Hostname: page-component-cc8bf7c57-n7qbj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-11T22:08:33.013Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Elements of the Structures of International Systems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 October 2012

Jack Donnelly
Jack Donnelly*
Affiliation:
Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver, Colo. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Structural international theory has become largely a matter of elaborating “the effects of anarchy.” Simple hunter-gatherer band societies, however, perfectly fit the Waltzian model of anarchic orders but do not experience security dilemmas or warfare, pursue relative gains, or practice self-help balancing. They thus demonstrate that “the effects of anarchy,” where they exist, are not effects of anarchy—undermining mainstream structural international theory as it has been practiced for the past three decades. Starting over, I ask what one needs to differentiate how actors are arranged in three simple anarchic orders: forager band societies, Hobbesian states of nature, and great power states systems. The answer turns out to look nothing like the dominant tripartite (ordering principle, functional differentiation, distribution of capabilities) conception. Based on these cases, I present a multidimensional framework of the elements of social and political structures that dispenses with anarchy, is truly structural (in contrast to the independent-variable agent-centric models of Waltz and Wendt), and highlights complexity, diversity, and regular change in the structures of international systems.

Type
Research Article
Information
International Organization , Volume 66 , Issue 4 , October 2012 , pp. 609 - 643
Copyright
Copyright © The IO Foundation 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agnew, John A. 2003. Geopolitics: Re-Visioning World Politics. 2d ed.London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Albert, Mathias. 2010. Modern Systems Theory and World Politics. In New Systems Theories of World Politics, edited by Albert, Mathias, Cederman, Lars-Erik, and Wendt, Alexander, 43–68. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Albert, Mathias, Cederman, Lars-Erik, and Wendt, Alexander, eds. 2010. New Systems Theories of World Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Albert, Mathias, and Hilkermeier, Lena, eds. 2004. Observing International Relations: Niklas Luhmann and World Politics. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angell, Norman. 1910. The Great Illusion: A Study of the Relation of Military Power to National Advantage. London: Putnam's Sons.Google Scholar
Archer, Margaret S. 1985. The Myth of Cultural Integration. British Journal of Sociology 36 (3):333–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aron, Raymond. 1966. Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Axelrod, Robert, and Keohane, Robert O.. 1985. Achieving Cooperation Under Anarchy: Strategies and Institutions. World Politics 38 (1):226–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnard, Alan. 1992. Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa: A Comparative Ethnography of the Khoisan Peoples. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnard, Alan. 2002. The Foraging Mode of Thought. In Self- and Other-Images of Hunter-Gatherers, edited by Stewart, Henry, Barnard, Alan, and Omura, Keiichi, 5–24. Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology.Google Scholar
Barnett, Michael, and Sikkink, Kathryn. 2008. From International Relations to Global Society. In The Oxford Handbook of International Relations, edited by Reus-Smit, Christian and Snidal, Duncan, 62–83. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Becker, Heike. 2003. The Least Sexist Society? Perspectives on Gender, Change and Violence Among Southern African San. Journal of Southern African Studies 29 (1):5–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bicchieri, M.G., ed. 1972. Hunters and Gatherers Today: A Socioeconomic Study of Eleven Such Cultures in the Twentieth Century. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.Google Scholar
Biesele, Megan, and Royal-/o/oo, Kxao. 1999. The Ju/'hoansi of Botswana and Namibia. In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers, edited by Lee, Richard B. and Daly, Richard, 205–209. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Binford, Lewis R. 1980. Willow Smoke and Dogs' Tails: Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems and Archaeological Site Formation. American Antiquity 45 (1):4–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird-David, Nurit. 1992. Beyond “The Original Affluent Society”: A Culturalist Reformulation. Current Anthropology 33 (1):25–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird-David, Nurit. 1994. Sociality and Immediacy: Or, Past and Present Conversations on Bands. Man 29 (3):583–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boehm, Christopher. 1999. Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryce, James. 1922. International Relations. London, UK: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Bull, Hedley. 1977. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burch, Ernest S. Jr., and Ellanna, Linda J.. 1994. Introduction. In Key Issues in Hunter-Gatherer Research, edited by Jr., Ernest S. Burch and Ellanna, Linda J., 1–8. Oxford, UK: Berg.Google Scholar
