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The Attitude of the Journal des hommes libres Towards the Babouvists

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2008

Max Fajn
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During the Directory the Journal des hommes litres de tous les pays was a major spokesman for the repubhcans and its pages reflect the difficulties that the Babouvist Conspiracy created for them. Although the newspaper gave a sympathetic hearing to Babouvist ideas, it was aware that the conspiracy weakened the republican movement and favored the royalists and the moderates. One discovers in the columns of the Journal the interests, goals, and strategy of the Jacobins rather than merely the programs and rationale of the “unregenerated terrorists” of the Extreme Left. Accordingly, this newspaper is an important source on the problems and the objectives of French republicans from 1795 to 1800. After a brief description of the editorial staff and the circulation of the daily, this article will deal with its attitude towards the Babouvists and its major tendencies during the First Directory, the phase of this regime which ended with the coup d'état of 18 Fructidor Year V (September 4, 1797).

Type
Research Article
Information
International Review of Social History , Volume 19 , Issue 2 , August 1974 , pp. 228 - 244
Copyright
Copyright © Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis 1974

References

page 228 note 1 See my thesis “The Journal des hommes libres de tous les pays, 1792–1800” (University of Chicago, 1969)Google Scholar, which will be published by Mouton Publishers, The Hague. The quotes at the Bibliothèque Nationale of the ten volumes of this newspaper are 4°Lc2732–739 and 8°Lc2357. Unless otherwise indicated, the newspaper quoted is the Journal.

page 228 note 2 See Vatar's short note, V, No 177, 5 Floréal Year IV, p. 772; and also his “A mes concitoyens”, La Lumière, VIII, No 6, 16 Frimaire Year VII, pp. 27–28, and “A mes concitoyens”, Journal des républicains, IX, No 15, 16 Frimaire Year VIII, p. 60.Google Scholar

page 228 note 3 Roederer, Pierre L., Oeuvres (8 vols, Paris, 1853–1859), III, pp. 373–374Google Scholar, assumed that the government owned the newspaper, but that Fouché managed it. See also the note-book of the historian Charles Vatel at the Bibliothèque Municipale of Versailles, and de Livois, René, Histoire de la presse française (2 vols, Lausanne, 1965), I, p. 158.Google Scholar

page 229 note 1 “Aux rédacteurs du Journal des hommes libres”, V, No 142, 30 Ventôse Year IV, pp. 571–572; Duval's letter to L'Ami des lois, “Paris”, ibid., No 203, 1 Prairial, p. 818; and “Les rédacteurs du Journal des hommes libres aux rédacteurs des Nouvelles politiques”, ibid., No 314, 27 Fructidor, p. 1277. Léonard Gallois, Histoire des journaux et des journalistes de la Révolution française (2 vols, Paris, 1845–46), I, p. 174; Kuscinski, A., Dictionnaire des Conventionnels (Paris, 1919), pp. 236–237Google Scholar; Dautry, Jean, “Les démocrates pauvres avant et après le coup d'état du 18 Fructidor an V”, in: Annales historiques de la Révo-lution française, XXII (1950), pp. 141–151Google Scholar; Markov, Walter, “Babeuf, le Babou-visme et les intellectuels allemands (1796–1797)”, in: Babeuf et les problèmes du Babouvisme (Paris, 1963), p. 190Google Scholar; and Mazauric, Claude, Babeuf et la conspiration pour l'égalité (Paris, 1962), p. 123Google Scholar; they all insist that Duval was the author of the Journal during the Babouvist Affair.

page 229 note 2 See my ‘Charles-François Duval, Journaliste et Homme d'État (1750–1829)”, in: Annales de Bretagne, LXXIX (1972), pp. 417–424.Google Scholar

page 229 note 3 Lavallée's answer to the Lyon journalist J. L. Fain, Le Républicain, I, No 141, March 22,1793, pp. 609–610, and No 241, June 30,1793, p. 1036. Only two authors have been aware so far of Lavallée's role: Liéby, A., ‘La presse révolutionnaire et la censure théâtrale sous la Terreur”, in: La Révolution française, XLV (1903), p. 509, n. 2Google Scholar, and Vatel, Charles, Charlotte de Corday et les Girondins (4 vols, Paris, 1864–1872), III, p. 529Google Scholar, the last author assuming that Lavallée's collaboration began in 1795.

