Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T05:54:40.008Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A comparison of the frequencies of risk factors for depression in older black and white participants in a study of indicated prevention

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 September 2010

Roy Sriwattanakomen ,
Jesse McPherron ,
Jamie Chatman ,
Jennifer Q. Morse ,
Lynn M. Martire ,
Jordan F. Karp ,
Patricia R. Houck ,
Salem Bensasi ,
Jill Houle  and
Jacqueline A. Stack
...Show all authors
Roy Sriwattanakomen
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.
Jesse McPherron
Affiliation:
University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa, Department of Psychology, Tuscaloosa, AL, U.S.A.
Jamie Chatman
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.
Jennifer Q. Morse
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry; Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.
Lynn M. Martire
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry; Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.
Jordan F. Karp
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry; Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.
Patricia R. Houck
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry; Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.
Salem Bensasi
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry; Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.
Jill Houle
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry; Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.
Jacqueline A. Stack
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry; Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.
Mattie Woods
Affiliation:
Center for Healthy Hearts and Souls, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.
Bruce Block
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry; Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.
Stephen B. Thomas
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.
Sandra Quinn
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.
Charles F. Reynolds III*
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry; Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: Charles F. Reynolds III, M.D.; Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara Street; Pittsburgh, PA 15213, U.S.A. Phone: +1 412-246-6414; Fax: +1 412-246-5300. Email: [email protected].
Get access

Abstract

Background: To compare the frequencies of risk factors, we describe risks for depression as a function of race among consecutively admitted participants in a randomized clinical trial of indicated depression prevention in later life.

Methods: Seventy-two black and 143 white participants were screened for risk factors for depression.

Results: Black participants were more likely to have fewer years of education and lower household income. They were more likely to be obese, live alone, experience functional disability, have a history of alcohol and drug abuse, and have lower scores on the Mini-mental State Examination and the Executive Interview (EXIT). White participants were not found to have greater prevalence or higher mean score on any risk factor. On average, black participants experienced approximately one more risk factor than white participants (t(213) = 3.32, p = 0.0011).

Conclusions: In our sample, black participants had higher frequencies of eight risk factors for depression and a greater mean number of risk factors compared to white participants.

