Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T05:56:20.173Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Introduction: domestic and international forces and strategies of foreign economic policy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2009

Peter J. Katzenstein
Get access

Extract

Why does a common challenge, such as the oil crisis, elicit different national responses in the international political economy? The domestic structure of the nation-state is a critical intervening variable without which the interrelation between international interdependence and political strategies cannot be understood. The essay justifies this volume's concentration on a few advanced industrial states of the North; from a broader historical perspective it looks briefly at the interaction of international and domestic forces in the shaping of the international political economy; it examines two theories of foreign policy (international approaches and bureaucratic politics) in order to highlight the gap which this volume intends to fill; and it details the theoretical orientation informing the essays which follow.

Type
Research Article
Information
International Organization , Volume 31 , Issue 4 , Autumn 1977 , pp. 587 - 606
Copyright
Copyright © The IO Foundation 1977

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S., Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1977), pp. 6–8Google Scholar.

2 Schurmann, Franz, The Logic of World Power: An Inquiry into the Origins, Currents and Contradictions of World Politics (New York: Random House, 1974), pp. 8–13Google Scholar. On the domestic sources of foreign policy more generally see, among others, Kissinger, Henry A., American Foreign Policy (New York: W.W. Norton, 1974), pp. 11–50Google Scholar. Rosenau, James N., ed., Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy (New York: The Free Press, 1967)Google Scholar. Rosenau, James N., “Pre-Theories and Theories of Foreign Policy,” in Approaches to Comparative and International Politics, Farrell, R. Barry, ed., (Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1966), pp. 27–92Google Scholar. Domestic Determinants of Foreign Policy (Third German-American Forum) (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, 1974)Google Scholar. Wahl, Nicholas, “The Autonomy of Domestic Structures in European-American Relations,” in Atlantis Lost: US-European Relations after the Cold War, Chace, James and Ravenal, Earl C., eds., (New York: New York University Press, 1976), pp. 225–48Google Scholar.

3 Krasner, Stephen D., “Oil is the Exception,” Foreign Policy No. 14 (Spring 1974): 68–84Google Scholar. de Montbriand, Thierry, “For a New World Economic Order,” Foreign Affairs Vol. 54, No. 1 (10 1975): 71Google Scholar.

4 Bergsten, C. Fred, “The Threat from the Third World,” Foreign Policy No. 11 (Summer 1973): 102–24Google Scholar. Bergsten, C. Fred, “The Threat is Real,” Foreign Policy No. 14 (Spring 1974): 84–91Google Scholar. Bergsten, C. Fred, “Response to the Third World,” Foreign Policy No. 17 (Winter 1974–1975): 3–34Google Scholar.

5 Shonfield, Andrew, ed., International Economic Relations of the Western World, 1959–1971, 2 vols. (London: Oxford University Press, 1976)Google Scholar. Blake, David H. and Walters, Robert S., The Politics of Global Economic Relations (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1976)Google Scholar. Spero, Joan Edelman, The Politics of International Economic Relations (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977)Google Scholar. Knorr, Klaus, The Power of Nations: The Political Economy of International Relations (New York: Basic Books, 1975)Google Scholar. On the New International Economic Order see Sauvant, Karl P. and Hasenpflug, Hajo, eds., The New International Economic Order: Confrontation or Cooperation between North and South? (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1977)Google Scholar. Hansen, Roger D., “The Political Economy of North-South Relations: How Much Change?” International Organization Vol. 29, No. 4 (Autumn 1975): 921–48Google Scholar. Smith, Tony, “Changing Configurations of Power in North-South Relations Since 1945” International Organization Vol. 31, No. 1 (Winter 1977): 1–29Google Scholar.

6 Gilpin, Robert, “Economic Interdependence in Historical Perspective,” (Princeton, New Jersey: 1976)Google Scholar. Calleo, David P. and Rowland, Benjamin M., America and the World Political Economy: Atlantic Dreams and National Realities (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1973)Google Scholar. Krasner, Stephen D., “State Power and the Structure of International Trade,” World Politics Vol. 28, No. 3 (04 1976): 317–47Google Scholar. For a broader historical treatment see Cipolla, Carlo M., ed., The Economic Decline of Empires (London: Methuen, 1970)Google Scholar.

7 Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S., “World Politics and the International Economic System,” in The Future of the International Economic Order: An Agenda for Research, Bergsten, C. Fred, ed., (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1973), pp. 121–26Google Scholar.