page 230 note 1 Until the arrest of the Babouvists, the Journal carried 4 letters and 48 articles by Antonelle, almost all after December 13, 1795; during the Babouvist Affair, 65 articles and 10 letters of his, nearly all before the end of 1796. He signed his articles “L'hermite des environs de Paris” as of July 16, 1796, writing 51 of them before the middle of August 1796, 3 in December 1796 and January 1797, and 7 in April and May 1797. In 1798 the Journal and its continuations carried only 2 of his articles. In 1799, according to his letter to the Chronique universelle, reprinted IX, No 34, 4 Thermidor Year VII, p. 143, he wrote many of the editorials, but without signing them. From September 5 to November 9, 1799, he signed his articles “Bonnefoi”, according to the clue he provided in L'Ennemi des oppresseurs, IX, No 30, 11 Vendémiaire Year VIII, pp. 118–120.

page 230 note 2 His first article is in the Correspondance des représentants, of 1 Brumaire Year VII.

page 230 note 3 Méhee's role was first mentioned by Roederer, op. cit., III, pp. 372–373, and most historians followed suit. See Livois, op. cit., I, p. 158; Vandal, Albert, L'avènement de Bonaparte (2 vols, Paris, 1903–1907), I, pp. 463–464Google Scholar; Périvier, Antoine, Napoléon journaliste (Paris, 1918), p. 344Google Scholar; and Madelin, Louis, Foucheá 1759–1820 (2 vols, Paris, 1901), I, p. 277.Google Scholar The Journal acknowledged his role X, No 49, 25 Nivôse Year VIII, pp. 195–196, and in “Avis important”, ibid.. No 50, 26 Nivôse.

page 231 note 1 III, No 115, 25 Nivôse Year III, pp. 481, n. 1. The only useful records are those left by Colonel Bouchotte, the minister of war till March 21, 1794. See Archives Nationales (hereafter cited as AN), AF 10, plaq. 66, pièces 15 and 29, and F7 4436A, plaq. 4, p. 166. See also Herlaut, Auguste, Le Colonel Bouchotte, ministre de la guerre en l'an II (2 vols, Paris, 1946), II, pp. 93–100.Google Scholar Earlier estimates were erroneous. See Mathiez, Albert, “La presse subventionnee en l'an II”, in: Annales révolutionnaires, X (1918), pp. 112–113Google Scholar; and Thompson, J. M., Robespierre (2 vols, Oxford, 1935), II, p. 86.Google Scholar

page 231 note 2 These estimates are based on the subscriptions purchased by the government and on evaluations made by contemporaries. See Roederer, op. cit., VI, pp. 44 and 293, and Aulard, Alphonse, Paris pendant la Réaction thermidorienne et le Directoire (5 vols, Paris, 1898–1902), III, p. 260.Google Scholar

page 231 note 3 Mathiez, Albert, Le Directoire du 11 Brumaire an IV au 18 Fructidor an V, ed. Godechot, Jacques (Paris, 1934), pp. 144–145Google Scholar; Soboul, Albert, “L'audience des Lumières sous la Révolution. Jean-Jacques Rousseau et les classes populaires”, in: Utopies et institutions au XVIIIème siècle. Le Pragmatisme des Lumières, ed. Francastel, Pierre (Paris, 1963), pp. 289–303.Google Scholar

page 231 note 4 I have dealt in detail with the readership of the Journal in an article that will appear in the Annales historiques de la Révolution françcaise, “Le tirage du Journal des hommes libres de tous les pays, 1792–1800”.

