Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-kw2vx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-12T21:16:06.216Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The prevalence and progression of mild cognitive impairment among clinic and community populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 June 2017

Chengping Hu ,
Donghai Yu ,
Xirong Sun ,
Ming Zhang ,
Lin Wang  and
Hongyun Qin
Chengping Hu
Affiliation:
Pudong New District Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
Donghai Yu
Affiliation:
Pudong New District Health Bureau, Shanghai, China
Xirong Sun
Affiliation:
Pudong New District Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
Ming Zhang
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatric Control & Preventation, Pudong New District Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
Lin Wang
Affiliation:
Pudong New District Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
Hongyun Qin*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatric Control & Preventation, Pudong New District Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: Hongyun Qin, Department of Psychiatric Control & Preventation, Pudong New District Mental Health Center, No. 165 Sanlin Road, Shanghai, China. Phone/Fax: +86 021-68306699. E-mail: [email protected].
Get access

Abstract

Background:

It has been reported that up to 42% of the population aged over 60 are affected by mild cognitive impairment (MCI) worldwide. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and progression of MCI through a meta-analysis.

Methods:

We searched Embase and PubMed for relevant literature. Stable disease rate (SR), reversion rate (RR), dementia rate (DR), and Alzheimer's disease rate (AR) were used to evaluate the progression of MCI. The prevalence and progression rates were both obtained by reported percentile and indirect data analysis. Additionally, we carried out sensitivity analysis of each index by excluding some studies due to influence analysis with the most publication bias.

Results:

Effect size (ES) was used to present adjusted overall prevalence (16%) and progression rates including SR (45%), RR (15%), DR (34%), and AR (28%) of MCI. Compared with clinic-based outcomes, MCI prevalence, SR, and RR are significantly higher in community, while DR and AR are lower. Despite significant heterogeneity found among the studies, no publication bias was observed.

Conclusions:

Age and gender were observed to be associated with MCI, in which age was considered as an impact factor for DR. The strong heterogeneity may result from variations in study design and baselines. Standardized MCI criteria were suggested to systematically evaluate MCI in the future.

Keywords

mild cognitive impairmentprevalenceprogressionmeta-analysis
Type
Review Article
Information
International Psychogeriatrics , Volume 29 , Issue 10 , October 2017 , pp. 1595 - 1608
Copyright
Copyright © International Psychogeriatric Association 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Chengping Hu and Donghai Yu contributed equally to this work.

