Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T16:34:04.153Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Is hospitalization a risk factor for cognitive decline in older age adults?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 September 2020

Lucia Chinnappa-Quinn
Affiliation:
School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Department of Anaesthesia, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Steve Robert Makkar
Affiliation:
Centre for Healthy Brain and Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Michael Bennett
Affiliation:
Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Anaesthesia and Hyperbaric Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
Ben C. P. Lam
Affiliation:
Centre for Healthy Brain and Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Jessica W. Lo
Affiliation:
Centre for Healthy Brain and Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Nicole A. Kochan
Affiliation:
Centre for Healthy Brain and Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
John D. Crawford
Affiliation:
Centre for Healthy Brain and Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Perminder S. Sachdev*
Affiliation:
Centre for Healthy Brain and Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: Prof Perminder S. Sachdev, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), NPI, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia. Phone: +61 (2) 9382 3816; Fax: +61 (2) 9382 3774. Email: [email protected].

Abstract

Objectives:

Many studies document cognitive decline following specific types of acute illness hospitalizations (AIH) such as surgery, critical care, or those complicated by delirium. However, cognitive decline may be a complication following all types of AIH. This systematic review will summarize longitudinal observational studies documenting cognitive changes following AIH in the majority admitted population and conduct meta-analysis (MA) to assess the quantitative effect of AIH on post-hospitalization cognitive decline (PHCD).

Methods:

We followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Selection criteria were defined to identify studies of older age adults exposed to AIH with cognitive measures. 6566 titles were screened. 46 reports were reviewed qualitatively, of which seven contributed data to the MA. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale.

Results:

The qualitative review suggested increased cognitive decline following AIH, but several reports were particularly vulnerable to bias. Domain-specific outcomes following AIH included declines in memory and processing speed. Increasing age and the severity of illness were the most consistent risk factors for PHCD. PHCD was supported by MA of seven eligible studies with 41,453 participants (Cohen’s d = −0.25, 95% CI [−0.02, −0.49] I2 35%).

Conclusions:

There is preliminary evidence that AIH exposure accelerates or triggers cognitive decline in the elderly patient. PHCD reported in specific contexts could be subsets of a larger phenomenon and caused by overlapping mechanisms. Future research must clarify the trajectory, clinical significance, and etiology of PHCD: a priority in the face of an aging population with increasing rates of both cognitive impairment and hospitalization.