page 232 note 1 There was very little difference between the readership of a Jacobin newspaper and that of a royalist one. See my article “The circulation of the French press during the French Revolution: The case of Lebois', R. F.L'Ami du peuple and the royalist Gazette française”, in: English Historical Review, LXXXVII (1972), pp. 100–105.Google Scholar

page 232 note 2 Bienvenue, Richard, The Ninth of Thermidor: The Fall of Robespierre (New York, 1968), p. 65.Google Scholar An unsigned article in II, No 10, 10 Nivôse Year II, pp. 38–40, claimed that only aristocrats, popular societies in the departments, some patriots in rural areas, village priests, and in general people too far from Paris to be good republicans, purchased newspapers, while in Paris they were hardly read even in government circles and among the militants. By September 1798 the situation had even deteriorated if one is to believe the commissioner of the government in the Seine department, who claimed that the Jacobin press was not to be feared since it was without any influence. See Aulard, op. cit., V, p. 166.

page 233 note 1 Lefebvre, Georges, Le Directoire (Paris, 1946), pp. 25–27Google Scholar; Mathiez, Albert, La France sous le Directoire (Paris, 1929), pp. 64–66 and 83Google Scholar; and Mazauric, op. cit., p. 130.

page 233 note 2 The Prospectus of the Tribun du peuple was reproduced V, No 7, 14 Brumaire Year IV, p. 28, and the way in which it was transmitted to the Journal is explained No 10, 17 Brumaire, pp. 39–40.

page 233 note 3 Mathiez, La France, pp. 72–73; Walter, Gérard, Babeuf, 1760–1797, et la Conjuration des Egaux (Paris, 1937), p. 117Google Scholar; Dunan, Marcel, Histoire intérieure du Directoire (Paris, 1953), p. 55Google Scholar; and Saitta, Armando, “Autour de la Conjuration de Babeuf. Discussion sur le communisme (1796)”, in: Babeuf (1760–1797). Buonarroti (1761–1837). Pour le deuxième centenaire de leur naissance (Nancy, 1961), pp. 77–80.Google Scholar

page 233 note 4 V, No 10, 17 Brumaire Year IV, pp. 39–40.

page 233 note 5 Mathiez, Le Directoire, pp. 170–171; and Dommanget, Maurice ed., Pages choisies de Babeuf (Paris, 1935), p. 246.Google Scholar Mazauric, op. cit., p. 211, claims that the Equals had courteous relations with Duval, but that a break took place between them.

page 234 note 1 AN, AF III* fol. 58, AF III 335, dos. 1448, and F18 21, dos. Seine, pièce XLVIII (Orateur plébéien). See also Aulard, op. cit., II, p. 500, n. 1, and Debidour, A., Recueil des actes du Directoire exécutif (4 vols, Paris, 1910–1917), I, pp. 212–213.Google Scholar

page 234 note 2 Saitta, op. cit., pp. 77–80; Walter, op. cit., p. 177; and Mazauric, Claude, “Babeuf, Buonarroti et les problèmes du Babouvisme. Etat actuel des recher-ches”, in: Babeuf et les problemes du Babouvisme, pp. 296–297.Google Scholar

page 234 note 3 “Des variations du gouvernement et de leur influence nécessaire sur les conspirations, troubles, mouvement et chute de l'esprit public”, VII, No 2, 2 Prairial Year V, pp. 7–8, and supplement, pp. 9–12.

page 234 note 4 “Paris”, V, No 114, 2 Ventôse Year IV, p. 460; “Un mot simple sur l'arrêté du directoire …”, by Antonelle, ibid., No 125, 13 Ventôse, p. 504; “Mon troisième mot sur la fermeture des réunions civiques”, by Antonelle, issues of 22 and 23 Ventôse; see also No 182, 10 Floréal, p. 732, and No 184, 12 Floréal, p. 740.

page 234 note 5 V, No 124, 12 Ventôse Year IV, pp. 498–500; No 125, 13 Ventôse, p. 504; No 128, 17 Ventôse, p. 511; and No 139, 27 Ventôse, pp. 559–560. Lepeletier published 3 articles and 2 letters in the Journal before the arrest of the Babouvists and 2 articles afterwards, and before May 19, 1796.