References

Aggarwal, N. T., Wilson, R. S., Beck, T. L., Bienias, J. L. and Bennett, D. A. (2005). Mild cognitive impairment in different functional domains and incident Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 76, 1479–1484.Google Scholar
Ahlskog, J. E., Geda, Y. E., Graff-Radford, N. R. and Petersen, R. C. (2011). Physical exercise as a preventive or disease-modifying treatment of dementia and brain aging. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 86, 876–884.Google Scholar
Alexopoulos, P., Grimmer, T., Perneczky, R., Domes, G. and Kurz, A. (2006). Progression to dementia in clinical subtypes of mild cognitive impairment. Dementia Geriatric Cognitive Disorder, 22, 27–34.Google Scholar
Annerbo, S., Wahlund, L. O. and Lokk, J. (2006). The significance of thyroid-stimulating hormone and homocysteine in the development of Alzheimer's disease in mild cognitive impairment: a 6-year follow-up study. American Journal of Alzheimers Disease and Other Dementia, 21, 182–188.Google Scholar
Aretouli, E., Tsilidis, K. K. and Brandt, J. (2013). Four-year outcome of mild cognitive impairment: the contribution of executive dysfunction. Neuropsychology, 27, 95–106.Google Scholar
Artero, S. et al. (2008). Risk profiles for mild cognitive impairment and progression to dementia are gender specific. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 79, 979–984.Google Scholar
Bombois, S. et al. (2008). Vascular subcortical hyperintensities predict conversion to vascular and mixed dementia in MCI patients. Stroke, 39, 2046–2051.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonanni, L. et al. (2015). Quantitative electroencephalogram utility in predicting conversion of mild cognitive impairment to dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurobiology of Aging, 36, 434–445.Google Scholar
Bozoki, A., Giordani, B., Heidebrink, J. L., Berent, S. and Foster, N. L. (2001). Mild cognitive impairments predict dementia in nondemented elderly patients with memory loss. Archives of Neurology, 58, 411–416.Google Scholar
Busse, A., Hensel, A., Guhne, U., Angermeyer, M. C. and Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2006). Mild cognitive impairment: long-term course of four clinical subtypes. Neurology, 67, 2176–2185.Google Scholar
Canevelli, M. et al. (2016). Spontaneous reversion of mild cognitive impairment to normal cognition: a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis. Journal of American Medical Directors Association, 17, 943–948.Google Scholar
Cervellati, C. et al. (2014). Systemic oxidative stress and conversion to dementia of elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. BioMed Research International, 2014, 309507.Google Scholar
Cova, I. et al. (2016). Weight loss predicts progression of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One, 11, e0151710.Google Scholar
de Jager, C. A. and Budge, M. M. (2005). Stability and predictability of the classification of mild cognitive impairment as assessed by episodic memory test performance over time. Neurocase, 11, 72–79.Google Scholar
Di Carlo, A. et al. (2007). CIND and MCI in the Italian elderly: frequency, vascular risk factors, progression to dementia. Neurology, 68, 1909–1916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickerson, B. C., Sperling, R. A., Hyman, B. T., Albert, M. S. and Blacker, D. (2007). Clinical prediction of Alzheimer disease dementia across the spectrum of mild cognitive impairment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 1443–1450.Google Scholar
Elmstahl, S. and Widerstrom, E. (2014). Orthostatic intolerance predicts mild cognitive impairment: incidence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia from the Swedish general population cohort good aging in skane. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 9, 1993–2002.Google Scholar
Etgen, T., Sander, D., Bickel, H. and Forstl, H. (2011). Mild cognitive impairment and dementia: the importance of modifiable risk factors. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 108, 743–750.Google Scholar
Farias, S. T., Mungas, D., Reed, B. R., Harvey, D. and DeCarli, C. (2009). Progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia in clinic- vs community-based cohorts. Archives of Neurology, 66, 1151–1157.Google Scholar
Feldman, H. H. et al. (2007). Effect of rivastigmine on delay to diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease from mild cognitive impairment: the InDDEx study. The Lancet Neurology, 6, 501–512.Google Scholar
Fisk, J. D., Merry, H. R. and Rockwood, K. (2003). Variations in case definition affect prevalence but not outcomes of mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, 61, 1179–1184.Google Scholar
Gabryelewicz, T. et al. (2007). The rate of conversion of mild cognitive impairment to dementia: predictive role of depression. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 563–567.Google Scholar
