Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T18:14:03.363Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Citizenship, Identity and Social History

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 February 2009

Charles Tilly
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

With appropriate lags for rethinking, research, writing and publication, international events impinge strongly on the work of social scientists and social historians. The recent popularity of democratization, globalization, international institutions, ethnicity, nationalism, citizenship and identity as research themes stems largely from world affairs: civilianization of major authoritarian regimes in Latin America; dismantling of apartheid in South Africa; collapse of the Soviet Union, the Warsaw Pact and Yugoslavia; ethnic struggles and nationalist claims in Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa; extension of the European Union; rise of East Asian economic powers. Just as African decolonization spurred an enormous literature on modernization and political development, the explosion of claims to political independence on the basis of ethnic distinctness is fomenting a new literature on nationalism.

Type
Research Article
Information
International Review of Social History , Volume 40 , supplement S3: Citizenship, Identity and Social History , December 1995 , pp. 1 - 17
Copyright
Copyright © Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis 1995

References

1 For examples, syntheses and critiques, see Benford, Robert D. and Hunt, Scott A., “Dramaturgy and Social Movements: The Social Construction and Communication of Power”, Sociological Inquiry, 62 (1992), pp. 35–55;CrossRefGoogle ScholarBoggs, Carl, Social Movements and Political Power. Emerging Forms of Radicalism in the West (Philadelphia, 1986)Google Scholar; Brass, Tom, “Moral Economists, Subalterns, New Social Movements, and the (Re-) Emergence of a (Post-)Modernized (Middle) Peasant”, Journal of Peasant Studies, 18 (1991), pp. 173–205;CrossRefGoogle ScholarCalhoun, Craig, “‘New Social Movements’ of the Early Nineteenth Century”, Social Science History, 17 (1993), pp. 385–428;Google ScholarChazel, Francis (ed.), Action collective et mouvements sociaux (Paris, 1993)Google Scholar; Cohen, Jean L. and Arato, Andrew, Civil Society and Political Theory (Cambridge, 1992)Google Scholar; Deneckere, Gita, “Norm en deviantie. Een bijdrage over diagnoses van collectieve populaire actie in de Nieuwste Geschiedenis”, Tijdschrift voor Sociale Geschiedenis, 16 (1990), pp. 105–127;Google ScholarDuyvendak, Jan Willem, van der Heijden, Hein-Anton, Koopmans, Ruud and Wijmans, Luuk (eds), Tussen Verbeelding en Macht. 25 jaar nieuwe sociale bewegingen in Nederland (Amsterdam, 1992)Google Scholar; Eyerman, Ron and Jamison, Andrew, Social Movements. A Cognitive Approach (University Park, Pennsylvania, 1991)Google Scholar; Giugni, Marco and Kriesi, Hanspeter, “Nouveaux mouvements sociaux dans les années '80: Evolution et perspectives”, Annuaire suisse de science politique, 30 (1990), pp. 79–100;Google ScholarGiugni, Marco and Passy, Florence, “Etat et nouveaux mouvements sociaux, comparaison de deux cas contrastés: la France et la Suisse”, Revue Suisse de Sociologie, 19 (1993), pp. 545–570;Google ScholarMelucci, Alberto, Nomads of the Present. Social Movements and Individual Need in Contemporary Society (Philadelphia, 1989)Google Scholar and “Liberation or Meaning? Social Movements, Culture and Democracy”, Development and Change, 23 (1992), pp. 43–77; Morris, Aldon D. and Mueller, Carol McClurg (eds), Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven, 1992)Google Scholar; Ohlemacher, Thomas, Brücken der Mobilisierung. Soziale Relais und persönliche Netzwerke in Bürgerinitiativen gegen militärischen Tiefflug (Wiesbaden, 1993)Google Scholar; Rucht, Dieter (ed.). Research on Social Movements: The State of the Art in Western Europe and the USA (Frankfurt and Boulder, 1991)Google Scholar; Touraine, Alain, “An Introduction to the Study of Social Movements”, Social Research, 52 (1995), pp. 749–788Google Scholar and “La Crise de I'Etat-Nation”, Revue Internationale de Politique Compare, 1 (1995), pp. 341–350; Zdravom'islova, E. A., Paradigm'i Zapadnoi Sočiologii obščestvenn'ich dviženii (St Petersburg, 1993)Google Scholar.