page 234 note 6 See, in particular, Duval's introduction to a letter, V, No 115, 3 Ventôse Year IV, p. 462; “Paris”, by Lepeletier, No 119, 7 Ventôse, p. 479; Duval's answer to the attacks in the Gardien de la Constitution, No 144, 2 Germinal, pp. 579– 580; No 151, 9 Germinal, pp. 607–608; No 155, 13 Germinal, p. 623; No 169, 27 Germinal, p. 678; and No 145, 3 Germinal, pp. 583–584.

page 235 note 1 “Paris”, V, No 169, 27 Germinal Year IV, p. 678; and No 171, 29 Germinal, p. 686. See also Mathiez, La France, p. 88.

page 235 note 2 V, No 30, 7 Frimaire Year IV, pp. 119–120; “Reims”, ibid., No 111, 20 Pluviôse, p. 448; and “Paris”, ibid., No 174, 2 Floréal, pp. 699–700.

page 235 note 3 Saitta, op. cit., pp. 77–78, believes that Antonelle drew away from the conspiracy. For the classical interpretation of Antonelle's role, see Buonarroti, , Conspiration pour l'égalité, dite de Babeuf (2 vols, Paris, 1957), I, p. 99.Google Scholar

page 235 note 4 AN, AF III* 3, fol. 110 and 118, AF III 610, dos. 4268, pièces 27 and 28, F' 7148, dos. 4010 (3 Prairial police report), F7 7148, dos. B2 4010 (Vatar), and F7 4276. See also “Avis aux abonnés”, V, No 206, 7 Prairial Year IV, p. 827, and Debidour, op. cit., II, p. 383.

page 235 note 5 V, No 206, 7 Prairial Year IV, p. 830; and “Paris”, ibid., No 209, 10 Prairial, p. 842.

page 235 note 6 See the report by the Bureau d'esprit public for the period 24 Brumaire –0 22 Pluviôse Year IV, AN, F7 3448; and individual dossiers of departments, such as that of Charente Inférieure, in F18 14, pièce CXXVI. In the same archives, see F7 4276, pièce 37, relative to the distribution of the Journal in the Army of the Coast of Brest.

page 235 note 7 He was No 223 on the list, according to AN, F7 4278, pièces 37 and 38.

page 235 note 8 “Paris”, V, No 199, 27 Floréal Year IV, pp. 799–800; id., ibid., by Vatar, No 213, 13 Prairial, p. 854; and “Sur la conjuration du 22 Floréal …”, ibid., No 248, 19 Messidor, supplement, pp. 1004–1006.

page 236 note 1 “Paris”, and note a, V, No 198, 26 Floréal Year IV, pp. 795–796.

page 236 note 2 See the introduction to the “Plan of Insurrection”, V, No 208, 9 Prairial Year IV, pp. 835–836; and No 211, 12 Prairial, pp. 849–850.

page 236 note 3 “Paris”, V, No 204, 2 Prairial Year IV, p. 822; id., ibid., No 205, 6 Prairial, p. 825; id., ibid., by Vatar, No 212, 13 Prairial, p. 854; and id., ibid., by Antonelle, No 274, 17 Thermidor, p. 1118. See also Mathiez, La France, pp. 97–98, and Le Directoire, p. 224; and Deville, Gabriel, Thermidor & Directoire (1794–1799) [Histoire Socialiste (1789–1900), ed. Jaurès, Jean] (Paris, n.d.), p. 322.Google Scholar

page 236 note 4 Its campaign corresponded to that of Jean L. Tallien at the Council of Five Hundred against the lifting of Drouet's parliamentary immunity on June 9, 1796. See Mathiez, , La France, pp. 98–99.Google Scholar Drouet defended himself in the May 19 and August 21 and 26 issues of the Journal. Articles in his defense appeared also in the issues of June 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29, and François Lamarque's defense of Drouet in the legislature was published on July 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17.

page 236 note 5 “A l'homme qu'on en jugera digne (suite)”, V, No 203, 1 Prairial Year IV, pp. 817–818; and the continuation of the same, No 205, 3 Prairial, pp. 824–825 and n. 1.

page 237 note 1 V, No 201, 29 Floréal Year IV, pp. 805–806; “Paris”, ibid., No 226, 27 Prairial, p. 914; and 'Avis au peuple”, ibid.. No 299, 12 Fructidor, p. 1218.

page 237 note 2 “Reflexions d'un républicain sur le mois de Prairial de l'an III”, by P.F.T[issot], V, No 228, 29 Prairial Year IV, pp. 921–922.

page 237 note 3 “Sur la prétendue conspiration du 22 Floréal”, by Antonelle, supplement to VI, No 104, 29 Nivôse Year V, pp. 419–420. See also Aulard, op. cit., III, pp. 202 and 203.

page 237 note 4 Aulard, op. cit.. III, p. 186; see also Schmidt, Adolphe ed.. Tableaux de la Révolution française publiés sur les papiers inédits du département et de la police de Paris (3 vols, Leipzig, 1867–1870), III, p. 194.Google Scholar

page 237 note 5 Aulard, op. cit., III, p. 260.

page 237 note 6 See Albert Soboul, “Une lettre de Babeuf à Hésine (16 décembre 1796)”, and Bouis, R., “A propos d'une lettre de Babeuf ' Hésine”, in: Annales historiques de la Révolution française, XXXV (1963), pp. 79–84 and 94–98.Google Scholar

page 237 note 7 “Paris”, V, No 312, 25 Fructidor Year IV, pp. 1269–1270; “Nouveaux détails …”, ibid., No 313, 26 Fructidor, p. 1273; No 315, 28 Fructidor, pp. 1281–1282; “Sur les commissions politiques”, ibid., No 325, 4 Vendémiaire Year V, p. 1322; VI, No 6, 21 Vendémiaire Year V, p. 24; “Détails précieux sur quelques con-damnés …”, ibid., No 7, 22 Vendémiaire, pp. 27–28; and “Analyse de la protestation motivée …“, ibid., No 13, 28 Vendémiaire, pp. 51–52.

page 237 note 8 VI, No 142, 7 Ventôse Year V, pp. 577–578; the comments following the text of Charles Germain's defense, No 146, 11 Ventôse, p. 595; “Haute Cour”, ibid., No 149, 14 Ventôse, pp. 608–609; and No 151, 16 Ventôse, p. 620. According to Mazauric, op. cit., p. 211, only René Lebois's L'mi du peuple defended the Babouvists, the other newspapers criticizing the miscarriage of justice of which they were the victims.

page 238 note 1 Dommanget, Maurice, “Le système de défense des babouvistes au procès de Vendôme”, in: Annales historiques de la Révolution française, XXXIX (1967), pp. 255–258.Google Scholar

page 238 note 2 “Paris”, V, No 214, 15 Prairial Year IV, p. 862.

page 238 note 3 “Sur la prétendue conspiration du 22 Floréal ….”, by Antonelle, VI, No 104, 29 Ventôse Year V, pp. 417–420.

page 238 note 4 VI, No 145, 10 Ventôse Year V, p. 590.

page 238 note 5 “Haute Cour”, VII, No 4, 4 Prairial Year V, p. 19.

page 238 note 6 VII, No 9, 9 Prairial Year V, p. 44. See also the issues of 3 and 16 Floréal Year V of the Moniteur universel (Réimpression) (32 vols, Paris, 1858–70), XXVIII, pp. 666 and 584; Buonarroti, op. cit., II, p. 20; Mazauric, op. cit., p. 215; and Charles Nodier, Souvenirs de la Révolution et de l'Empire (new ed. in 2 vols, Paris, 1872), II, pp. 292–293.

page 239 note 1 VII, No 9, 9 Prairial Year V, p. 44.