8 Weiner, Myron, The Politics of Scarcity: Public Pressure and Political Response in India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962)Google Scholar.

9 Puhle, Hans-Jürgen, Politische Agrarbewegungen in kapitalistischen Industriegesellschaften (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1975)Google Scholar. Gerschenkron, Alexander, Bread and Democracy in Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1943)Google Scholar. Kindleberger, Charles P., “Group Behavior and International Trade,” The Journal of Political Economy Vol. 59, No. 1 (02 1951): 30–46Google Scholar. Gourevitch, Peter A, “International Trade, Domestic Coalitions, and Liberty: Comparative Responses to the Great Depression of 1873–1896,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 8, No. 1 (08 1977, in press)Google Scholar.

10 Böhme, Helmut, Deutschlands Weg zur Grossmacht: Studien zum Verhältnis von Wirtschaft und Staat während der Reichsgründungszeit 1848–1881 (Cologne: Kiepenheuer and Witsch, 1966)Google Scholar.

11 Kindleberger, Charles P., The World in Depression 1929–1939 (London: Alien Lane, The Penguin Press, 1973)Google Scholar. Rowland, Benjamin M., ed., Balance of Power or Hegemony: The Interwar Monetary System (New York: New York University Press, 1976)Google Scholar.

12 Rosecrance, Richard N., “Introduction,” in America as an Ordinary Country: US Foreign Policy and the Future, Rosecrance, Richard N., ed., (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1976), pp. 11–19Google Scholar.

13 Inkeles, Alex, “The Emerging Social Structure of the World,” World Politics Vol. 27, No. 4 (07 1975): 467–95Google Scholar. Katzenstein, Peter J., “International Interdependence: Some Long-Term Trends and Recent Changes,” International Organization Vol. 29, No. 4 (Autumn 1975): 1021–34Google Scholar. Rosecrance, Richard N. et al. , “Whither Interdependence?” International Organization Vol. 31, No. 3 (Summer 1977), in pressGoogle Scholar. Rosecrance, Richard N. and Stein, Arthur, “Interdependence: Myth or Reality?” World Politics Vol. 26, No. 1 (10 1973): 1–27Google Scholar.

14 Maier, Charles S., Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade after World War I (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975)Google Scholar. Maier is now working on a companion volume for the years after World War II.

15 Gilpin, Robert, “Three Models of the Future,” International Organization Vol. 29, No. 1 (Winter 1975): 37–60Google Scholar. Krasner, Stephen D., Raw Materials Investments and American Foreign Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, forthcoming)Google Scholar. Katzenstein, Peter J., “International Relations and Domestic Structures: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States,” International Organization Vol. 30, No. 1 (Winter 1976): 4–13Google Scholar. Cox, Robert W., “On Thinking about Future World Order,” World Politics Vol. 28, No. 2 (01 1976): 175–96Google Scholar.

16 Keohane and Nye, Power and Interdependence.

17 Gilpin, Robert, US Power and the Multinational Corporation: The Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment (New York: Basic Books, 1975)Google Scholar. Aron, Raymond, The Imperial Republic: The United States and the World 1945–1973 (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1973)Google Scholar. Waltz, Kenneth N., “The Myth of National Interdependence,” in The International Corporation, Kindleberger, Charles P., ed., (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1970), pp. 205–23Google Scholar. Hirschman, Albert O., National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1945)Google Scholar. Cohen, Stephen D., International Monetary Reform, 1964–1969: The Political Dimension (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1970)Google Scholar. Calleo and Rowland, Krasner, “State Power.” Krasner, Raw Materials Investments. Viner, Jacob, “Power versus Plenty as Objectives of Foreign Policy in the 17th and 18th Centuries,” World Politics Vol. 1, No. 1 (10 1948): 1–29Google Scholar.

18 Magdoff, Harry, The Age of Imperialism: The Economics of US Foreign Policy (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969)Google Scholar. Baran, Paul A. and Sweezy, Paul M., Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1966)Google Scholar. Mandel, Ernest, America vs. Europe: Contradictions of Imperialism (New York: New Left Books, 1970)Google Scholar. Moran, Theodore, “Foreign Expansion as an Institutional Necessity,” World Politics Vol. 25, No. 3 (04 1973): 369–86Google Scholar. Rosen, Steven J. and Kurth, James R., eds., Testing Theories of Economic Imperialism (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1974)Google Scholar. Poulantzas, Nicos, “Internationalization of Capitalist Relations and the Nation State,” Economy and Society Vol. 3, No. 2 (1974): 145–79Google Scholar. Hymer, Stephen D., The International Operations of National Firms (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1976)Google Scholar.