2 Marshall, T.H., Citizenship and Social Class (Cambridge, 1950)Google Scholar. For explications, critiques, and extensions of Marshall, see Barbalet, J. M., Citizenship (Minneapolis, 1988)Google Scholar; Somers, Margaret R., “Citizenship and the Place of the Public Sphere: Law, Community, and Political Culture in the Transition to Democracy”, American Sociological Review, 58 (1993), pp. 587–620;CrossRefGoogle ScholarSoysal, Yasemin Nuhoglu, Limits of Citizenship. Migrants and Post-national Membership in Europe (Chicago, 1994)Google Scholar; and Turner, Bryan S. (ed.), Citizenship and Social Theory (Newbury Park, 1993)Google Scholar.

3 For the continued vigor of social history and closely-related enterprises in historical sociology, see Agirreazkuenaga, Joseba and Urquijo, Mikel (eds), Storia Locale e Micro-storia: Due Visione in Confronto (Bilbao, 1993)Google Scholar; Berlanstein, Lenard R. (ed.), Rethinking Labor History (Urbana, 1993)Google Scholar; Burke, Peter, History and Social Theory (Ithaca, 1992)Google Scholar and The Art of Conversation (Ithaca, 1993); Casanova, Julián, La Historia Social y los Historiadores (Barcelona, 1991)Google Scholar; Ginzburg, Carlo, Clues, Myths, and the Historical Method (Baltimore, 1986)Google Scholar; Ginzburg, Carlo and Poni, Carlo, “The Name and the Game: Unequal Exchange and the Historiographic Marketplace”, in Muir, Edward and Ruggiero, Guido (eds), Microhistory and the Lost Peoples of Europe (Baltimore, 1991)Google Scholar; Kalb, Don, “Frameworks of Culture and Class in Historical Research”, Theory and Society, 22 (1993), pp. 513–537;CrossRefGoogle ScholarLloyd, Christopher, The Structures of History (Oxford, 1993)Google Scholar; Monk-konen, Erik, “Lessons of Social Science History”, Social Science History, 18 (1994), pp. 161–168CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Morawska, Ewa and Spohn, Willfried, “‘Cultural Pluralism’ in Historical Sociology: Recent Theoretical Directions”, in Crane, Diana (ed.), The Sociology of Culture. Emerging Theoretical Perspectives (Oxford, 1994)Google Scholar; Palmer, Bryan D., Descent into Discourse. The Reification of Language and the Writing of Social History (Philadelphia, 1990)Google Scholar and “Critical Theory, Historical Materialism, and the Ostensible End of Marxism: The Poverty of Theory Revisited”, International Review of Social History, 38 (1993), pp. 133–162; Hernanz, Germán Rueda (ed.), Doce Estudios de Historiografla Contempordnea (Santander, 1991)Google Scholar; Smith, Dennis, The Rise of Historical Sociology (Philadelphia, 1991)Google Scholar; Zunz, Olivier (ed.), Reliving the Past. The Worlds of Social History (Chapel Hill, 1985)Google Scholar. For more skeptical and postmodern views of the prospects for systematic knowledge of social processes, see Ashmore, Malcolm, Wooffitt, Robin and Harding, Stella (eds), “Humans and Others. The Concept of ‘Agency’ and Its Attribution”, special issue of American Behavioral Scientist, 37 (1994)Google Scholar; Boyarin, Jonathan, “Space, Time, and the Politics of Memory”, in Boyarin, Jonathan (ed.), Remapping Memory. The Politics of TimeSpace (Minneapolis, 1994)Google Scholar; Cohen, David William, The Combing of History (Chicago, 1994)Google Scholar; Hawthorn, Geoffrey, Plausible Worlds. Possibility and Understanding in History and the Social Sciences (Cambridge, 1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Joyce, Patrick, “The End of Social History?”, Social History, 20 (1995), pp. 73–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Rancière, Jacques, Les mots de l'histoire. Essai de poétique du savoir (Paris, 1992)Google Scholar.