page 239 note 2 Before the suppression of the conspiracy, the Journal carried 3 articles and 2 letters by Lepeletier; letters by General Parrein, Buonarroti (March 3, 1796), Charles Germain (May 1, 1796), and Babeuf (March 2, 1796). Before the trial at Vendôme, in addition to the articles and letters by Lepeletier and Drouet, and about the latter, it carried 2 letters by Babeuf (May 22 and June 12, 1796) and his interrogation by Judge André Gérard (June 17–25, 1796); articles and letters, by Germain (see especially the issues of November 6, 1796, and March 6, 1797), Darthé (see particularly the issues of December 9 and 10, 1796, and March 12, 1797), Jaumé, Adjutant-General Jorry, M. G. A. Vadier, and General Parrein. It also carried the declaration of the Babouvists accused of attacking the camp of Grenelle (October 10 and 13, 1796) and those on trial at Vendôme (April 6, 1797), as well as lengthy coverage of the trial of the attackers of the camp of Grenelle (September 22, 28, 29, and October 10, 1796) and the trial at Vendôme (there were 55 Haute Cour columns from October 19, 1796, to May 19, 1797). After the trial, it published several letters and articles by Jorry; it described the transfer of the Babouvists to Cherbourg (21 Prairial Year VI); it organized a collection of funds to provide aid to the widow and the children of Babeuf (“Note des éditeurs”, VII, No 14, 14 Prairial Year V, p. 65; No 24, 24 Germinal, p. 105; and “Paris”, ibid., No 326, 22 Germinal Year VI, p. 1346); and it pleaded for the reprieve of the imprisoned Babouvists (see the issues of 26 Pluviôse and 2, 11, and 26 Ventôse Year VIII).

page 239 note 3 This is the thesis of Saitta, op. cit., pp. 79–82; Mazauric, op. cit., pp. 139–140; and J. Suratteau, “Les Babouvistes, le péril rouge et le Directoire (1796–1798)”, in: Babeuf et les problèmes du Babouvisme, p. 152.

page 239 note 4 “Convention”, II, No 235, 25 Thermidor Year II, p. 949; “Paris”, ibid., No 245, 5 Fructidor, p. 992; and id., ibid., No 252, 12 Fructidor, p. 1022.

page 240 note 1 “Paris”, III, No 62, 2 Frimaire Year III, p. 266; “Paris”, by L. L., ibid.. No 237, 27 Floréal, p. 973; “Chapitre des contradictions”, by L. L., ibid., No 239, 29 Floréal, p. 982; “Paris”, IV, No 16, 1 Messidor Year III, p. 64; “Réflexions d'un républicain sur les prêtres appelés réfractaires et constitutionnels …”, ibid., No 23, 8 Messidor, pp. 91–92; “Paris”, ibid., No 27, 22 Messidor, p. 147; No 73, 28 Thermidor, p. 291; and “Paris”, No 76, 1 Fructidor, p. 300.

page 240 note 2 Mathiez, Le Directoire, p. 224; and Lefebvre, op. cit., p. 40.

page 240 note 3 “Paris”, V, No 204, 2 Prairial Year IV, p. 822; “Paris”, by Vatar, ibid., No 212, 13 Prairial, p. 854; “Conspiration par les prêtres contre la république”, ibid., No 253, 24 Messidor, p. 1026; “Paris”, by Antonelle, ibid., No 274, 17 Thermidor, p. 1118; VI, No 35, 20 Brumaire Year V, p. 79; “Echantillon du républicanisme des ministres du culte catholique”, VII, No 8, 8 Prairial Year V, p. 37; and the articles by Antonelle in the issues of 8, 17, and 19 Nivôse and 1 Pluviôse Year IV. See also Deville, op. cit., V, p. 322.

page 240 note 4 V, No 142, 30 Ventôse Year IV, p. 511; and “Quelques réflexions sur la pente de notre gouvernement à devenir un gouvernement militaire”, by P. F. T[issot], ibid., No 320, 3rd Day SC, pp. 1301–1302. See also Lefebvre, op. cit., pp. 93–94.