Ganguli, M., Dodge, H. H., Shen, C. and DeKosky, S. T. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment, amnestic type: an epidemiologic study. Neurology, 63, 115–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansson, O., Buchhave, P., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., Minthon, L. and Warkentin, S. (2009). Combined rCBF and CSF biomarkers predict progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 30, 165–173.Google Scholar
Hessler, J., Tucha, O., Forstl, H., Mosch, E. and Bickel, H. (2014). Age-correction of test scores reduces the validity of mild cognitive impairment in predicting progression to dementia. PLoS One, 9, e106284.Google Scholar
Heun, R., Kolsch, H. and Jessen, F. (2006). Risk factors and early signs of Alzheimer's disease in a family study sample. Risk of AD. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 256, 28–36.Google Scholar
Huey, E. D. et al. (2013). Course and etiology of dysexecutive MCI in a community sample. Alzheimers & Dementia, 9, 632–639.Google Scholar
Jack, C. R. et al. (2004). Comparison of different MRI brain atrophy rate measures with clinical disease progression in AD. Neurology, 62, 591–600.Google Scholar
Jia, J. et al. (2014a). The prevalence of dementia in urban and rural areas of China. Alzheimers & Dementia, 10, 1–9.Google Scholar
Jia, J. et al. (2014b). The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and its etiological subtypes in elderly Chinese. Alzheimers & Dementia, 10, 439–447.Google Scholar
Khedr, E. et al. (2015). Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia among the elderly population of qena governorate, upper egypt: a community-based study. Journal of Alzheimers Disease, 45, 117–126.Google Scholar
Kremen, W. S. et al. (2014). Early identification and heritability of mild cognitive impairment. International Journal of Epidemiology, 43, 600–610.Google Scholar
Lara, E. et al. (2016). Mild cognitive impairment in a Spanish representative sample: prevalence and associated factors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Larrieu, S. et al. (2002). Incidence and outcome of mild cognitive impairment in a population-based prospective cohort. Neurology, 59, 1594–1599.Google Scholar
Lopez, O. L. et al. (2007). Incidence of dementia in mild cognitive impairment in the cardiovascular health study cognition study. Archives of Neurology, 64, 416–420.Google Scholar
Luck, T., Luppa, M., Briel, S. and Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2010). Incidence of mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 29, 164–175.Google Scholar
Malek-Ahmadi, M. (2016). Reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognition: a meta-analysis. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 30, 324–330.Google Scholar
Marcos, A. et al. (2006). Neuropsychological markers of progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Alzheimers Disease and Other Dementia, 21, 189–196.Google Scholar
Mitchell, A. J. and Shiri-Feshki, M. (2009). Rate of progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia – meta-analysis of 41 robust inception cohort studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 119, 252–265.Google Scholar
Nie, H. et al. (2011). The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment about elderly population in China: a meta-analysis. International Jounal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 26, 558–563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nordlund, A., Rolstad, S., Gothlin, M., Edman, A., Hansen, S. and Wallin, A. (2010). Cognitive profiles of incipient dementia in the Goteborg MCI study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 30, 403–410.Google Scholar
Oh, Y. S. et al. (2016). Prevalence and treatment pattern of Parkinson's disease dementia in Korea. Geriatrics and Gerontology International, 16, 230–236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olazaran, J. et al. (2011). Mild cognitive impairment and dementia in primary care: the value of medical history. Family Practice, 28, 385–392.Google Scholar
Palmer, K., Berger, A. K., Monastero, R., Winblad, B., Backman, L. and Fratiglioni, L. (2007). Predictors of progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 68, 1596–1602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parlevliet, J. L. et al. (2016). Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in older non-western immi grants in the Netherlands: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 31, 1040–1049.Google Scholar
Petersen, R. C. et al. (2005). Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. The New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 2379–2388.Google Scholar
Petersen, R. C. et al. (2010). Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment is higher in men. The mayo clinic study of aging. Neurology, 75, 889–897.Google Scholar
Petersen, R. C., Caracciolo, B., Brayne, C., Gauthier, S., Jelic, V. and Fratiglioni, L. (2014). Mild cognitive impairment: a concept in evolution. Journal of Internal Medicine, 275, 214–228.Google Scholar
Petersen, R. C. and Morris, J. C. (2005). Mild cognitive impairment as a clinical entity and treatment target. Archives of Neurology, 62, 1160–1163; discussion 1167.Google Scholar
Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Waring, S. C., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G. and Kokmen, E. (1999). Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Archives of Neurology, 56, 303–308.Google Scholar
Radford, K. et al. (2015). Prevalence of dementia in urban and regional Aboriginal Australians. Alzheimers & Dementia, 11, 271–279.Google Scholar
Rashedi, V., Rezaei, M. and Gharib, M. (2014). Prevalence of cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5, 28–30.Google Scholar
Ravaglia, G. et al. (2006). Conversion of mild cognitive impairment to dementia: predictive role of mild cognitive impairment subtypes and vascular risk factors. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 21, 51–58.Google Scholar
Ritchie, K., Artero, S. and Touchon, J. (2001). Classification criteria for mild cognitive impairment: a population-based validation study. Neurology, 56, 37–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberge, G., Stortz, S. K., Frankel, W. C., Greene, K. L. and Deng, D. Y. (2016). Identifying prevalence and risk factors for mild cognitive impairment in adults presenting for urological evaluation. Urology, 94, 29–35.Google Scholar
Roberts, R. O. et al. (2012). The incidence of MCI differs by subtype and is higher in men: the Mayo clinic study of aging. Neurology, 78, 342–351.Google Scholar
Rubin, E. H., Morris, J. C., Grant, E. A. and Vendegna, T. (1989). Very mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. I. Clinical assessment. Archives of Neurology, 46, 379–382.Google Scholar
Solfrizzi, V. et al. (2004). Vascular risk factors, incidence of MCI, and rates of progression to dementia. Neurology, 63, 1882–1891.Google Scholar
Solfrizzi, V. et al. (2007). Alcohol consumption, mild cognitive impairment, and progression to dementia. Neurology, 68, 1790–1799.Google Scholar
Storandt, M., Grant, E. A., Miller, J. P. and Morris, J. C. (2002). Rates of progression in mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 59, 1034–1041.Google Scholar
Su, X. et al. (2014). Prevalence and predictors of mild cognitive impairment in Xi'an: a community-based study among the elders. PLoS One, 9, e83217.Google Scholar
Sun, Y. et al. (2014). A nationwide survey of mild cognitive impairment and dementia, including very mild dementia, in Taiwan. PLoS One, 9, e100303.Google Scholar
Tabert, M. H. et al. (2006). Neuropsychological prediction of conversion to Alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 916–924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tschanz, J. T. et al. (2006). Conversion to dementia from mild cognitive disorder: the cache county study. Neurology, 67, 229–234.Google Scholar
Tyas, S. L. et al. (2007). Transitions to mild cognitive impairments, dementia, and death: findings from the Nun study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 165, 1231–1238.Google Scholar
Unverzagt, F. W. et al. (2001). Prevalence of cognitive impairment: data from the Indianapolis study of health and aging. Neurology, 57, 1655–1662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van der Mussele, S. et al. (2014). Depression in mild cognitive impairment is associated with progression to Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal study. Journal of Alzheimers Disease, 42, 1239–1250.Google Scholar
Visser, P. J., Kester, A., Jolles, J. and Verhey, F. (2006). Ten-year risk of dementia in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, 67, 1201–1207.Google Scholar
Vos, S. J. et al. (2015). Prevalence and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease at the mild cognitive impairment stage. Brain, 138, 1327–1338.Google Scholar
Ward, A., Arrighi, H. M., Michels, S. and Cedarbaum, J. M. (2012). Mild cognitive impairment: disparity of incidence and prevalence estimates. Alzheimers & Dementia, 8, 14–21.Google Scholar
Xiao, S. et al. (2016). The China longitudinal ageing study: overview of the demographic, psychosocial and cognitive data of the Shanghai sample. Journal of Mental Health, 25, 131–136.Google Scholar
Xu, S. et al. (2014). High prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: a community-based study in four cities of the Hebei province, china. Neuroepidemiology, 42, 123–130.Google Scholar
Yaffe, K., Petersen, R. C., Lindquist, K., Kramer, J. and Miller, B. (2006). Subtype of mild cognitive impairment and progression to dementia and death. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 22, 312–319.Google Scholar
Zanetti, M., Ballabio, C., Abbate, C., Cutaia, C., Vergani, C. and Bergamaschini, L. (2006). Mild cognitive impairment subtypes and vascular dementia in community-dwelling elderly people: a 3-year follow-up study. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 54, 580–586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, Y. et al. (2012). Prevalence of dementia and major dementia subtypes in the Chinese populations: a meta-analysis of dementia prevalence surveys, 1980–2010. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 19, 1333–1337.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Hu supplementary material

Table S1

Download Hu supplementary material(File)
File 16.1 KB