4 Ashcraft, Richard, “Liberal Political Theory and Working-Class Radicalism in Nineteenth-Century England”, Political Theory, 21 (1993), pp. 249–272CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bohstedt, John, “The Myth of the Feminine Food Riot: Women as Proto-Citizens in English Community Politics, 1790–1810”, in Applewhite, Harriet B. and Levy, Darline G. (eds), Women and Politics in the Age of the Democratic Revolution (Ann Arbor, 1990)Google Scholar; Bjorn, Claus, Grant, Alexander and Stringer, Keith J. (eds), Social and Political Identities in Western History (Copenhagen, 1994)Google Scholar; Calhoun, Craig, “The Problem of Identity in Collective Action”, in Huber, Joan (ed.), Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology (Newbury Park, 1991)Google Scholar and “Nationalism and Ethnicity”, Annual Review of Sociology, 19 (1993), pp. 211–239; Claeys, Gregory, “The Origins of the Rights of Labor: Republicanism, Commerce, and the Construction of Modern Social Theory in Britain, 1796–1805”, Journal of Modern History, 66 (1994), pp. 249–290;CrossRefGoogle ScholarColley, Linda, Britons. Forging the Nation 1707–1837 (New Haven, 1992)Google Scholar; Dickinson, Harry T., “Popular Loyalism in Britain in the 1790s”, in Eckhart, Hellmuth (ed.), The Transformation of Political Culture. England and Germany in the Late Eighteenth Century (London, 1990)Google Scholar; Epstein, James, “Understanding the Cap of Liberty: Symbolic Practice and Social Conflict in Early Nineteenth-Century England”, Past and Present, 122 (1989), pp. 75–118CrossRefGoogle Scholar and “The Constitutional Idiom: Radical Reasoning, Rhetoric and Action in Early Nineteenth Century England”, Journal of Social History, 23 (1990), pp. 553–574; Hanagan, Michael P., “New Perspectives on Class Formation: Culture, Reproduction, and Agency”, Social Science History, 18 (1994), pp. 77–94;CrossRefGoogle ScholarØstergard, Uffe, “‘Denationalizing’ National History. The Comparative Study of Nation-States”, Culture and History, 9–10 (1991), pp. 9–41Google Scholar and “Peasants and Danes: The Danish National Identity and Political Culture”, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 34 (1992), pp. 3–27; Sahlins, Peter, Boundaries. The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees (Berkeley, 1989)Google Scholar; Sewell, William H. Jr, “A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation”, American Journal of Sociology, 98 (1992), pp. 1–29;CrossRefGoogle ScholarSomers, Margaret R., “Narrativity, Narrative Identity, and Social Action: Rethinking English Working-Class Formation”, Social Science History, 16 (1992), pp. 591–630;CrossRefGoogle ScholarSteinberg, Marc W., “The Dialogue of Struggle: The Contest over Ideological Boundaries in the Case of London Silk Weavers in the Early Nineteenth Century”, Social Science History, 18 (1994), pp. 