page 240 note 5 “Paris”, VI, No 98, 23 Nivôse Year V, p. 392; No 110, 5 Pluviôse, p. 443; VII, No 78, 18 Thermidor Year V, pp. 302 and 304; No 83, 23 Thermidor, p. 344; and No 86, 26 Thermidor, pp. 354–355.

page 240 note 6 V, No 213, 14 Prairial Year IV, pp. 855–856; No 216, 17 Prairial, p. 862; No 240, 11 Messidor, p. 969; No 314, 27 Fructidor, p. 1277; No 323, 2 Vendémiaire Year V, p. 1312; and VI, No 57, 12 Frimaire Year V, p. 228. The impact of the French on the political life of the territories they occupied and the inter-relationship between French developments and the developments in these territories is dealt at length in Godechot, Jacques, La Grande Nation (2 vols, Paris, 1956)Google Scholar, and Palmer, Robert R., The Age of Democratic Revolution (2 vols, Princeton, 1959 and 1964).Google Scholar

page 241 note 1 See the extract of the speech by the legislator Pierre Briot in L'Ennemi des oppresseurs, IX, No 21, 2 Vendémiaire Year VIII, pp. 83–84; No 22, 4 Vendémiaire, pp. 87–88; and “Propension du pouvoir à tout envahir, nécessité de résister a ses entreprises”, by Raisson, Fournier, and Lefebvre, Journal des hommes, IX, No 4, 8 Brumaire Year VIII, pp. 14–16.

page 241 note 2 VII, No 128, 3 Vendémiaire Year VI, p. 538; No 193, 8 Frimaire, p. 804; and “Paris”, ibid., No 319, 14 Germinal, pp. 1317–1318.

page 241 note 3 “Convention”, II, No 235, 25 Thermidor Year II, p. 949; “Paris”, III, No 190, 10 Germinal Year III, p. 786; No 192, 12 Germinal, p. 794; V, No 144, 2 Germinal Year IV, pp. 579–580; No 151, 9 Germinal, pp. 607–608; No 155,13 Germinal, p. 623; No 169, 27 Germinal, p. 678; and No 201, 29 Floréal, pp. 805–806.

page 241 note 4 “Sur les dangers publics”, VI, No 59, 14 Frimaire Year V, pp. 235–236; and “Paris”, ibid.. No 109, 4 Pluviôse, pp. 439–440.

page 241 note 5 “Club des Jacobins”, III, No 44, 14 Brumaire Year III, p. 179; “A bas les brigands et les buveurs de sangexcl …”, by Aigeoin, commissioner at the National Treasury, ibid., No 66, 6 Frimaire, pp. 278–280; V, No 10, 17 Brumaire Year IV, pp. 39–40; “Sur la situation du Midi …”, ibid.. No 244, 15 Messidor, p.984; “Encore un mouvement des haillons”, VI, No 104, 29 Nivôse Year V, pp. 415– 416; and No 105, 30 Nivose, p. 424.

page 241 note 6 “Club des Jacobins”, III, No 18, 18 Vendémiaire Year III, pp. 70–71; id., ibid., No 20, 20 Vendémiaire, p. 80; id., ibid., No 22, 22 Vendémiaire, p. 88; No 84, 24 Frimaire, pp. 363–364; “Paris”, ibid., No 182, 2 Germinal, p. 750; and “Paris”, IV, No 32, 17 Messidor Year III, p. 128. See also the issue of 23 Ven-démiaire Year III of the Moniteur universel (Réimpression), XXII, pp. 213–214.

page 242 note 1 III, No 230, 20 Floréal Year III, p. 946; No 239, 29 Floréal, p. 981, n. 1; “Paris”, IV, No 27, 12 Messidor Year III, pp. 107–108; comments signed P.N. on an “Avis”, ibid., No 64, 19 Thermidor, p. 286; “Les véritables agitateurs”, by L. L., ibid., No 241, 12 Messidor Year IV, p. 973; and No 70, 25 Thermidor, p. 310.

