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The Afro-Asian States and the Hungarian Question

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2009

Samir N. Anabtawi
Samir N. Anabtawi
Affiliation:
Samir N. Anabtawi is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Vanderbilt University. The author wishes to express his gratitude to Professor Walter R. Sharp of Yale University and to Professor Paul E. Zinner of the University of California, Davis, for reading the manuscript and for their helpful suggestions.
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Extract

The behavior of the Afro-Asian states on the Hungarian Question has been cited as an outstanding example of the discrepancy that exists between their moralistic pronouncements on international conduct and their true actions. It has also served to strengthen the view that they forma cohesive unit which is unduly solicitous of Soviet interests.

Type
Articles
Information
International Organization , Volume 17 , Issue 4 , Autumn 1963 , pp. 872 - 900
Copyright
Copyright © The IO Foundation 1963

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References

1 UN Document S/3690. The vote was 9 to 1, with Yugoslavia abstaining. For the most detached summary of the events leading to the Hungarian uprising see “Report of the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary,” General Assembly Official Records (11th session), Supplement No. 18.

2 UN Document A/3251.

3 UN Document S/3730/Rev.I.

4 UN Document S/3733.

5 General Assembly Official Records (2nd emergency special session), November 4–10, 1956, p. 2.Google Scholar

6 UN Document A/3286; adopted as General Assembly Resolution 1004 (ES-II), November 4, 1956.

7 Nationalist China is not associated with the Afro-Asian group. On the states participating in the Afro-Asian caucuses, see Hovet, Thomas Jr, Bloc Politics in the United Nations (Cambridge, Mass.; Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1958), pp. 139–153.Google Scholar

8 The Yugoslav delegate, Mr. Vrilej, while deploring the events in Hungary, and particularly the Soviet intervention, stated that his country abstained on the United States draft resolution because it “did not seem to [him] to indicate a course which might lead to an improvement in the situation in Hungary.” However, he said that his country would have supported several paragraphs of the resolution. (General Assembly Official Records [2nd emergency special session], p. 31.)

9 Ibid., p. 24.

10 Ibid., p. 35.

11 Ibid., p. 39. Indonesia's foreign minister declared that “reports from Budapest were still too vague to be used as a basis for stating the position of Indonesia, a neutralist country.” (The New York Times, November 6, 1956.)Google Scholar

12 General Assembly Official Records (2nd emergency special session), p. 41.Google Scholar

13 Ibid., p. 44.

14 Ibid.

15 UN Document A/3316; adopted as General Assembly Resolution 1005 (ES-II), November 9, 1956.

16 United Nations Review, December 1956 (Vol. 3, No. 6), pp. 68–69.Google Scholar

17 The New York Times, November 12, 1956.Google Scholar

18 The New York Times, November 16, 1956.Google Scholar

19 At the time of the British-French-Israeli invasion of Egypt, Nehru sent a telegram to Nasser in which he said: “If colonialism succeeds in coming back to Egypt, it will reverse the entire course of history and return to every other country from which it had been forced to go. Therefore … colonial ism should not be allowed to succeed in Egypt. Otherwise, it will signal a new and long fight for the whole of Asia and Africa.” (Nasser, Gamal Abdel, “Where Two Worlds Meet,” in A Study of Nehru, edited by Zakaria, Rafiq [Bombay: Times of India, 1959], p. 85.)Google Scholar

20 On this point see Berkes, Ross N. and Bedi, Mohinder S., The Diplomacy of India: Indian Foreign Policy in the United Nations (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1958), pp. 102–103.Google Scholar

21 Nehru Visits U.S.A. (Washington, D.C.: Information Service of India), pp. 28–29.Google Scholar

22 The New York. Times, November 11, 1956.Google Scholar

23 The New York. Times, November 15, 1956.Google Scholar

24 The author has analyzed the voting behavior of the Arab states on the Korean Question as part of a larger forthcoming study on the Afro-Asian bloc in the Assembly.

25 See The Sino-Soviet Economic Offensive in the Less Developed Countries, United States Department of State Publication 6632, May 1958.Google Scholar

26 UN Document A/3319; adopted as General Assembly Resolution 1006 (ES-II), November 9, 1956.

27 UN Document A/3325.

28 United Nations Review, op. cit., p. 71.

29 UN Document A/3324; adopted as General Assembly Resolution 1007 (ES-II), November 9, 1956.

30 For the communications between the Secretary-General and the Hungarian government on the admission of observers, see UN Documents A/3337, A/3346, A/3362, A/3341, A/3345, and A/3358.