Keywords

indicated preventiondepressionsubsyndromalminorityrisk factors
Type
Focus on prevention in psychogeriatrics
Information
International Psychogeriatrics , Volume 22 , Special Issue 8: Focus on prevention in psychogeriatrics , December 2010 , pp. 1240 - 1247
Copyright
Copyright © International Psychogeriatric Association 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, K. B. (2008). Specific effects of caring for a spouse with dementia: differences in depressive symptoms between caregiver and non-caregiver spouses. International Psychogeriatrics, 20, 508–520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexopoulos, G. S. (2003). Role of executive function in late-life depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64 (Suppl. 14), 18–23.Google ScholarPubMed
Almeida, O. P., Calver, J., Jamrozik, K., Hankey, G. J. and Flicker, L. (2009). Obesity and metabolic syndrome increase the risk of incident depression in older men: the Health in Men Study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 889–898.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrews, G., Issakidis, C., Sanderson, K., Corry, J. and Lapsley, H. (2004). Utilising survey data to inform public policy: comparison of the cost-effectiveness of treatment of ten mental disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 526–533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bender, K., Springer, D. W. and Kim, J. S. (2006). Treatment effectiveness with dually diagnosed adolescents: a systematic review. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 6, 177–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blazer, D. G. and Hybels, C. F. (2005). Origins of depression in later life. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1241–1252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolton, J. M., Robinson, J. and Sareen, J. (2009). Self-medication of mood disorders with alcohol and drugs in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Affective Disorders, 115, 367–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, M. L. (1999). The association between depression and disability. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 7, 8–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, M. L. (2002). Psychosocial risk factors for depressive disorders in late life. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 175–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, M. L. et al. (2004). Reducing suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms in depressed older primary care patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 291, 1081–1091.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R. and Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28, 193–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charney, D. S. et al. (2003). Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance consensus statement on the unmet needs in diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in late life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 664–672.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, A., Houck, P. R., Szanto, K., Dew, M. A., Gilman, S. E. and Reynolds, C. F. (2006). Social inequalities in response to antidepressant treatment in older adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 50–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarck, T. and Hoberman, H. M. (1985). Measuring the functional components of social support. In Sarason, I. G. and Sarason, B. (eds.), Social Support: Theory, Research and Applications (pp. 73–94). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, M. G. and Dendukuri, N. (2003). Risk factors for depression among elderly community subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1147–1156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper-Patrick, L., Gallo, J. J., Powe, N. R., Steinwachs, D. M., Eaton, W. W. and Ford, D. E. (1999). Mental health service utilization by African Americans and Whites: the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Follow-Up. Medical Care, 37, 1034–1045.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cuijpers, P., Smit, F. and Straten, A. (2007). Psychological treatment of subthreshold depression: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 115, 434–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Zurilla, T., Nezu, A. and Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2002). Social Problem-solving Inventory, Revised (SPSI-R): Manual. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
Derogatis, L. R. and Melisaratos, N. (1983). The Brief Symptom Inventory: an introductory report. Psychological Medicine, 13, 595–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. W. and McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 23, 56–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jang, Y., Borenstein, A. R., Chiriboga, D. A. and Mortimer, J. A. (2005). Depressive symptoms among African American and white older adults. Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60, 313–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jette, A. M. et al. (2002). Late life function and disability instrument: I. Development and evaluation of the disability component. Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 57, M209–M216.Google ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C. and Merikangas, K. R. (2004). The National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R): background and aims. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13, 60–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ladin, K. (2008). Risk of late-life depression across 10 European Union countries: deconstructing the education effect. Journal of Health and Aging, 20, 653–670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarthy, L. H., Bigal, M. E., Katz, M., Derby, C. and Lipton, R. B. (2009). Chronic pain and obesity in elderly people: results from the Einstein aging study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57, 115–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKnight-Eily, L. et al. (2009). Prevalence and correlates of current depressive symptomatology and lifetime diagnosis of depression in Black women. Womens Health Issues, 19, 243–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, D. K., Malmstrom, T. K., Joshi, S. A. E. M., Morley, J. E. and Wolinsky, F. D. (2004). Clinically relevant levels of depressive symptoms in community-dwelling middle-aged African Americans. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52, 741–748.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, M. D. et al. (1992). Rating chronic medical illness burden in geropsychiatric practice and research: Application of the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale. Psychiatry Research, 41, 237–248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mrazek, P. and Haggerty, R. (1994). Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Royall, D. R., Mahurin, R. K. and Gray, K. F. (1992). Bedside assessment of executive cognitive impairment: the Executive Interview. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 1221–1226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schoevers, M. D. et al. (2003). Prevention of late-life depression in primary care: Do we know where to begin? American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1611–1621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoevers, R. A., Beekman, A. T., Deeg, D. J., Geerlings, M. I., Jonker, C. and van, T. W. (2000). Risk factors for depression in later life; results of a prospective community based study (AMSTEL). Journal of Affective Disorders, 59, 127–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sriwattanakomen, R. et al. (2008). Preventing depression in later life: translation from concept to experimental design and implementation. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 460–468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, D. J. (2008). Insomnia and depression. Sleep, 31, 447–448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
U.S. Census Bureau (2000). Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF3)-Sample Data; Available at http://factfinder.census.gov; last accessed 28 April 2010.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2000). Healthy People 2010. McLean, VA: International Medical Publishing, Inc.Google Scholar
Vink, D., Aartsen, M. J. and Schoevers, R. A. (2008). Risk factors for anxiety and depression in the elderly: a review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 106, 29–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vinkers, D. J., Gussekloo, J., Stek, M. L., Westendorp, R. G. and Van Der Mast, R. C. (2004). Temporal relation between depression and cognitive impairment in old age: prospective population based study. BMJ, 329, 881.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ware, J. E. and Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS-36-Item short form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30, 473–483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watkins, D. J., Green, B., Rivers, B. M. and Rowell, K. L. (2006). Depression and black men: implications for future research. Journal of Men's Health and Gender, 3, 227–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weyerer, S. et al. (2008). Prevalence and risk factors for depression in non-demented primary care attenders aged 75 years and older. Journal of Affective Disorders, 111, 153–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, D. R. and Williams-Morris, R. (2000). Racism and mental health: the African American experience. Ethnic Health, 5, 243–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, K., Mottram, P. and Sixsmith, A. (2007). Depressive symptoms in the very old living alone: prevalence, incidence and risk factors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 361–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zivin, K. and Christakis, N. A. (2007). The emotional toll of spousal morbidity and mortality. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 772–779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed