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Gustav Stresemann: The Problem of Political Leadership in the Weimar Republic1
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 December 2008
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As a persistent critic of the German Revolution of November 9, 1918, and of the Weimar Republic, the Conservative publicist Arthur Moeller van den Bruck frequently denounced what he called the “republic without republicans”. “The Republic in which we are living”, he wrote, “is a joyless republic. Is it really a republic? Is it not still a monarchy that has merely been deprived of its emblems? Is not this thing which has no symbol on which one can fasten belief, is it not monarchy in its deepest humiliation?” The questions that Moeller van den Bruck was asking for Conservatives were being asked, in their own way, by men through the spectrum of intellectual and political life: by men on the Left who wanted a Communist or Socialist republic, by men of the Right who wanted a popular constitutional monarchy, by the few who wanted the status quo, and by the many who wanted some kind of progressive change in public life. Not least among the questioners was Gustav Stresemann, the young leader of the new German People's Party.
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References
page 361 note 2 Gustav Stresemann Papers, microfilm container 3164/serial 7411/ frames 174722–33, National Archives, Washington, D.C. Reference to the film will hereafter be made in the following form: SP 3164/7411/174722–33.
page 361 note 3 [Arthur] Moeller van den, Bruck, Konservativ (Berlin, n.d.), pp. 6–7Google Scholar, 11, 20–1. Even Hugo Preuss referred to the Republicas an improvised democracy: Fritz, Hartung, Zur Geschichte der Weimarer Republik, in: Historische Zeitschrift CLXXXI, 3 (06, 1956), p. 581.Google Scholar
page 361 note 4 For the literature on Stresemann see the bibliographical note in Hans Gatzke, W., Stresemann and the rearmament of Germany (Baltimore, 1954Google Scholar); the same author's bibliographical article, The Stresemann Papers, in: Journal of Modern History XXVI, i (Mar., 1954), pp. 49–59; and Gerhard, Zwoch, Gustav-Stiesemann-Bibliographie (Düsseldorf, 1953)Google Scholar. Annelise Thimme, Gustav Stresemann. Eine politische Biographie zur Geschichte der Weimarer Republik ( Hanover, Fiankfurt/M., 1957Google Scholar) has expanded, unfortunately without documentation, her eailier valuable articles: Gustav, Stresemann, Legende und Wirk-lichkeit, in: Historische Zeitschrift CLXXXI, 2 (04. 1956), pp. 287–338Google Scholar; Die Locarno-politik im Lichte des Stresemann-Nachlasses, , in: Zeitschrift fü Politiknewser. III, 1 (1956), pp. 42–63Google Scholar; and Stresemannals Reichskanzler, in: Weltals, Geschichte. XVII, 1 (1957), pp. 9–25.Google Scholar
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page 362 note 2 Gatzke, Hans W., Germany's drive to the West (Drang nach Westen). A study of Germany's western war aims during the first world war (Baltimore, 1950), pp. 21, 25Google Scholar. In this sense, also letter of Hugo Stinnes to the German High Command on the Eastern Front, July 19, 1915, on behalf of a wide circle of political and economic groups, including Stresemann as representative of the Bund der Industrielkn: Arnold Rechberg Papers, folder 63, Bundesachiv, Coblenz. On the parallel annexationist enthusiasm of the left-wing Centrist Matthias Erzberger, see Gatzke, ibid., and Zeender, John K., The Geiman Center Party during World War I. An internal study, in: Catholic Historical Review XLII, 4 (01., 1957), p. 449.Google Scholar
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page 363 note 3 Notable were Hugo, Stinnes and Albert, Vögler. Flathmann, J., representing the Kom-mission zur Sammlung, Verwaltung und Verwendung des industriellen Wahlfonds, attended as an unofficial observer meetings of the Executive Committee of the Party: e.g. 1919Google Scholar, SP 3088/6921/137640, 137676–7, 137681–2, 137704–7, 137709–11, 137724–5.
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page 365 note 4 National Assembly Debates, Mai. 18, 1920, vol. 332, p. 4902ffGoogle Scholar. On Bauer's attitude, expressed in the Cabinet and Interfraktionelkr Ausschuss, Erich, Koch-Weser's Diary, Mar. 23, 1920Google Scholar, in Erich Koch-Weser Papers (hereafter cited as KWP), folder 27 (provisional), Bundes-archiv, Coblenz. Bauer returned in triumph to Berlin, but resigned in a week following a coalition dispute concerning Vice-Chancellor Eugen Schiffer, a Democrat, who had remained in Berlin and had, like the two right-wing parties, offered toact as mediator between the Kapp and Bauer governments: Cabinet Minutes, Mar. 26, 1920, in Records of the German Foreign Office (hereafter cited as GFO) 1668/343 8/744165–8, microfilm in National Archives, Washington, D.C.