31 The New York Times, November 15, 1956.Google Scholar

32 The New York Times, November 20, 1956.Google Scholar

33 The New York Times, November 12, 1956.Google Scholar

34 UN Document A/3357/Rev.2; adopted as General Assembly Resolution 1127 (XI), November 21, 1956.

35 UN Document A/3368/Rev.3; adopted as General Assembly Resolution 1128 (XI), November 21, 1956.

36 General Assembly Official Records (iith session), Vol. 1, p. 155.Google Scholar

37 Ibid.

38 Ibid., p. 172.

39 Ibid., p. 175.

40 Ibid.

41 The New York Times, November 26, 1956.Google Scholar

42 General Assembly Official Records (11th session), p. 177.Google Scholar

43 Ibid., p. 121. This is an interesting statement in view of the large number of Hungarian refugees that were streaming into Yugoslavia for asylum.

44 Ibid., p. 167.

45 UN Document A/3403.

46 UN Document A/3414.

47 UN Document A/3413; adopted as General Assembly Resolution 1130 (XI), December 4, 1956.

48 General Assembly Official Records (11th session), p. 491.Google Scholar

49 Ibid., p. 492.

50 Ibid., p. 494.

51 Ibid., p. 520.

52 Ibid., p. 524.

53 Ibid.

54 Ibid., p. 500.

55 Ibid., p. 523.

56 Ibid., p. 590. In commenting on the fourteen-power draft resolution, Krishna Menon (ibid., p. 524), with an apparent eye on Austria, had said: We shall vote against those parts which speak of sending observers to another country, especailly when we have no evidence from the Secretary-General or from the President or from movers of the draft resolution as to what that country is … Suppose that it was a country that was neutral, as countries on the frontier of Hungary are. It would be a grave embarrassment for it to have those representatives there.

57 For the Secretary-General's notes to, and replies from, the various governments concerned, see UN Document A/3435 and Add.1–6.

58 Adopted as General Assembly Resolution 1131 (XI), December 12, 1956.

59 General Assembly Official Records (11th session), p. 631.

60 Ibid., p. 655.

61 Ibid., p. 650.

62 Ibid., p. 609.

63 Ibid., p. 632.

64 UN Document A/L.216.

65 UN Document A/3437.

66 UN Document A/3485.

67 Japan was admitted to the United Nations on December 18, 1956.

68 UN Document A/3487/Rev.I; adopted as General Assembly Resolution 1132 (XI), January 10, 1957.

69 Mention should also be made of the fact that less than ten days before the vote on the 24-power draft resolution, Nehru's Congress Party adopted a resolution in which India's neutralist policy was reaffirmed. (The New York Times, January 4, 1957.)Google Scholar

70 “Report of the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary,” General Assembly Official Records (11th session), Supplement No. 18.

71 Ibid., p. 140.

72 Adopted as General Assembly Resolution 1133 (XI), September 14, 1957.

73 Document A/L.223.

74 General Assembly Official Records (11th session), p. 1413.

75 UN Document A/3658.

76 General Assembly Official Records (11th session), p. 1459.

77 Ibid.

78 UN Document A/3773.

79 The Yearbook, of the United Nations, 1957, p. 66.Google Scholar

80 The Yearbook of the United Nations, 1958, p. 68.Google Scholar

81 UN Document A/3849.

82 General Assembly Official Records (13th session), p. 55.Google Scholar

83 Ibid., p. 56. (From the speech of Mr. Fekini or Libya.)

84 Ibid. (From the speech of Sir Claude Corea of Ceylon.)

85 UN Document A/L.255; adopted as General Assembly Resolution 1312 (XIII), December 12, 1958.

86 See Mr. Krishna Menon's speech in General Assembly Official Records (13th session), p. 612.

87 UN Document A/4285.

88 General Assembly Official Records (14th session), p. 621.Google Scholar

89 UN Document A/4304.

90 UN Document A/L.273; adopted as General Assembly Resolution 1454 (iv), December 9, 1959.

91 General Assembly Official Records (15th session [Part I]), Vol. I, p. 614. The vote to include the item in the agenda was 54 to 12, with 31 abstentions; 28 of the 31 abstainers were Afro-Asian states.

92 UN Document A/4606.

93 UN Document A/L.349 and Add.i.

94 General Assembly Resolution 1741 (XVI), December 20, 1961.

95 United Nations Review, January 1962 (Vol. 9, No. 1), pp. 9, 10, 54.Google Scholar

96 On this point, see Fox, Annette Baker, The Power of Small States: Diplomacy in World War II (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959).Google Scholar