page 242 note 2 “Cinquième arrestation …”, V, No*65,12 Nivôse Year IV, pp. 259–260; “Unmot sur l'égalité …”, ibid., No 70, 17 Nivôse, p. 280; “Réflexions à l'ordre du mouve-ment”, ibid., No 87, 5 Pluviôse, pp. 347–348; No 106, 24 Pluviôse, ip. 426–427; “Aux rédacteurs de l'Ami des lois”, ibid., No 140, 28 Ventôse, pp. 563–564; “Réponse à la lettre impriméle dans le numéro 140”, ibid., No 144, 2 Germinal, pp. 579–580; and “Sur la véritable conjuration sur l'abus des mots …”, ibid.. No 273, 16 Thermidor, pp. 1113–1114. Was Antonelle a communist? Some historians think so. See Maurice Dommanget, “Tempérament et formation de Babeuf”, in: Babeuf et les problèmes du Babouvisme, p. 20, and Mazauric, op. cit., pp. 139–140. Others, such as Mathiez, La France, p. 95, and Saitta, op. cit., pp. 77–, deny it. Mazauric himself admits in Babeuf et les problèmes du Babouvisme, pp. 296–297, that Antonelle had his doubts about Communism.

page 242 note 3 V, No 121, 9 Ventôse Year IV, pp. 487–488; “Paris”, ibid., No 245, 16 Messidor, pp. 989–990; and VI, No 76, 1 Nivôse Year V, p. 303. See also Lefebvre, op. cit., p. 31, and Dunan, op. cit., p. 41.

page 242 note 4 III, No 69, 9 Frimaire Year III, pp. 291–292.

page 242 note 5 III, No 122, 2 Pluviôse Year III, pp. 509–510; the editorial signed “Un philosophe ami de I'humanité et des des principes du bonheur social”, ibid.. No 200, 20 Germinal, pp. 827–828; and “Paris”, ibid., No 208, 28 Germinal, p. 858.

page 242 note 6 “Paris”, V, No 169, 27 Germinal Year IV, p. 678; and No 171, 29 Germinal, p. 686.

page 243 note 1 “Paris”, V, No 226, 27 Prairial Year IV, p. 914.

page 243 note 2 “Avis au peuple”, V, No 299, 12 Fructidor Year IV, p. 1218.

page 243 note 3 “Club des Jacobins”, II, No 224, 14 Thermidor Year II, p. 904; “Paris”, V, No 174, 2 Floréal Year IV, pp. 699–700; id., ibid., No 205, 6 Prairial, p. 825; “Avis au peuple”, ibid., No 299, 12 Fructidor, p. 1218; “Paris”, VI, No 101, 26 Nivôse Year V, p. 404; “Du mouvement, de ses causes et de ses conséquences”, ibid., No 220, 25 Floréal, pp. 916–918; “D'une soi disant grande conspiration terroriste”, VII, No 189, 4 Frimaire Year VI, p. 787. See also the issue of 3 Prairial Year V of the Moniteur universel (Réimpression), XXVIII, p. 708; Mathiez, La France, pp. 97–98, and Le Directoire, p. 224; and Walter, op. cit., p. 253.

page 243 note 4 III, No 113, 23 Nivôse Year III, p. 474; “Paris”, ibid., No 40, 20 Pluviôse, p. 582; comments on the decree expulsing Marat's remains from the Panthéon in “Convention”, ibid., No 141, 21 Pluviôse, p. 585; “Paris”, ibid., No 165, 15 Ventôse, p. 681; “Avis au peuple”, V, No 299, 12 Fructidor Year IV, p. 1218; and “Sur la politique et le ministre Cochon”, VI, No 33, 18 Brumaire Year V, pp. 131–132.

page 243 note 5 “De la mission de Bénezech”, VI, No 119, 14 Pluviôse Year V, p. 482; No 138, 3 Ventôse, p. 560; No 189, 24 Germinal, p. 593; “Des variations …”, loc. cit. (see above, p. 234, n. 3); VII, No 13, 13 Prairial Year V, pp. 61–62; No 21, 21 Prairial, p. 94; and No 22, 22 Prairial, p. 102. See also Mathiez, La France, p. 116.