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page 367 note 1 Stresemann generoulsy regretted the nemesis that dogged Helfferich's tracks: Stresemann, to Helfferich, , Aug. 3, 1922Google Scholar, SP 5096/7016/144154–5.
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page 367 note 3 Friedrich, Stampfei, Die vieizehn Jahre der ersten deutschen Republik (3rd ed., Hambuig, 1947), pp. 340–1Google Scholar; Stresemann, to Walther, Jänecke, Aug. 1, 1923Google Scholar, SP 3098/7117/145813–5; Erich, Eyck, Geschichte der Weimarer Republik, I (Zurich, Stuttgart, 1954), pp. 337–8.Google Scholar
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page 369 note 1 Article Rentenmark, in: Max, Weiss ed., Politisches Handwörterbuch (F¨hrei-ABC) (Berlin, 1928), pp. 662–7Google Scholar; 1924 campaign leaflets in the Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart.
page 369 note 2 DNVP Landesverbandsvorsitzende, meeting Aug. 28, 1923Google Scholar, Berliner, Tageblatt, Aug. 30, 1923Google Scholar (p.m.); Stresemann's Private Secretary [Henry Bernhard] to DVP Halle, Sept. 10, 1923, SP 3159/7394/171302–3; DVP Fraktion, Sept.25, 1923Google Scholar, SP 3159/7394/171326–51; Cabinet Minutes, Oct. 11, 1923, GFO 1749/3491/757057–65.
page 369 note 3 Stampfer, , p. 382Google Scholar; Stresemann remarked to American Ambassader A.B. Houghton that “while the Socialists had withdrawn from the cabinet, they were in reality not hostile. The Nationalists were in part hostile and if they had a real program and some competent men they might be dangerous, but they had neither‥.” Houghton to Dept. of State, Nov. 7, 1923Google Scholar, telegram 198, DS 862.00/1331.
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page 375 note 2 Stresemann, to Peter, Reinhold, June 2, 1928Google Scholar, SP 5165/7407/174106; Stresemann, to Kahl, , see p. 361Google Scholar, footnote 2.
page 375 note 3 Stresemann, to Julie, Bassermann, see p. 371Google Scholar, footnote 1.
page 375 note 4 Henry, Bernhard, Feb. 27, 1927Google Scholar in DVP Zentralvorstand, Feb. 26, 1929Google Scholar, SP 5164/7410/174694–7. Stresemann, raised the question of retirement from public life as early as July 19, 1928Google Scholar, in a letter to Ernst, Scholz, see p. 574Google Scholar, footnote 5. Now, Stiesemann, to Kahl, , see p. 561Google Scholar, footnote 2; Stresemann, to Kockelkorn, G. H., Mar. 19, 1929Google Scholar, SP 3164/7411/174767–70; Stiesemann, to Ernst, Scholz, Mar. 26, 1929Google Scholar, SP 3164/7411/174858–62.
page 375 note 5 Stiesemann, to Kahl, , see p. 361Google Scholar, footnote 2.
page 375 note 6 ibid.
page 376 note 1 ibid.
page 376 note 2 ibid.
page 376 note 3 ibid.
page 377 note 1 Karl, Dietrich Bracher, Die Auflösung der Weimarer Republik (Stuttgart, Düsseldorf, 1955). PP. 68–9Google Scholar
page 377 note 2 See p. 361, footnote 3. After Stresemann's death General v. Seeckt found it possible to sit in the Reichstag for the DVP; the party leader, Eduard Dingeldey, did not hesitate to cooperate with General v. Schleicher and Hugenberg: Dingeldey, to Schleicher, , Sept. 22, 1932Google Scholar, Dec. 30, 1933, Kurt v. Schleicher Papers 17/IV/151, 66/13, Bundesarchiv, Coblenz; Reginald, H. Phelps, Aus den Seeckt-Dokumenten II, in: Deutsche Rundschau LXXVIII, 10 (Oct., 1952), p. 1019Google Scholar; Rabenau, , pp. 651–2.Google Scholar
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