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The Extra–Regional Transfer of Integrative Behavior

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2009

William P. Avery
William P. Avery
Affiliation:
William P. Avery is a member of the Department of Political Science of Tulane University in New Orleans.
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Abstract

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Type
Note on Theory and Method
Information
International Organization , Volume 27 , Issue 4 , Autumn 1973 , pp. 549 - 556
Copyright
Copyright © The IO Foundation 1973

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References

1 Etzioni, for example, considers integration as an end, not the means of reaching the end, while Jacob and Teune see integration as both means and end. Deutsch regards integration as causally related to the emergence of security communities. In a much broader sense, Haas treats it as a process for building political communities. These definitions are detailed in Etzioni, Amitai, Political Unification (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1965),Google Scholar chapter 1; Jacob, Philip E. and Teune, Henry, “The Integrative Process: Guidelines for Analysis of the Bases of Political Community,” in The Integration of Political Communities, edited by Jacob, Philip E. and Toscano, James V. (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1964), pp. 1–46;Google ScholarDeutsch, Karl W., Political Community at the International Level (Garden City, N.J: Doubleday & Co., 1954);Google Scholar and Haas, Ernst B., “The Study of Regional Integration: Reflections on the Joy and Anguish of Pretheorizing,” International Organization, Autumn 1970 (Vol. 24, No. 4), p. 611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2 Nye, Joseph S. provides a neat summary of most of these hypotheses in his book Peace in Parts: Integration and Conflict in Regional Organization (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1971), pp. 87–93.Google Scholar For a description and analysis of encapsulation, see: Schmitter, Philippe C., “Central American Integration: Spill–Over, Spill–Around or Encapsulation?,” Journal of Common Market Studies, 09 1970 (9), pp. 1–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar More on several of the other hypotheses can be found in Schmitter's, “Three Neo–Functional Hypotheses About International Integration,” International Organization, Spring 1969 (Vol. 23, No. 1), pp. 161–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3 The Andean Common Market was formally launched in May 1969 as a sub–regional bloc within the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA). For a detailed description of the agreement setting up the ACM, see: Business International Corporation, The Andean Common Market (New York: Business Inter–national Corporation, 1970).Google Scholar A partial application of neo–functional concepts to the Andean effort, and a systematic comparison with LAFTA and the Central American Common Market, is in Avery, William P. and Cochrane, James D., “Innovation in Latin American Regionalism: The Andean Common Market,” International Organization, Spring 1973 (Vol. 27, No. 2), pp. 181–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

4 “International Integration: The European and the Universal Process,” International Organization, Summer 1961 (Vol. 15, No. 3), pp. 366–392.Google Scholar Around the same time, an intriguing attempt was made to view the international system and the fragmented metropolitan governments of the United States as analogous settings in order to formulate models and generate hypotheses bearing on the development and study of integration at different political levels. (See Jacob and Toscano.)

5 Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1964.

6 The simple term “echoing” was chosen, in part, to follow what one author has aptly termed the “common sense” nature of neo–functional theory and terminology: Mason, Henry L., “Supranationalism and Unintended Consequences: Aspects of Ernst Haas’ Theory of International Politics,” in Die moderne Demokratie und ihr Recht, edited by Bracher, Karl D. et al. (Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1966), pp. 744–745.Google Scholar

7 The presence or absence of functional equivalence has long been a concern of comparative methodology. Do similar behavior patterns and/or institutions in different societies have the same consequences? Or are the patterns of behavior 3imply being copied without having any relationship to the purpose and effects of the behavior? Whether or not extra–regional echoing of integrative behavior has the same consequences (i.e., functional equivalence) in different regions is a question to be determined empirically. For more on functional equivalence in comparative research, see: Przeworski, Adam and Teune, Henry, Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry (New York: Wiley, 1970),Google Scholar chapter 6; and Merritt, Richard L., Systematic Approaches to Comparative Politics (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1970), pp. 149–157.Google Scholar

8 The proposal for the new effort was drafted by William Demas, secretary–general of CARIFTA. (See his: From Carifta to Caribbean Community [Georgetown, Guyana: Commonwealth Caribbean Secretariat, 1972].)Google Scholar Demas, a capable and highly respected integrationist, has been the principal proponent for launching a Caribbean common market. His support for the new endeavor is believed to make the probability “extremely high” that the common market will be created. (Business Latin America, 10 12, 1972, p. 321.)Google Scholar Like other Latin American “common markets,” the proposed arrangement in the Caribbean will not technically be a common market, but will more closely resemble a customs union.

9 The complete text (English translation) of the Andean Common Market's common investment code is reprinted in Journal of Common Market Studies, 06 1972 (X, No. 4), pp. 339–359.Google Scholar For an analysis and first–hand report of the code's development, see: Wionczek, Miguel S., Inversión y tecnología extranjera en América Latina (México, D.F: Editorial Joaquín Mortiz, S.A., 1971), chapters 3 and 4.Google Scholar

10 Sectorial development programming in the Andean region is discussed in Avery, and Cochrane, , International Organization, Spring 1973 (Vol. 27, No. 2), pp. 193–195.Google Scholar

11 Mexico appears to be moving in the direction of a more nationalistic posture toward foreign investment. See: Comercio Exterior (México), octubre de 1972, pp. 937–944, 945–951; and enero de 1973, pp. 16–25. Although this movement cannot be directly linked to developments in the Andean Common Market, Mexico has recently concluded an agreement with the ACM that establishes a permanent Andean–Mexican Commission to allow Mexico to join in some of the benefits of Andean integration without formal membership. The Commission will seek to develop cooperative projects between Mexico and the Andean countries, particularly in the area of complementation agreements. It is possible, therefore, that Mexico figures its relationship with the Andean bloc will be enhanced by an investment policy somewhat more harmonious with the Andean code.

12 The guidelines are outlined in Andean Airmail and Peruvian Times, 04 28, 1972, p. 14.Google Scholar

13 Stanley Hoffmann, “Obstinate or Obsolete? The Fate of the Nation–State and the Case of Western Europe,” Daedalus, Summer 1966, pp. 867–869.Google Scholar

14 For a discussion of direct foreign investment in Latin America, see the special issue of the Journal of Inter–American Studies and World Affairs, 02 1973 (XV, No. 1).Google Scholar