Type
Review Article
Copyright
© International Psychogeriatric Association 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adelborg, K., Horvath-Puho, E., Ording, A., Pedersen, L., Toft Sorensen, H. and Henderson, V. W. (2017). Heart failure and risk of dementia: a Danish nationwide population-based cohort study. European Journal of Heart Failure, 19, 253260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2017). Admitted Patient Care 2015–16: Australian Hospital Statistics. Canberra: AIHW.Google Scholar
Albert, S. M., Tabert, M. H., Dienstag, A., Pelton, G. and Devanand, D. (2002). The impact of mild cognitive impairment on functional abilities in the elderly. Current Psychiatry Reports, 4, 64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asmus-Szepesi, K. J. et al. (2013). Prognosis of hospitalised older people with different levels of functioning: a prospective cohort study. Age & Ageing, 42, 803809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, D. A., Buchman, A. S., Boyle, P. A., Barnes, L. L., Wilson, R. S. and Schneider, J. A. (2018). Religious orders study and rush memory and aging project. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 64, S161S189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berger, M. et al. (2015). Postoperative cognitive dysfunction: minding the gaps in our knowledge of a common postoperative complication in the elderly. Anesthesiology Clinics, 33, 517550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bienias, J. L., Beckett, L. A., Bennett, D. A., Wilson, R. S. and Evans, D. A. (2003). Design of the Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP). Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 5(5), 349355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J. and Rothstein, H. (2009). Converting Among Effect Sizes: Introduction to Meta-Analysis. West Sussex: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, C. H. et al. (2015). Association of hospitalization with long-term cognitive and brain MRI changes in the ARIC cohort. Neurology, 84, 14431453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buckwalter, J. G., Crooks, V. C. and Petitti, D. B. (2005). Cognitive performance of older women who have survived cancer. International Journal of Neuroscience, 115, 13071314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caplan, G. A., Coconis, J. and Woods, J. (2005). Effect of hospital in the home treatment on physical and cognitive function: a randomized controlled trial. Journals of Gerontology – Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 60, 10351038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Summary health statistics: National Health Interview Survey, 2016. Available at: https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/NHIS/SHS/2016_SHS_Table_P-10.pdf; accessed 28 December 2019.Google Scholar
Chen, C. C.-H., Chang, Y.-C., Huang, G.-H., Peng, J.-H. and Tseng, C.-N. (2010). Persistent cognitive decline in older hospitalized patients in Taiwan. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66, 19912001.Google ScholarPubMed
Chinnappa-Quinn, L., Bennett, M., Makkar, S. R., Kochan, N. A., Crawford, J. D. and Sachdev, P. S. (2019). Is hospitalisation a risk factor for cognitive decline in the elderly? Current Opinion in Psychiatry, Publish Ahead of Print.Google Scholar
Cochrane Collaboration. (2019). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.0 (updated July 2019). In: Higgins, J. P. T. et al. (Ed.), Cochrane. Cochrane Public Health Group Data Extraction and Assessment Template.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Cole, M. G. and Mccusker, J. (2009). Improving the outcomes of delirium in older hospital inpatients. International Psychogeriatrics, 21, 613615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, M. G., Mccusker, J., Ciampi, A. and Belzile, E. (2008). The 6- and 12-month outcomes of older medical inpatients who recover from subsyndromal delirium. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56, 20932099.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, M. G., Mccusker, J., Dendukuri, N. and Han, L. (2003). The prognostic significance of subsyndromal delirium in elderly medical inpatients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51, 754760.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collie, A., Maruff, P., Darby, D. G. and Mcstephen, M. (2003). The effects of practice on the cognitive test performance of neurologically normal individuals assessed at brief test-retest intervals. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 419428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, H. (2009). Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis: A Step-by-Step Approach (Applied Social Research Methods). London: SAGE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, H. (2017). Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis. Durham, NC, SAGE.Google Scholar
Davis, D. H. J. et al. (2012). Delirium is a strong risk factor for dementia in the oldest-old: a population-based cohort study. Brain, 135, 28092816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davydow, D. S., Hough, C. L., Levine, D. A., Langa, K. M. and Iwashyna, T. J. (2013). Functional disability, cognitive impairment, and depression after hospitalization for pneumonia. The American Journal of Medicine, 126, 615624.e5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davydow, D. S., Zivin, K. and Langa, K. M. (2014). Hospitalization, depression and dementia in community-dwelling older Americans: findings from the National Health and Aging Trends Study. General Hospital Psychiatry, 36, 135141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dersimonian, R. and Laird, N. (1986). Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials, 7, 177188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Divo, M. J., Martinez, C. H. and Mannino, D. M. (2014). Ageing and the epidemiology of multimorbidity. European Respiratory Journal, 44, 10551068.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodd, J. W., Charlton, R. A., van den Broek, M. D. and Jones, P. W. (2013). Cognitive dysfunction in patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation of COPD. Chest, 144, 119127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodd, J. W., Novotny, P., Sciurba, F. C., Benzo, R. P. and Group, N. R. (2015). Executive function, survival, and hospitalization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a longitudinal analysis of the National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT). Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 12, 14731481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dzierzewski, J. M., Fung, C. H., Jouldjian, S., Alessi, C. A., Irwin, M. R. and Martin, J. L. (2014). Decrease in daytime sleeping is associated with improvement in cognition after hospital discharge in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 62, 4753.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ehlenbach, W. J. et al. (2010). Association between acute care and critical illness hospitalization and cognitive function in older adults. JAMA, 303, 763770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eriksson, L. I. et al. (2019). Hospitalization, surgery, and incident dementia. Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 15, 534542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evered, L., Scott, D. A., Silbert, B. and Maruff, P. (2011). Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is independent of type of surgery and anesthetic. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 112, 11791185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evered, L., Silbert, B. and Scott, D. A. (2016). Pre-existing cognitive impairment and post-operative cognitive dysfunction: should we be talking the same language? International Psychogeriatrics, 28, 10531055.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finkel, D. and Pedersen, N. L. (2004). Processing speed and longitudinal trajectories of change for cognitive abilities: the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 11, 325345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcez, F. B., Apolinario, D., Campora, F., Curiati, J. A. E., Jacob-Filho, W. and Avelino-Silva, T. J. (2019). Delirium and post-discharge dementia: results from a cohort of older adults without baseline cognitive impairment. Age and Ageing, 48, 845851.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Girard, T. D. et al. (2018). Long-term cognitive impairment after hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective cohort study. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 33, 929935.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, L. H. and Mcneil, J. E. (2004). Clinical Neuropsychology: A Practical Guide to Assessment and Management for Clinicians. Chichester: J. Wiley.Google Scholar
Goldwater, D. S., Dharmarajan, K., Mcewan, B. S. and Krumholz, H. M. (2018). Is posthospital syndrome a result of hospitalization-induced allostatic overload? Journal of Hospital Medicine, 13. doi: 10.12788/jhm.2986.Google ScholarPubMed
Hallgren, J., Fransson, E. I., Reynolds, C. A., Finkel, D., Pedersen, N. L. and Dahl Aslan, A. K. (2018). Cognitive trajectories in relation to hospitalization among older Swedish adults. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 74, 914.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haring, B. et al. (2013). Cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline in postmenopausal women: results from the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2: e000369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inouye, S. K., Zhang, Y, Han, L, Leo-Summers, L, Jones, R. and Marcantonio, E. M. (2006). Recoverable cognitive dysfunction at hospital admission in older persons during acute illness. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, 12761281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, J. C., Gordon, S. M., Hart, R. P., Hopkins, R. O. and Ely, E. W. (2004). The association between delirium and cognitive decline: a review of the empirical literature. Neuropsychology Review, 14, 8798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, B. D. et al. (2019). Hospitalization, Alzheimer’s disease and related neuropathologies, and cognitive decline. Annals of Neurology, 86, 844852.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krumholz, H. M. (2013). Post-hospital syndrome – an acquired, transient condition of generalized risk. New England Journal of Medicine, 368, 100102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kukull, W. A. et al. (2002). Dementia and Alzheimer disease incidence: a prospective cohort study. Archives of Neurology, 59, 17371746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levine, D. A., Davydow, D. S., Hough, C. L., Langa, K. M., Rogers, M. A. and Iwashyna, T. J. (2014). Functional disability and cognitive impairment after hospitalization for myocardial infarction and stroke. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality & Outcomes, 7, 863871.Google ScholarPubMed
Li, X., Sundquist, J., Zöller, B. and Sundquist, K. (2018). Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease risks in patients with autoimmune disorders. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 18, 13501355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liberati, A. et al. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62, e1e34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lichtenstein, P. et al. (2006). The Swedish Twin Registry in the third millennium: an update. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 9, 875882.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, Z., Han, L., Gahbauer, E. A., Allore, H. G. and Gill, T. M. (2017). Joint trajectories of cognition and frailty and associated burden of patient-reported outcomes. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 19, 304309.e2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martínez-Velilla, N. et al. (2016). An exercise program with patient’s involvement and family support can modify the cognitive and affective trajectory of acutely hospitalized older medical patients: a pilot study. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 28, 483490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marzona, I. et al. (2016). Risk of dementia and death in patients with atrial fibrillation: a competing risk analysis of a population-based cohort. International Journal of Cardiology, 220, 440444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathews, S. B., Arnold, S. E. and Epperson, C. N. (2014). Hospitalization and cognitive decline: can the nature of the relationship be deciphered? The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 465480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mawanda, F., Wallace, R. B., Mccoy, K. and Abrams, T. E. (2016). Systemic and localized extra-central nervous system bacterial infections and the risk of dementia among US veterans: A retrospective cohort study. Alzheimer’s and Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment and Disease Monitoring, 4, 109117.Google ScholarPubMed