Buzan, Barry, and Albert, Mathias. 2010. Differentiation: A Sociological Approach to International Relations Theory. European Journal of International Relations 16 (3):315–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buzan, Barry, and Little, Richard. 2000. International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Carr, Edward Hallett. 1946. The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919–1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations. 2d ed.London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cashman, Greg, and Robinson, Leonard C.. 2007. An Introduction to the Causes of War: Patterns of Interstate Conflict from World War I to Iraq. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Chaulia, Sreeram. 2011. International Organizations and Civilian Protection: Power, Ideas, and Humanitarian Aid in Conflict Zones. London: I.B. Tauris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clastres, Pierre. 1972. The Guayaki. In Hunters and Gatherers Today: A Socioeconomic Study of Eleven Such Cultures in the Twentieth Century, edited by Bicchieri, M.G., 138–74. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Clastres, Pierre. 1977. Society Against the State: The Leader as Servant and the Humane Use of Power Among the Indians of the Americas. New York: Urizen Books.Google Scholar
Clastres, Pierre. 1998. Chronicle of the Guayaki Indians. New York: Zone Books.Google Scholar
Cohen, Saul Bernard. 2009. Geopolitics: The Geography of International Relations. 2d ed.Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Cox, Kevin R., Low, Murray, and Robinson, Jennifer, eds. 2008. The Sage Handbook of Political Geography. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deudney, Daniel H. 2007. Bounding Power: Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dickinson, G. Lowes. 1926. The International Anarchy, 1904–1914. New York: Century.Google Scholar
Dickinson, G. Lowes. 2004 [1916]. The European Anarchy. Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger.Google Scholar
Donnelly, Jack. 2006. Sovereign Inequalities and Hierarchy in Anarchy: American Power and International Society. European Journal of International Relations 12 (2):139–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donnelly, Jack. 2009. Rethinking Political Structures: From “Ordering Principles” to “Vertical Differentiation”—and Beyond. International Theory 1 (1):49–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donnelly, Jack. 2012. The Differentiation of International Societies: An Approach to Structural International Theory. European Journal of International Relations 18 (1):151–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckstein, Arthur M. 2007. Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus. 1974. The Myth of Aggression-Free Hunter and Gatherer Society. In Primate Aggression, Territoriality, and Xenophobia, edited by Holloway, Ralph L., 435–57. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus. 1979. The Biology of Peace and War: Men, Animals, and Aggression. New York: Viking Press.Google Scholar
Ember, Carol R., and Ember, Melvin. 1997. Violence in the Ethnographic Record: Results of Cross-Cultural Research on War and Aggression. In Troubled Times: Violence and Warfare in the Past. Vol. 3, , edited by Martin, Debra L. and Frayer, David W., 1–20. Amsterdam: OPA/Gordon and Breach.Google Scholar
Endicott, Karen L. 1999. Gender Relations in Hunter-Gatherer Societies. In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers, edited by Lee, Richard B. and Daly, Richard, 411–18. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gat, Azar. 2006. War in Human Civilization. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gat, Azar. 2009. So Why Do People Fight? Evolutionary Theory and the Causes of War. European Journal of International Relations 15 (4):571–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilpin, Robert. 1981. War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilpin, Robert. 2002. A Realist Perspective on International Governance. In Governing Globalization: Power, Authority and Global Governance, edited by Held, David and McGrew, Anthony, 237–48. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Glaser, Charles L., and Kaufmann, Chaim. 1998. What Is the Offense-Defense Balance and Can We Measure It? International Security 22 (4):44–82.Google Scholar