505–542;CrossRefGoogle ScholarTarrow, Sidney, Power in Movement (Cambridge, 1994)Google Scholar; Tilly, Charles, “Social Movements as Historically Specific Gusters of Political Performances”, Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 38 (1993–1994), pp. 1–30Google Scholar and Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758–1834 (Cambridge, 1995); Traugott, Mark, “Barricades as Repertoire: Continuities and Discontinuities in the History of French Contention”, Social Science History, 17 (1993), pp. 309–323CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5 Akerlof, George A., “Gift Exchange and Efficiency Wage Theory: Four Views”, American Economic Review Proceedings, 74 (1984), pp. 79–83;Google ScholarBaron, James N. and Hannan, Michael T., “The Impact of Economics on Contemporary Sociology”, Journal of Economic Literature, 32 (1994), pp. 1111–1146;Google ScholarCarroll, Glenn R. and Harrison, J. Richard, “On the Historical Efficiency of Competition between Organizational Populations”, American Journal of Sociology, 100 (1994), pp. 720–749;CrossRefGoogle ScholarChandler, Alfred, “Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 6 (1992), pp. 79–100;CrossRefGoogle ScholarCoase, Ronald, “The Institutional Structure of Production”, American Economic Review, 82 (1992), pp. 713–719;Google ScholarGranovetter, Mark, “The Sociological and Economic Approaches to Labor Markets”, in Farkas, George and England, Paula (eds), Industries, Firms, and Jobs: Sociological and Economic Approaches (New York, 1988)Google Scholar; Granovetter, Mark and Tilly, Charles, “Inequality and Labor Processes”, in Smelser, Neil J. (ed.), Handbook of Sociology (Newbury Park, 1988)Google Scholar; Portes, Alejandro (ed.), The Economic Sociology of Immigration (New York, 1995)Google Scholar; Portes, Alejandro and Sensenbrenner, Julia, “Embeddedness and Immigration:. Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action”, American Journal of Sociology, 98 (1993), pp. 1320–1350;CrossRefGoogle ScholarReskin, Barbara and Roos, Patricia A., Job Queues, Gender Queues. Explaining Women's Inroads into Male Occupations (Philadelphia, 1990)Google Scholar; Simon, Herbert, “Organizations and Markets”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5 (1991), pp. 25–44;CrossRefGoogle ScholarTilly, Chris and Tilly, Charles, “Capitalist Work and Labor Markets”, in Smelser, Neil J. and Swedberg, Richard (eds), Handbook of Economic Sociology (New York and Princeton, 1994)Google Scholar; White, Harrison, “Varieties of Markets”, in Wellman, Barry and Berkowitz, Steven (eds), Social Structures: A Network Approach (Cambridge, 1988)Google Scholar; Zelizer, Viviana, “The Creation of Domestic Currencies”, American Economic Review. Papers and Proceedings, 84 (1994), pp. 138–142Google Scholar and The Social Meaning of Money (New York, 1994).