19 Barnet, Richard J. and Müller, Ronald E., Global Reach: The Power of the Multinational Corporations (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974)Google Scholar. Junne, Gerd and Nour, Salua, Internationale Abhängigkeiten: Fremdbestimmung und Ausbeutung als Regelfall internationaler Beziehungen (Frankfurt a.M.: Fischer Athenäum, 1974)Google Scholar. Junne, Gerd, Der Eurogeldmarkt: Seine Bedeutung für Inflation und Inflationsbekämpfung (Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 1976)Google Scholar.

20 Cooper, Richard N., The Economics of Interdependence: Economic Policy in the American Community (New York: McGraw Hill, 1968)Google Scholar. Cooper, Richard N., “Economic Interdependence and Foreign Policy in the Seventies,” World Politics Vol. 24, No. 2 (01 1972): 159–81Google Scholar. Vernon, Raymond, Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of US Enterprises (New York: Basic Books, 1971)Google Scholar. Vernon, Raymond, “Storm over the Multinationals: Problems and Prospects,” Foreign Affairs Vol. 55, No. 2 (01 1977): 243–62Google Scholar. Morse, Edward L., “The Transformation of Foreign Policies,” World Politics Vol. 22, No. 3 (04 1970): 371–92Google Scholar. Feld, Werner J., Nongovernmental Forces and World Politics: A Study of Business, Labor and Political Groups (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972)Google Scholar. Brown, Lester R., World without Borders (New York: Random House, 1972)Google Scholar.

21 Russell, Robert W., “Crisis Management in the International Monetary System, 1960–1973,” paper prepared for delivery at the International Studies Association Convention, New York City, 03 16, 1973, pp. 36, 35Google Scholar.

22 Katzenstein, “International Relations and Domestic Structures.”

23 Allison, Graham T., Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1971)Google Scholar. Halperin, Morton H., Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy (Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1974)Google Scholar. Allison, Graham T. and Halperin, Morton H., “Bureaucratic Politics: A Paradigm and Some Policy Implications,” in Theory and Policy in International Relations, Tanter, Raymond and Ullman, Richard H., eds., World Politics Vol. 24, (Supplement, Spring 1972): 40–79Google Scholar. Steinbruner, John D., The Cybernetic Theory of Decisions: New Dimensions of Political Analysis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974)Google Scholar. Kohl, Wilfrid L., “The Nixon-Kissinger Foreign Policy System and US-European Relations: Patterns of Policy Making,” World Politics Vol. 28, No. 1 (10 1975): 1–43Google Scholar.

24 Weber, Max, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: The Free Press, 1964), pp. 324–41Google Scholar. Bachrach, Samuel B., “From Morphology to Cognitions: Toward a Political Framework of Intra-Organizational Analysis,” (Ithaca, New York: New York School of Industrial Labor Relations, 11 1975)Google Scholar.

25 Allison, Essence of Decision.

26 The role of cultural values is explored in Crozier, Michel, The Bureaucratic Phenomenon (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), especially Part IVGoogle Scholar.

27 In this respect there exists a striking resemblance between the bureaucratic politics approach and the pluralist paradigm of the mid-1960s.

28 As far as I know the work of William Wallace (Chatham House) on British, French, and German foreign economic policy making is currently the only sustained, comparative investigation outside Washington. See also Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy, (Murphy Commission), especially Appendix, Vols. 1 and 3 (Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1975)Google Scholar.

29 Lowi, Theodore J., “American Business, Public Policy, Case Studies and Political Theory,” World Politics Vol. 16, No. 4 (07 1964): 677–715Google Scholar. Lowi, Theodore J., “Making Democracy Safe for the World,” in Rosenau, , Domestic Sources, pp. 295–331Google Scholar. Lowi, Theodore J., “Decision Making vs. Policy Making: Toward an Antidote for Technocracy,” Public Administration Review, Vol. 30, No. 3 (05/06 1970): 314–25Google Scholar. Zimmerman, William, “Issue Area and Foreign Policy Process,” American Political Science Review Vol. 67, No. 4 (12 1973): 1204–12Google Scholar. Wilson, James Q., Political Organizations (New York: Basic Books, 1973), pp. 327–346Google Scholar. Kjellberg, Francesco, “Do Policies (really) Determine Politics? And Eventually How?” paper prepared for delivery at the ECPR London Joint Sessions, 04 7–13, 1975Google Scholar. Roberts, Geoffrey K., “On the Definition and Classification of Policy Inputs,” (Manchester, England, 1975)Google Scholar. Brewer, Thomas L., “Issue and Context Variations in Foreign Policy: Effects on American Elite Behavior,” Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol. 17, No. 1 (03 1973): 89–114Google Scholar. Forsyth, Dall W., “Taxation and Regime Change in America, 1781–1833: A Taxonomy of Political Events,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1974Google Scholar.

