D. Prager ,
Diego Osorio ,
Alexandra Krendelsberger ,
Robert B. Zougmoré ,
Bruno Charbonneau ,
Han van Dijk ,
Ignacio Madurga-Lopez  and
Grazia Pacillo
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Abstract

Conflicts are increasingly analysed as exhibiting a stealth complexity in which triggers and consequences are intricately linked to climate, environmental degradation and the struggle to control a finite pool of natural resources. The climate crisis is a multifaceted reality and, against this background, many pressing priorities compete with each other. The disruptive effect of climate variability and change on food systems is particularly acute and constitutes a direct and tangible threat to livelihoods globally. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate and discuss the importance of food systems under a climate crisis in exacerbating conflicts in the Sahelian region and propose interventions beyond and complementary to the usual military and security solutions. We demonstrate for the Sahel that (i) climate hazards are frequent and exposure to climate variability is high, (ii) hotspots of high climate variability and conflict exist, and (iii) impact pathways by which climate exacerbates food systems that can lead to conflicts are documented in the literature. While these three findings suggest clear links between conflict and climate, we find that (iv) current peace indices do not include climate and food systems indicators and therefore provide an uncomplete picture, and (v) food systems programming for climate adaptation has so far not explicitly considered peace and security outcomes. Furthermore, we propose that food systems programming that truly tackles the climate crisis should take more explicit account of peace and security outcomes in conflict-affected areas.

Keywords

Sahelfood systemspeacesecurityconflictclimate
Type
Climate Change
Information
International Review of the Red Cross , Volume 103 , Issue 918: The Sahel , December 2021 , pp. 995 - 1028
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the ICRC.

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121 ACRE, Fact Sheet on Kilimo Salama “Safe Agriculture”, Syngenta Foundation, 2014.

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135 Theresa Liebig et al., CGIAR's Contribution to Peace: Portfolio Analysis, CGIAR Focus Climate Security Report, CCAFS, April 2020.

136 U. Pakasi, above note 120, p. 27.

137 U. Bob and S. Bronkhorst, above note 124, p. 28.

138 J.-F. Maystadt, M. Calderone and L. You, above note 125, p. 28.

139 C. Hendrix and I. Salehyan, above note 53, p. 12.

140 C. H. Kahl, above note 100, p. 22.

141 J. Ramirez-Villegas et al., above note 81, p. 19; A. J. Challinor et al., above note 88, p. 20.

142 V. Koubi, above note 43, p. 11; J.-F. Maystadt and O. Ecker, above note 49, p. 12; C. Raleigh, H. Choi and D. Kniveton, above note 45, p. 11.

143 UNCTAD, above note 126, p. 28.

144 L. Nghiem, above note 132.