Mcphail, S. M., Varghese, P. N. and Kuys, S. S. (2014). Patients undergoing subacute physical rehabilitation following an acute hospital admission demonstrated improvement in cognitive functional task independence. Scientific World Journal, 2014: 810418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendes-Chiloff, C. L., Torres, A. R., Lima, M. C. P. and Ramos-Cerqueira, A. T. D. A. (2009). Prevalence and correlates of cognitive impairment among the elderly in a general hospital. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 28, 442448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meng, X. and D’Arcy, C. (2012). Education and dementia in the context of the cognitive reserve hypothesis: a systematic review with meta-analyses and qualitative analyses. PLoS One, 7, e38268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Millat, B., Borie, F. and Fingerhut, A. (2005). Patient’s preference and randomization: new paradigm of evidence-based clinical research. World Journal of Surgery, 29, 596600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, A. J. (2009). A meta-analysis of the accuracy of the mini-mental state examination in the detection of dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 411431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montine, T. J., Sonnen, J. A., Montine, K. S., Crane, P. K. and Larson, E. B. (2012). Adult Changes in Thought study: dementia is an individually varying convergent syndrome with prevalent clinically silent diseases that may be modified by some commonly used therapeutics. Current Alzheimer Research, 9, 718723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, S. B. and Deshon, R. P. (2002). Combining effect size estimates in meta-analysis with repeated measures and independent-groups designs. Psychological Methods, 7, 105125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mukadam, N. and Sampson, E. L. (2011). A systematic review of the prevalence, associations and outcomes of dementia in older general hospital inpatients. International Psychogeriatrics, 23, 344355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murkin, J. M., Newman, S. P., Stump, D. A. and Blumenthal, J. A. (1995). Statement of consensus on assessment of neurobehavioral outcomes after cardiac-surgery. Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 59, 12891295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Brien, H., O’Leary, N., Scarlett, S., O’Hare, C. and Kenny, R. A. (2018). Hospitalisation and surgery: are there hidden cognitive consequences? Evidence from The Irish Longitudinal study on Ageing (TILDA). Age & Ageing, 47, 408415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paredes, S., Cortinez, L., Contreras, V. and Silbert, B. (2016). Post-operative cognitive dysfunction at 3 months in adults after non-cardiac surgery: a qualitative systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 60, 10431058.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poot, B., Travers, J., Weatherall, M. and McGinty, M. (2019). Cognitive function during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Internal Medicine Journal, 49, 13071312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Power, C. et al. (2017). The detection, diagnosis, and impact of cognitive impairment among inpatients aged 65 years and over in an Irish general hospital – a prospective observational study. International Psychogeriatrics, 29, 18791888.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prince, M., Wimo, A., Guerchet, M., Ali, G., Wu, Y., Prina, M. (2015). World Alzheimer Report 2015 The Global Impact of Dementia An Analysis of Prevalence, Incidence, Cost and Trends. London: Alzheimer’s Disease International.Google Scholar
Reynish, E. L., Hapca, S. M., De Souza, N., Cvoro, V., Donnan, P. T. and Guthrie, B. (2017). Epidemiology and outcomes of people with dementia, delirium, and unspecified cognitive impairment in the general hospital: prospective cohort study of 10,014 admissions. BMC Medicine, 15, 140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachdev, P. S. et al. (2013). COSMIC (Cohort Studies of Memory in an International Consortium): an international consortium to identify risk and protective factors and biomarkers of cognitive ageing and dementia in diverse ethnic and sociocultural groups. BMC Neurology, 13, 165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salluh, J. I. et al. (2015). Outcome of delirium in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 350, h2538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sauve, M. J., Walker, J. A., Massa, S. M., Winkle, R. A. and Scheinman, M. M. (1996). Patterns of cognitive recovery in sudden cardiac arrest survivors: the pilot study. Heart and Lung: Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 25, 172181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scherwath, A. et al. (2013). Cognitive functioning in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients and its medical correlates: a prospective multicenter study. Psycho-Oncology, 22, 15091516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schou, L. et al. (2014). Telemedicine-based treatment versus hospitalization in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exacerbation: effect on cognitive function. A randomized clinical trial. Telemedicine and e-Health, 20, 640646.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, D. A., Silbert, B. S. and Evered, L. A. (2013). Anesthesia and Alzheimer’s disease: time to wake up! International Psychogeriatrics, 25, 341344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selnes, O. A. et al. (2008). Cognition 6 years after surgical or medical therapy for coronary artery disease. Annals of Neurology, 63, 581590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shah, F. A. et al. (2013). Bidirectional relationship between cognitive function and pneumonia. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, 188, 586592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silbert, B., Evered, L. and Scott, D. A. (2011). Cognitive decline in the elderly: is anaesthesia implicated? Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology, 25, 379393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smolina, K., Wotton, C. J. and Goldacre, M. J. (2015). Risk of dementia in patients hospitalised with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in England, 1998–2011: a retrospective national record linkage cohort study. Diabetologia, 58, 942950.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sonnega, A., Faul, J. D., Ofstedal, M. B., Langa, K. M., Phillips, J. W. and Weir, D. R. (2014). Cohort profile: the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). International Journal of Epidemiology, 43, 576585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sosa, A. L. et al. (2012). Prevalence, distribution, and impact of mild cognitive impairment in Latin America, China, and India: a 10/66 population-based study. PLoS Medicine/Public Library of Science, 9, e1001170.Google ScholarPubMed
Steinmetz, J., Christensen, K. B., Lund, T., Lohse, N., Rasmussen, L. S. and Grp, I. (2009). Long-term consequences of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Anesthesiology, 110, 548555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sterne, J. A. C. et al. (2011). Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 343, d4002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Subramaniyan, S. and Terrando, N. (2019). Neuroinflammation and perioperative neurocognitive disorders. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 128, 781788.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tate, J. A. et al. (2014). Infection hospitalization increases risk of dementia in the elderly. Critical Care Medicine, 42, 10371046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terrin, N., Schmid, C. H. and Lau, J. (2005). In an empirical evaluation of the funnel plot, researchers could not visually identify publication bias. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 58, 894901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tian, Y., Zhao, P., Li, L., Guo, Y., Wang, C. and Jiang, Q. (2015). Pre-emptive parecoxib and post-operative cognitive function in elderly patients. International Psychogeriatrics, 27, 329336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsai, H. H., Yen, R. F., Lin, C. L. and Kao, C. H. (2017). Increased risk of dementia in patients hospitalized with acute kidney injury: a nationwide population-based cohort study. PLoS ONE, 12, e0171671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Seben, R. et al. (2018). The course of geriatric syndromes in acutely hospitalized older adults: the hospital-ADL study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 20, 152158.e2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Volonghi, I., Pendlebury, S. T., Welch, S. J. V., Mehta, Z. and Rothwell, P. M. (2013). Cognitive outcomes after acute coronary syndrome: a population based comparison with transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke. Heart, 99, 15091514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whelan, B. J. and Savva, G. M. (2013). Design and methodology of the Irish longitudinal study on ageing. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 61, S265S268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitmer, R. A., Karter, A. J., Yaffe, K., Quesenberry, C. P. Jr. and Selby, J. V. (2009). Hypoglycemic episodes and risk of dementia in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 301, 15651572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams-Russo, P., Sharrock, N. E., Mattis, S., Szatrowski, T. P. and Charlson, M. E. (1995). Cognitive effects after epidural vs general anesthesia in older adults: a randomized trial. JAMA, 274, 4450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, R. S. P., Hebert, L. E. S., Scherr, P. A. S. P., Dong, X. M., Leurgens, S. E. P. and Evans, D. A. M. (2012). Cognitive decline after hospitalization in a community population of older persons. Neurology, 78, 950956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witlox, J. et al. (2013). The neuropsychological sequelae of delirium in elderly patients with hip fracture three months after hospital discharge. International Psychogeriatrics, 25, 15211531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolf, D., Rhein, C., Geschke, K. and Fellgiebel, A. (2018). Preventable hospitalizations among older patients with cognitive impairments and dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 31, 383391.Google ScholarPubMed
Wolters, A. E., Slooter, A. J. C., van der Kooi, A. W. and van Dijk, D. (2013). Cognitive impairment after intensive care unit admission: a systematic review. Intensive Care Medicine, 39, 376386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woods, A. J., Mark, V. W., Pitts, A. C. and Mennemeier, M. (2011). Pervasive cognitive impairment in acute rehabilitation inpatients without brain injury. Pm & R, 3, 426432; quiz 432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeng, X. et al. (2015). The methodological quality assessment tools for preclinical and clinical studies, systematic review and meta-analysis, and clinical practice guideline: a systematic review. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 8, 210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, M. J. et al. (2019). Association of left atrial enlargement and atrial fibrillation with cognitive function and decline: the ARIC-NCS. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8, e013197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: PDF

Chinnappa-Quinn et al. Supplementary Materials

Chinnappa-Quinn et al. Supplementary Materials 1

Download Chinnappa-Quinn et al. Supplementary Materials(PDF)
PDF 224.9 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Chinnappa-Quinn et al. Supplementary Materials

Chinnappa-Quinn et al. Supplementary Materials 2

Download Chinnappa-Quinn et al. Supplementary Materials(PDF)
PDF 83.8 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Chinnappa-Quinn et al. Supplementary Materials

Chinnappa-Quinn et al. Supplementary Materials 3

Download Chinnappa-Quinn et al. Supplementary Materials(PDF)
PDF 148.2 KB
Supplementary material: File

Chinnappa-Quinn et al. Supplementary Materials

Chinnappa-Quinn et al. Supplementary Materials 4

Download Chinnappa-Quinn et al. Supplementary Materials(File)
File 210 KB