Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T04:28:59.109Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A meta-analysis of the factor structure of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): the effects of language

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 August 2012

Giyeon Kim ,
Jamie DeCoster ,
Chao-Hui Huang  and
Ami N. Bryant
Giyeon Kim*
Affiliation:
Center for Mental Health and Aging, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
Jamie DeCoster
Affiliation:
Center for Advanced Study of Teaching and Learning, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
Chao-Hui Huang
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
Ami N. Bryant
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: Giyeon Kim, Ph.D., Center for Mental Health and Aging and Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, 207 Osband Hall, Box 870315, Tuscaloosa, AL 35486USA. Phone: 205-348-7517; Fax: 205-348-7520. Email: [email protected].
Get access

Abstract

Background: Given the lack of consensus on the factor structure of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), as well as the fact that the GDS factor structure appears to vary across diverse cultural and/or language groups, the present meta-analysis examined whether the factor structure of the GDS varies by language.

Methods: A total of 26 published studies using exploratory factor analysis (14,669 participants; 10 languages) were included in the meta-analysis. The factor structure of the GDS was assessed in the overall sample as well as in each language that had been examined in at least two different studies.

Results: The analysis of the full sample resulted in a four-factor structure, whereas analyses of the individual languages produced structures with 4 to 6 factors. The mean variable cosines between languages ranged from 0.612 to 0.839, suggesting that the different languages produced distinct factor structures. The three factors of dysphoria, social withdrawal-apathy-cognitive impairment, and positive mood were commonly observed across different languages. Of these, the positive mood factor was the most similar across the languages.

Conclusions: These results provide strong evidence of language differences in the factor structure of the GDS. The findings suggest a need for researchers and clinicians to be careful when administering the GDS in different languages, as well as a need to take structural differences into account when interpreting results of the GDS.

Keywords

Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)meta-analysisfactor analysislanguagefactor structuredepressive symptoms
Type
Research Article
Information
International Psychogeriatrics , Volume 25 , Issue 1 , January 2013 , pp. 71 - 81
Copyright
Copyright © International Psychogeriatric Association 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