30 Moore, Barrington, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966)Google Scholar.

31 Bendix, Reinhard, “Social Stratification and the Political Community,” Class, Status, and Power: Social Stratification in Comparative Perspective, 2nd ed., Bendix, Reinhard and Lipset, Seymour Martin, eds., (New York: The Free Press, 1966), pp. 73–86Google Scholar. Bendix, Keinhard et al. , eds., State and Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973)Google Scholar. Nettl, J.P., “The State as a Conceptual Variable,” World Politics, Vol. 20, No. 4 (07 1968): 559–92Google Scholar. The difference between state and society is developed from other theoretical premises in Andrews, Bruce, “Social Rules and the State as a Social Actor,” World Politics Vol. 27, No. 4 (07 1975): 521–40Google Scholar.

32 Avineri, Shlomo, Hegel's Theory of the Modern State (London: Cambridge University Press, 1972)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

33 Shonfield, Andrew, Modern Capitalism: The Changing Balance of Public and Private Power (London: Oxford University Press, 1970)Google Scholar. MacLennan, Malcolm, Forsyth, Murray, and Denton, Geoffrey, Economic Planning and Policies in Britain, France, and Germany (New York: Praeger, 1968)Google Scholar. Vernon, Raymond, ed., Big Business and the State: Changing Relations in Western Europe (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974)Google Scholar. Hayward, Jack and Watson, Michael, eds., Planning, Politics and Public Policy (London: Cambridge University Press, 1975)Google Scholar. Patrick, Hugh and Rosovsky, Henry, eds., Asia's New Giant (Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1976)Google Scholar. Winkler, Heinrich A., ed., Organisierter Kapitalismus: Voraussetzungen und Anfänge (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1974)Google Scholar.

34 For example see Lindbeck, Assar, “Stabilization Policy in Open Economies with Endogenous Politicians,” American Economic Review Vol. 66, No. 2 (05 1976): 1–19Google Scholar.

35 Kindleberger, , “Group Behavior,” and Bauer, Raymond A., Pool, Ithiel de Sola and Dexter, Lewis Anthony, American Business and Public Policy: The Politics of Foreign Trade (New York: Atherton Press, 1963)Google Scholar.

36 Galbraith, John K., The New Industrial State (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969)Google Scholar.

37 For different interpretations of one country see Morse, Edward L., Foreign Policy and Interdependence in Gaullist France (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973)Google Scholar and Zysman, John, Political Strategies for Industrial Order: State, Market, and Industry in France (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977)Google Scholar.

38 Hopkins, Raymond F., “The International Role of ‘Domestic’ Bureaucracy,” International Organization Vol. 30, No. 3 (Summer 1976): 405–32Google Scholar. Weiss, Thomas G. and Jordan, Robert S., “Bureaucratic Politics and the World Food Conference: The International Policy Process,” World Politics Vol. 28, No. 3 (04 1976): 422–39Google Scholar. Arkes, Hadley, Bureaucracy, the Marshall Plan, and the National Interest (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972)Google Scholar. Einhorn, Jessica P., Expropriation Politics (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1974)Google Scholar. Meltzer, Ronald I., “The American Response to Granting Trade Preferences to Developing Countries: Bureaucratic Politics, Transgovernmental Relations, and the Politics of Policy Reversal,” paper prepared for delivery at the XVII Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, Toronto, 02 1976Google Scholar.

39 Neustadt, Richard E., Alliance Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970)Google Scholar.

40 Bendix, , “Introduction” in Bendix, , State and Society, p. 11Google Scholar.

41 This was a central point of contention in the discussions among authors and participants in the workshop and the conference on Domestic Structures and Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States.

42 This organizing framework is elaborated furher in the concluding essay of this volume.

43 Paarlberg, Robert L., “Domesticating Global Management,” Foreign Affairs4. 54, No. 3 (04 1976): 563–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar.