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Comparing Common Markets: A Revised Neo-Functionalist Model

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2009

J. S. Nye
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Extract

There are several approaches to regional integration, both in actor's strategies and in academic analysis. One of the pioneering political science efforts at providing a causal model of regional integration was developed under the stimulus of events in Western Europe in the late 1950's and not surprisingly it reflects these origins. We will refer to it as academic neo-functionalism.

Type
Research Article
Information
International Organization , Volume 24 , Issue 4 , Autumn 1970 , pp. 796 - 835
Copyright
Copyright © The IO Foundation 1970

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Footnotes

1

A member of the Board of Editors of International Organization, is an associate professor in the Government Department at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The author is grateful to Hayward Alker, Lawrence Finkelstein, Ernst Haas, Stanley Hoffmann, Harold Jacobson, Peter Katzenstein, Robert Keohane, Uwe Kitzinger, Leon Lindberg, Stuart Scheingold, Philippe Schmitter, and Robert van Schaik for their comments on an earlier version of this paper.

References

1 A pioneering work of the same period which gave rise to the broader “transactional” approach was Deutsch, Karl W., and others, Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience (Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1957Google Scholar). For the differences between federal, functional, and neo-functional strategies see Nye, J. S., Peace In Parts (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., forthcoming), chapter 2Google Scholar.

2 Nor is it well suited for the analysis of hegemonic (e.g., France-Monaco) and coercive integration (e.g., nineteenth-century Germany) in which the preferences of one partner tend to determine the process. We deal with the ambiguities of symmetry in some detail below.

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5 See, for example, Nye, J. S., “Patterns and Catalysts in Regional Integration, ” International Organization, Autumn 1965 (Vol. 19, No. 4), pp. 870–884CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hoffmann, Stanley, “Obstinate or Obsolete? The Fate of the Nation-State and the Case of Western Europe,” Daedalus, Summer 1966 (Vol. 95, Nos. 3–4), pp. 862–916Google Scholar; Hansen, Roger D., “Regional Integration: Reflections on a Decade of Theoretical Efforts,” World Politics, 01 1969 (Vol. 21, No. 2), pp. 257–270CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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7 See Nye, Joseph S., “Comparative Regional Integration: Concept and Measurement,” International Organization, Autumn 1968 (Vol. 22, No. 4), pp. 855–880CrossRefGoogle Scholar. In several places below I refer to terms defined in the earlier article.

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11 In practice this could be done by applying Leon Lindberg's scale of locus of decision (see Lindberg, Leon N., “The European Community as a Political System: Notes toward the Construction of a Model,” Journal of Common Market Studies, 06 1967 [Vol. 5, No. 4], p. 359CrossRefGoogle Scholar) to the following policies which are regarded by Bela Balassa as part of economic union: 1) free trade (percentage of trade included); 2) customs union (percentage of imports covered by common external tariff); 3) degree of freedom of flow of labor and capital; 4) fiscal policy; 5) countercyclical policy; 6) monetary policy; 7) social policies. See Balassa, Beta, Theory of Economic Integration (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1962), p. 1Google Scholar. Pinder would add: 1) industrial investment and location policy; 2) coordination of managed or regulated markets (e.g., agriculture, transport, energy); 3) scientific and technological research; 4) external commercial policy; 5) internal regional incomes equalization policy. This gives us a list of twelve economic policies (instead of Lindberg's more varied seventeen) for constructing an index of extent of economic policy coordination as a measure of our dependent variable.

12 In his article in this issue Lindberg lists 22 external, political-constitutional, sociocultural, and economic issue areas. Twelve of the 22 are economic and very similar to my list. The two approaches are very similar. The broader list has the advantage of completeness but also raises more problems about weighting the issue areas.

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21 The crisis-torn Italian government delayed in following this course.

22 Pryor, Frederic L., The Communist Foreign Trade System (Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T. Press, 1963), p. 199Google Scholar.

23 There is an excellent account in Leon Lindberg's and Stuart Scheingold's book cited above.

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26 Lindberg and Scheingold. See also Lindberg, , Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 5, No. 4Google Scholar.

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30 I am indebted to Andrew Taussig for this point.

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32 Interview with Jorge Viteri, UN official, June 1966; Nye, , International Conciliation, No. 562, p. 45Google Scholar.

33 Interview, Dar-es-Salaam, August 1969.

34 Holt, p. 60.

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36 See International Institute for Labor Studies, International Collective Bargaining Symposium held in Geneva, May 1969.

37 Ironically, a 1968 demonstration in Brussels by 5,000 farmers (many of them French) against the EEC can be seen as a better tribute to power in that sector. New York Times, May 28, 1968.

38 See Nye, , International Conciliation, No. 562, p. 50Google Scholar.

39 Lindberg and Scheingold.

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50 Contrary to the “balance of power” theory, security-communities seem to develop most frequently around cores of strength. …

Deutsch, and others, p. 10.

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54 My calculation, leaving out military expenditure.

55 See Anderson on the importance of modern groups as a feedback link that contributes to realistic rather than ideological formulation of economic policy.

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74 In Etzioni's view the problem with high-level economic unions is that their need for consensus is out of balance with this capacity to generate it. Etzioni, Amitai, “The Dialectics of Supranational Unification,” American Political Science Review, 12 1962 (Vol. 56, No. 4), p. 933Google Scholar.

75 This does not mean that minor coordination of foreign policies cannot be undertaken at low levels of integration—witness the Scandinavian states at the UN.

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81 See Segal, Aaron, The Politics of Caribbean Economic Integration (Puerto Rico: Institute of Caribbean Studies, 1968)Google Scholar.

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84 See I.M.D. Little, “Regional Integration Companies as an Approach to Economic Integration”; Jaroslav Vanek, “Payments Unions among the Less Developed Countries and their Economic Integration”; and Herrera, Felipe, “The Inter-American Development Bank and the Latin American Integration Movement,” all in journal of Common Market Studies, 12 1966 (Vol. 5, No. 2)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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88 On the desire of the less developed Romanians to control their own planning see Montias, John, “Background and Origins of the Rumanian Dispute with COMECON,” Soviet Studies, 10 1964 (Vol. 16, No. 2), pp. 125–151CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

89 See UN Document E/AC.54/L.35, March 20, 1969, p. 16.