6 Bhargava, Rajeev, Individualism in Social Science. Forms and Limits of a Methodology (Oxford, 1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Birnbaum, Pierre and Leca, Jean (eds), Sur l'individualisme (Paris, 1987)Google Scholar; Druckman, Daniel, “Nationalism, Patriotism, and Group Loyalty: A Social Psychological Perspective”, Mershon International Studies Review, 38 (1994), pp. 43–68;CrossRefGoogle ScholarFesh-bach, Seymour, “Individual Aggression, National Attachment, and the Search for Peace: Psychological Perspectives”, Aggressive Behavior, 13 (1987), pp. 315–325;3.0.CO;2-4>CrossRefGoogle ScholarHechter, Michael (ed.), The Microfoundations of Macrosociology (Philadelphia, 1983)Google Scholar; Tilly, Charles, “Softcore Solipsism”, LabourlLe Travail, 34 (1994), pp. 259–268CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7 Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London, 1991)Google Scholar; Ashforth, Adam, The Politics of Official Discourse in Twentieth-Century South Africa (Oxford, 1990)Google Scholar; BjØrn, Claus, Grant, Alexander and Stringer, Keith J. (eds), Nations, Nationalism and Patriotism in the European Past (Copenhagen, 1994)Google Scholar; Boyarin, Jonathan (ed.), Remapping Memory. The Politics of TimeSpace (Minneapolis, 1994)Google Scholar; Brubaker, Rogers, “East European, Soviet, and Post-Soviet Nationalisms: A Frame-work for Analysis”, Research on Democracy and Society, 1 (1993), pp. 353–378Google Scholar and “Rethinking Nationhood: Nation as Institutionalized Form, Practical Category, Contingent Event”, Contention, 4 (1994), pp. 3–14; Comaroff, John, “Humanity, Ethnicity, Nationality: Conceptual and Comparative Perspectives on the U.S.S.R.”, Theory and Society, 20 (1991), pp. 661–688;CrossRefGoogle ScholarCunningham, Hugh, “The Language of Patriotism”, History Workshop Journal, 12 (1981), pp. 8–33;CrossRefGoogle ScholarGuardino, Peter, “Identity and Nationalism in Mexico: Guerrero, 1780–1840”, Journal of Historical Sociology, 7 (1994), pp. 314–342;CrossRefGoogle ScholarKarpat, Kemal H., “Gli stati balcanici e il nazionalismo: l'immagine e la realtà”, Quademi Storici, 84 (1993), pp. 679–718;Google ScholarMees, Ludger, Entre nación y close. El nadonalismo vasco y su base social en perspectiva comparativa (Bilbao, 1991)Google Scholar; Noiriel, Gérard, La tyrannie du National Le droit d'asile en Europe 1793–1993 (Paris, 1991)Google Scholar and “L'identification des citoyens. Naissance de l'état civil républicain”, Gentses, 13 (1993), pp. 3–28; Orloff, Ann Shola, “Gender and the Social Rights of Citizenship: The Comparative Analysis of Gender Relations and Welfare States”, American Sociological Review, 58 (1993), pp. 303–328;CrossRefGoogle ScholarRosanvallon, Pierre, L'État en France de 1789 à nos jours (Paris, 1990)Google Scholar; Rosen, Lawrence, “The Integrity of Cultures”, American Behavioral Scientist, 34 (1991), pp. 594–617;CrossRefGoogle ScholarShell, Marc, Children of the Earth. Literature, Politics and Nationhood (New York, 1993)Google Scholar; Thórarinsdóttir, Frída, “National, State and Language. An Invented Unity”, Working Paper 188, Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research (1994)Google Scholar; Topalov, Christian, “Patriotismes et citoyennetés”, Genèses, 3 (1991), pp. 162–176;CrossRefGoogle ScholarWahrman, Dror, “Virtual Representation: Parliamentary Reporting and Languages of Class in the 1790s”, Past and Present, 136 (1992), pp. 83–113;CrossRefGoogle ScholarWendt, Alexander, “Collective Identity Formation and the International State”, American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), pp. 384–398CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On relational analyses more generally, see Bearman, Peter S., Relations into Rhetorics. Local Elite Social Structure in Norfolk, England, 1540–1640 (New Brunswick, 1993)Google Scholar; Blanc, Maurice (ed.), Pour une sociologie de la transaction sociale (Paris, 1992)Google Scholar; Emirbayer, Mustafa and Goodwin, Jeff, “Network Analysis, Culture, and the Problem of Agency”, American Journal of Sociology, 99 (1994), pp. 1411–1454;CrossRefGoogle ScholarKontopoulos, Kyriakos M., The Logics of Social Structure (Cambridge, 1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Somers, Margaret R., “The Narrative Constitution of Identity: A Relational and Network Approach”, Theory and Society, 23 (1994), pp. 605–650;CrossRefGoogle ScholarWhite, Harrison, Identity and Control. A Structural Theory of Social Action (Princeton, 1992)Google Scholar and “Where Do Languages Come From? – Switching Talk”, Working Paper 202, Center for the Social Sciences, Columbia University, 22 March 1995.

8 Lipset, Seymour Martin, Political Man. The Social Bases of Politics (Garden City, 1960), pp. 55, 84–85, 92–93Google Scholar.

9 Rokkan, Stein, Citizens, Elections, Parties. Approaches to the Comparative Study of Processes of Development (Oslo, 1970), pp. 27–28Google Scholar. See Tilly, Charles, “Stein Rokkan et les Identités Politiques”, Revue Internationale de Politique Comparie, 2 (1995), pp. 27–45Google Scholar.

10 Woloch, Isser, The New Regime. Transformations of the French Civic Order, 1789–1820s (New York, 1994)Google Scholar; Lane, Frederic C., Venice, a Maritime Republic (Baltimore, 1973)Google Scholar; Mallett, M. E. and Hale, J. R., The Military Organization of a Renaissance State. Venice, c. 1400 to 1617 (Cambridge, 1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pullan, Brian, Rich and Poor in Renaissance Venice (Oxford, 1971)Google Scholar.

11 Brubaker, Rogers, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, 1992)Google Scholar. On immigration, ethnicity and citizenship in France, the United States and else-where, see Bodnar, John, The Transplanted. A History of Immigrants in Urban America (Bloomington, 1985)Google Scholar; Breton, Raymond, Isajiw, Wsevolod W., Kalbach, Warren E. and Reitz, Jeffrey G., Ethnic Identity and Equality: Varieties of Experience in a Canadian City (Toronto, 1990)Google Scholar; Castles, Stephen and Miller, Mark J., The Age of Migration. International Population Movements in the Modern World (New York, 1993)Google Scholar; Cheng, Lucie and Bonacich, Edna (eds), Labor Immigration under Capitalism. Asian Workers in the United States before World War II (Berkeley, 1984)Google Scholar; Lieberson, Stanley and Waters, Mary C., From Many Strands. Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America (New York, 1988)Google Scholar; Lucassen, Jan, Migrant Labour in Europe, 1600–1900. The Drift to the North Sea (London, 1987)Google Scholar; Moch, Leslie Pagé, Moving Europeans. Migration in Western Europe since 1650 (Bloomington, 1992)Google Scholar; Noiriel, Gérard, Le creuset francais. Histoire de l'immigration XlXeXXe siècles (Paris, 1988)Google Scholar; Portes, Alejandro and Rumbaut, Rubén G., Immigrant America: A Portrait (Berkeley, 1990)Google Scholar; Rumbaut, Rubén G., “Origins and Destinies: Immigration to the United States Since World War II”, Sociological Forum, 9 (1994), pp. 583–622;CrossRefGoogle ScholarThomas, Robert J., Citizenship, Gender, and Work. Social Organization of Industrial Agriculture (Berkeley, 1985)Google Scholar; Watkins, Susan Cotts (ed.), After Ellis Island. Newcomers and Natives in the 1910 Census (New York, 1994)Google Scholar; Williams, Robin, “The Sociology of Ethnic Conflicts: Comparative International Perspectives”, Annual Review of Sociology, 20 (1994), pp. 49–79;CrossRefGoogle ScholarYans-McLaughlin, Virginia (ed.), Immigration Reconsidered. History, Sociology, and Politics (New York, 1990)Google Scholar; Zolberg, Aristide, “Labor Migration and International Economic Regimes: Bretton Woods and After”, in Kritz, Mary M., Lim, Lin Lean and Zlotnik, Hania (eds), International Migration Systems: A Global Approach (New York, 1992)Google Scholar.

12 Birnbaum, Pierre, “La France aux Francois”. Histoire des haines nationalistes (Paris, 1993)Google Scholar.

13 Levy, Yagil, “The Military as a Mechanism of Interethnic Reproduction: The Case of Israel”, Working Paper 198, Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research (1994)Google Scholar; Peled, Yoav, “Ethnic Democracy and the Legal Construction of Citizen-ship: Arab Citizens of the Jewish State”, American Political Science Review, 86 (1992), pp. 432–443CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14 Rokkan, Stein, Citizens Elections Parties. Approaches to the Comparative Study of the Processes of Development (Oslo, 1970)Google Scholar; “Macro-Histoire et Analyse Comparative des Processus de Developpement Politique: Note Introductive”, unpublished report to the Journée d'études de l' Association Francaise de Science Politique (1974); “Une Famille de Modèles pour I'Histoire Comparée de l' Europe Occidentale”, unpublished report to the Journée d'études de l' Association Francaise de Science Politique (1976). See also Immerfall, Stefan, “Macrohistorical Models in Historical-Electoral Research: A Fresh Look at the Stein-Rokkan-Tradition”, Historical Social Research, 17 (1992), pp. 103–116;Google ScholarLipset, Seymour Martin and Rokkan, Stein (eds), Party Systems and Voter Alignments. Cross-National Perspectives (New York, 1967)Google Scholar; Tilly, , “Stein Rokkan et les Identity Politiques”; Torsvik, Per (ed.), Mobilization, Center-Periphery Structures and Nation-Building (Bergen, 1981)Google Scholar.