Gowa, Joanne. 1994. Allies, Adversaries, and International Trade. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gowdy, John. 1999. Hunter-Gatherers and the Mythology of the Market. In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers, edited by Lee, Richard B. and Daly, Richard, 391–98. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Halle, Louis J. 1996. The Elements of World Order: Essays on International Politics. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Harbour, Frances V. 1999. Thinking About International Ethics: Moral Theory and Cases from American Foreign Policy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Harrison, Neil E., ed. 2006. Complexity in World Politics: Concepts and Methods of a New Paradigm. Albany: State University of New York Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, David. 2006. Spaces of Global Capitalism: A Theory of Uneven Geographical Development. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Heginbotham, Eric, and Samuels, Richard J.. 1998. Mercantile Realism and Japanese Foreign Policy. International Security 22 (4):171–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, Kim, and Hurtado, A. Magdalena. 1996. Aché Life History: The Ecology and Demography of a Foraging People. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Hill, Kim, and Hurtado, A. Magdalena. 1999. The Aché of Paraguay. In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers, edited by Lee, Richard B. and Daly, Richard, 92–96. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2011. The Middle East in the World Hierarchy: Imperialism and Resistance. Journal of International Relations and Development 14 (2):213–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobbes, Thomas. 1985 [1651]. Leviathan. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Hobson, John M., and Sharman, J. C.. 2005. The Enduring Place of Hierarchy in World Politics: Tracing the Social Logics of Hierarchy and Political Change. European Journal of International Relations 11 (1):63–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, Carl. 1986. The Punan: Hunters and Gatherers of Borneo. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Holmes, Marcus. 2011. Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed: Representations of Anarchy in International Relations Theory. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 11 (2):279–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holsti, Kalevi J. 2004. Taming the Sovereigns: Institutional Change in International Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurd, Ian. 1999. Legitimacy and Authority in International Politics. International Organization 53 (2):379–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingold, Tim. 1992. Comment on Beyond “The Original Affluent Society.” Current Anthropology 33 (1):41–42.Google Scholar
Ingold, Tim. 1999. On the Social Relations of the Hunter-Gatherer Band. In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers, edited by Lee, Richard B. and Daly, Richard, 399–410. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, Robert H. 1990. Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Third World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jervis, Robert. 1997. System Effects: Complexity in Political and Social Life. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, Allen W., and Earle, Timothy. 2000. The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State. 2d ed.Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaare, Bwire, and Woodburn, James. 1999. The Hadza of Tanzania. In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers, edited by Lee, Richard B. and Daly, Richard, 200–04. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kaplan, David. 2000. The Darker Side of the “Original Affluent Society.” Journal of Anthropological Research 56 (3):301–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, Morton A. 1957. System and Process in International Politics. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Katzenstein, Peter J., Keohane, Robert O., and Krasner, Stephen D.. 1999. International Organization and the Study of World Politics. International Organization 52 (4):645–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kearns, Gerald. 2009. Geopolitics and Empire: The Legacy of Halford Mackinder. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keeley, Lawrence H. 1997. War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kelly, Raymond C. 2000. Warless Societies and the Origin of War. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, Robert L. 1995. The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Kennan, George F. 1951. American Diplomacy, 1900–1950. New York: New American Library.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O. 1986. Reciprocity in International Relations. International Organization 40 (1):1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keohane, Robert O. 1989. International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O. 1990. Correspondence. International Security 15 (2):192–94.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O. 2012. Twenty Years of Institutional Liberalism. International Relations 26 (2):125–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keohane, Robert O., and Nye, Joseph S.. 1987. Power and Interdependence Revisited. International Organization 41 (4):725–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kissinger, Henry A. 1957. A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace, 1812–22. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Krasner, Stephen D. 1992. Realism, Imperialism, and Democracy: A Response to Gilbert. Political Theory 20 (1):38–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kubálková, Vendulka, Onuf, Nicholas, and Kowert, Paul. 1998. Preface. In International Relations in a Constructed World, edited by Kubálková, Vendulka, Onuf, Nicholas, and Kowert, Paul, ix–xiii. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Lake, David A. 1996. Anarchy, Hierarchy, and the Variety of International Relations. International Organization 50 (1):1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lake, David A. 2003. International Relations Theory and Internal Conflict: Insights from the Interstices. International Studies Review 5 (4):81–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lake, David A. 2009. Hierarchy in International Relations. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Leacock, Eleanor, and Lee, Richard B.. 1982. Introduction. In Politics and History in Band Societies, edited by Leacock, Eleanor and Lee, Richard B., 1–20. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Richard B. 1968. What Hunters Do for a Living, or, How to Make Out on Scarce Resources. In Man the Hunter, edited by Lee, Richard B. and DeVore, Irven, 30–48. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Lee, Richard B. 1979. The !Kung San: Men, Women, and Work in a Foraging Society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Richard B. 1982. Politics, Sexual and Non-Sexual, in an Egalitarian Society. In Politics and History in Band Societies, edited by Leacock, Eleanor and Lee, Richard B., 37–59. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Richard B. 1984. The Dobe !Kung. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.Google Scholar
Lee, Richard B. 1986. !Kung Kin Terms, the Name Relationship and the Process of Discovery. In The Past and Future of !Kung Ethnography: Critical Reflections and Symbolic Perspectives. Essays in Honor of Lorna Marshall, edited by Biesele, Megan, 77–102. Hamburg, Germany: Buske.Google Scholar
Lee, Richard B., and Daly, Richard. 1999a. Introduction: Foragers and Others. In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers, edited by Lee, Richard B. and Daly, Richard, 1–19. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Richard B., and Daly, Richard, eds. 1999b. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Richard B., and DeVore, Irven. 1968. Problems in the Study of Hunters and Gatherers. In Man the Hunter, edited by Lee, Richard B. and Devore, Irven, 3–12. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Levy, Jack S. 2007. International Sources of Interstate and Intrastate War. In Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World, edited by Crocker, Chester A., Hampson, Fen Osler, and Aall, Pamela, 17–38. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
Lynn-Jones, Sean M. 1995. Offense-Defense Theory and Its Critics. Security Studies 4 (4):660–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masters, Roger D. 1964. World Politics as a Primitive Political System. World Politics 16 (4):595–619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mearsheimer, John J. 1995. A Realist Reply. International Security 20 (1):82–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mearsheimer, John J. 2001. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Meillassoux, Claude. 1981. Maidens, Meals, and Money: Capitalism and the Domestic Community. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Benjamin. 2002. When Opponents Cooperate: Great Power Conflict and Collaboration in World Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Milner, Helen. 1991. The Assumption of Anarchy in International Relations Theory: A Critique. Review of International Studies 17 (1):67–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moon, Parker T. 1926. Imperialism and World Politics. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Morgenthau, Hans J. 1946. Scientific Man vs. Power Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Morgenthau, Hans J. 1951. In Defense of the National Interest: A Critical Examination of American Foreign Policy. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Morgenthau, Hans J. 1962. Politics in the Twentieth Century. Vol. 1, . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Morgenthau, Hans J. 1970. Truth and Power: Essays of a Decade, 1960–70. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Needham, Rodney. 1971. Penan Friendship-Names. In The Translation of Culture: Essays to E.E. Evans-Pritchard, edited by Beidelman, Thomas O., 203–30. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Needham, Rodney. 1972. Punan-Penan. In Ethnic Groups of Insular Southeast Asia. Vol. 1, , edited by LeBar, Frank M., 176–80. New Haven, Conn.: Human Relations Area Files Press.Google Scholar
Noel-Baker, Philip. 1928. The League of Nations at Work. 3d. ed.London: Nisbet.Google Scholar
Parsons, Talcott, and Shils, Edward A., eds. 1951. Toward a General Theory of Action. New York: Harper and Row.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, Nicolas. 1993. Demand Sharing: Reciprocity and the Pressure for Generosity Among Foragers. American Anthropologist 95 (4):860–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philpott, Daniel. 2001. Revolutions in Sovereignty: How Ideas Shaped Modern International Relations. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rathbun, Brian C. 2007. Uncertain About Uncertainty: Understanding the Multiple Meanings of a Crucial Concept in International Relations Theory. International Studies Quarterly 51 (3):533–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, Marc Howard. 