*Abraham, I. L., Wofford, A. B., Lichtenberg, P. A. and Holroyd, S. (1994). Factor structure of the Geriatric Depression Scale in a cohort of depressed nursing home residents. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9, 611–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, K. B., Matto, H. C. and Sanders, S. (2004). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Geriatric Depression Scale. The Gerontologist, 44, 818–826.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrett, P. (1986). Factor comparison: an examination of three methods. Personality and Individual Differences, 7, 327–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Bentz, B. G. and Hall, J. R. (2008). Assessment of depression in a geriatric inpatient cohort: a comparison of the BDI and GDS. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 8, 93–104.Google Scholar
Brink, T. L., Yesavage, J. A., Lum, O., Heersema, P., Adey, M. B. and Rose, T. L. (1982). Screening tests for geriatric depression. Clinical Gerontologist, 1, 37–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Brown, P. J., Woods, C. M. and Storandt, M. (2007). Model stability of the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale across cognitive impairment and severe depression. Psychology and Aging, 22, 372–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, W. J., Roccaforte, W. H., Wengel, S. P., Conley, D. M. and Potter, J. F. (1995). The reliability and validity of the Geriatric Depression Rating Scale administered by telephone. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 43 (6), 674–679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bushman, B. J., Cooper, H. M. and Lemke, K. M. (1991). Meta-analysis of factor analyses: an illustration using the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 344–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiriboga, D. A., Jang, Y., Banks, S. and Kim, G. (2007). Acculturation and its effect on symptom structure in a sample of Mexican American elders. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 29, 83–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Chiu, H. F. K, LeeH, C. B. H, C. B., Wing, Y. K., Kwong, P. K., Leung, C. M. and Chung, D. W. S. (1994). Reliability, validity, and structure of the Chinese Geriatric Depression Scale in a Hong Kong context: a preliminary report. Singapore Medical Journal, 35, 477–480.Google Scholar
*Cornett, P. F. (2009). Factors of the Geriatric Depression Scale that may distinguish between four cognitive diagnostic groups: Normal, mild cognitive impairment, dementia of the Alzheimer's type, and vascular dementia. Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3399404)Google Scholar
D'Ath, P., Katona, P., Mullan, E., Evans, S. and Katona, C. (1994). Screening, detection and management of depression in elderly primary care attenders: the acceptability and performance of the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale and the development of shorter versions. Family Practice, 11, 260–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Ertan, T. and Eker, E. (2000). Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Geriatric Depression Scale in Turkish elderly: are there different factor structures for different cultures? International Psychogeriatrics, 12, 163–172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleming, J. S. (1992). FACTREL: a general program for relating factors between studies using the Kaiser-Hunka-Bianchini method. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52, 113–115. doi:10.1177/001316449205200115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Fountoulakis, K. N.et al. (1999). The validation of the short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) in Greece. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 11, 367–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frick, P. J.et al. (1993). Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: a meta-analytic review of factor analyses and cross-validation in a clinical sample. Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 319–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Friedman, B., Heisel, M. J. and Delavan, R. L. (2005) Psychometric properties of the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale in functionally impaired, cognitively intact, community-dwelling elderly primary care patients. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 53, 1570–1576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Ganguli, M., Dube, S., Johnston, J. M., Pandav, R., Chandra, V. and Dodge, H. H. (1999). Depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment and functional impairment in a rural elderly population in India: a Hindi version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-H). International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 807–820.3.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoyl, M. T.et al. (1999). Development and testing of a five-item version of the geriatric depression scale. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47, 873–878.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Hupp, G. S. (1998) Exploratory factor analysis of the Geriatric Depression Scale among cardiac patients. Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 1389489)Google Scholar
*Incalzi, R. A., Cesari, M., Pedone, C. and Carbonin, P. U. (2003). Construct validity of the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale in older medical inpatients. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Neurology, 16, 23–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Jang, Y., Kim, G. and Chiriboga, D. (2005). Acculturation and manifestation of depressive symptoms among Korean-American older adults. Aging and Mental Health, 9 (6), 500–507.Google ScholarPubMed
*Jang, Y., Small, B. J. and Haley, W. E. (2001). Cross-cultural comparability of the Geriatric Depression Scale: comparison between older Koreans and older Americans. Aging and Mental Health, 5, 31–37.Google ScholarPubMed
Kaiser, H. F., Hunka, S. and Bianchini, J. (1971). Relating factor studies based upon different individuals. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 6, 409–422. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr0604_3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalibatseva, Z. and Leong, F. T. (2011). Depression among Asian Americans: review and recommendations. Depression Research and Treatment, 2011. doi:10.1155/2011/320902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C., Foster, C., Webster, P. S. and House, J. S. (1992). The relationship between age and depressive symptoms in two national surveys. Psychology and Aging, 7, 119–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, G. (2010). Measuring depression in a multicultural society: conceptual issues and research recommendations. Hallym International Journal of Aging, 12, 27–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, G., Chiriboga, D. A. and Jang, Y. (2009). Cultural equivalence in depressive symptoms in older White, Black, and Mexican American adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57, 790–796.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, G., DeCoster, J., Huang, C.-H. and Chiriboga, D. A. (2011). Race/ethnicity and the factor structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: a meta-analysis. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17, 381–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Kim, J. Y.et al. (2008). Standardization of the Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale: reliability, validity, and factor structure. Psychiatry Investigation, 5, 232–238.Google ScholarPubMed
*Lai, D. W. L. (2009). Depressive symptoms of elderly Chinese in Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Taipei. Aging and Mental Health, 13, 725–735.Google ScholarPubMed
*Lai, D. W. L., Fung, T. S. and Yuen, C. T. Y. (2005). The factor structure of a Chinese version of the Geriatric Depression Scale. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 35, 137–148.Google ScholarPubMed
*Lai, D., Tong, H., Zeng, Q. and Xu, W. (2010). The factor structure of a Chinese Geriatric Depression Scale-SF: use with alone elderly Chinese in Shanghai, China. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25, 503–510.Google Scholar
Lewis-Fernández, R., Das, A. K., Alfonso, C., Weissman, M. M. and Olfson, M. (2005). Depression in US Hispanics: diagnostic and management considerations in family practice. Journal of American Board of Family Medicine, 18, 4282–4296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lichtenberg, P. A. (ed.). (2010). Handbook of Assessment in Clinical Gerontology, 2nd edn.Burlington, MA: Elsevier, Inc.Google Scholar
Loeber, R. and Schmaling, K. B. (1985). Empirical evidence for overt and covert patterns of antisocial conduct problems: a meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 337–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Malakouti, S. K., Fatollahi, P., Mirabzadeh, A., Salavati, M. and Zandi, T. (2006). Reliability, validity and factor structure of the GDS-15 in Iranian elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21 (6), 588–593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mui, A. C. (1996a). Depression among elderly Chinese immigrants: an exploratory study. Social Work, 41, 633–645.Google ScholarPubMed
*Mui, A. C. (1996b). Geriatric Depression Scale as a community screening instrument for elderly Chinese immigrants. International Psychogeriatrics, 8, 445–458.Google ScholarPubMed
Mui, A. C., Burnette, D. and Chen, L. M. (2002). Cross-cultural assessment of geriatric depression: a review of the CES-D and GDS. In Skinner, J. H., Teresi, J. A., Holmes, D., Stahl, S. M. and Stewart, A. L. (eds.), Multicultural Measurement in Older Populations (pp. 147–177). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Mui, A. C., Kang, S.-Y., Chen, L. M. and Omanski, M. D. (2003). Reliability of the Geriatric Depression Scale for use among elderly Asian immigrants in the USA. International Psychogeriatrics, 15, 253–271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulaik, S. A. (1972). The Foundations of Factor Analysis. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
*Onishi, J., Suzuki, Y., Umegaki, H., Endo, H., Kawamura, T. and Iguchi, A. (2006). A comparison of depressive mood of older adults in a community, nursing homes, and a geriatric hospital: factor analysis of Geriatric Depression Scale. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 19, 26–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Onishi, J., Umegaki, H., Suzuki, Y., Uemura, K., Kuzuya, M. and Iguchi, A. (2004). The relationship between functional disability and depressive mood in Japanese older adult inpatients. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 17, 93–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Parmelee, P. A., Lawton, M. P. and Katz, I. R. (1989). Psychometric properties of the Geriatric Depression Scale among the institutionalized aged. Psychological Assessment, 1, 331–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Pocinho, M. T. S., Farate, C., Dias, C. A., Lee, T. T. and Yesavage, J. A. (2009). Clinical and psychometric validation of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) for Portuguese elders. Clinical Gerontologist: The Journal of Aging and Mental Health, 32, 223–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Salamero, M. and Marcos, T. (1992). Factor study of the Geriatric Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 86, 283–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Schreiner, A., Morimoto, T. and Asano, H. (2001). Depressive symptoms among poststroke patients in Japan: frequency distribution and factor structure of the GDS. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 941–949.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shafer, A. B. (2006). Meta-analysis of the factor structures of four depression questionnaires: Beck, CES-D, Hamilton, and Zung. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 123–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheikh, J. I. and Yesavage, J. A. (1986). Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist, 5, 165–173.Google Scholar
*Sheikh, J. I.et al. (1991). Proposed factor structure of the Geriatric Depression Scale. International Psychogeriatrics, 3, 23–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tatsuoka, M. (1971). Multivariate Analysis: Techniques for Educational and Psychological Research. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
van Marwijk, H. W. J., Wallace, P, de Bock, G. H., Hermans, J., Kaptein, A. A. and Mulder, J. D.(1995). Evaluation of the feasibility, reliability, and diagnostic value of shortened versions of the geriatric depression scale. British Journal of General Practice, 45, 195–199.Google ScholarPubMed
Yesavage, J. A. and Brink, T. L. (1983). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 37–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Kim Supplementary Material

Appendix

Download Kim Supplementary Material(File)
File 39.9 KB