1983. Political Decision Making and Conflict: Additional Cross-Cultural Codes and Scales. Ethnology 22 (2):169–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, Ariel Ilan. 2008. Balancing and the Bible: A Pre-Thucydidean View of Threat. Security Studies 17 (1):138–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruggie, John Gerard. 1983. Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis. World Politics 35 (2):261–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall D. 1968. Notes on the Original Affluent Society. In Man the Hunter, edited by Lee, Richard B. and DeVore, Irven, 85–89. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Brian C. 1998. The Political Discourse of Anarchy: A Disciplinary History of International Relations. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Schweller, Randall L. 1998. Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Schweller, Randall L., and Priess, David. 1997. A Tale of Two Realisms: Expanding the Institutions Debate. Mershon International Studies Review 41 (1):1–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sell, Susan K. 1998. Power and Ideas: North-South Politics of Intellectual Property and Antitrust. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Sellato, Bernard. 1994. Nomads of the Borneo Rainforest: The Economics, Politics, and Ideology of Settling Down. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sellato, Bernard. 2007. Resourceful Children of the Forest: The Kalimantan Punan Through the Twentieth Century. In Beyond the Green Myth: Hunter-Gatherers of Borneo in the Twenty-First Century, edited by Sercombe, Peter G. and Sellato, Bernard, 61–90. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.Google Scholar
Silberbauer, George B. 1981. Hunter and Habitat in the Central Kalahari Desert. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Silberbauer, George B. 1982. Political Process in G/wi Bands. In Politics and History in Band Societies, edited by Leacock, Eleanor and Lee, Richard B., 23–35. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Snyder, Jack. 2002. Anarchy and Culture: Insights from the Anthropology of War. International Organization 56 (1):7–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spykman, Nicholas J. 1942. America's Strategy in World Politics: The United States and the Balance of Power. New York: Harcourt, Brace.Google Scholar
Sugawara, Kazuyoshi. 2005. Possession, Equality, and Gender Relations in /Gui Discourse. In Property and Equality. Vol. 1, , edited by Widlok, Thomas and Tadesse, Wolde Gossa, 105–29. New York: Berghahn.Google Scholar
Tanaka, Jiro, and Sugawara, Kazuyoshi. 1999. The /Gui and //Gana of Botswana. In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers, edited by Lee, Richard B. and Daly, Richard, 195–99. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thakur, Ramesh, Cooper, Andrew F., and English, John, eds. 2005. International Commissions and the Power of Ideas. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.Google Scholar
Tuathail, Gearóid Ó. 1996. Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Turnbull, Colin M. 1968. The Importance of Flux in Two Hunting Societies. In Man the Hunter, edited by Lee, Richard B. and DeVore, Irven, 132–37. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Vinci, Anthony. 2008. Anarchy, Failed States, and Armed Groups: Reconsidering Conventional Analysis. International Studies Quarterly 52 (2):295–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waltz, Kenneth N. 1979. Theory of International Politics. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Waltz, Kenneth N. 1986. Reflections on Theory of International Politics: A Response to My Critics. In Neorealism and Its Critics, edited by Keohane, Robert O., 322–45. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Waltz, Kenneth N. 1990. Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory. Journal of International Affairs 44 (1):21–37.Google Scholar
Waltz, Kenneth N. 1993. The Emerging Structure of International Politics. International Security 18 (2):44–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waltz, Kenneth N. 1997. Evaluating Theories. American Political Science Review 91 (4):913–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waltz, Kenneth N. 1999. Globalization and Governance. PS: Political Science and Politics 32 (4):693–700.Google Scholar
Waltz, Kenneth N. 2000. Structural Realism after the Cold War. International Security 25 (1):5–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waltz, Kenneth N. 2004. Neorealism: Confusions and Criticisms. Journal of Politics and Society 15 (1):2–6.Google Scholar
Watson, Adam. 1992. The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Weber, Katja. 1997. Hierarchy Amidst Anarchy: A Transaction Costs Approach to International Security Cooperation. International Studies Quarterly 41 (2):321–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wendt, Alexander. 1992. Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics. International Organization 46 (2):391–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wendt, Alexander. 1999. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wendt, Alexander, and Friedheim, Daniel. 1995. Hierarchy Under Anarchy: Informal Empire and the East German State. International Organization 49 (4):689–721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiessner, Polly. 1982. Risk, Reciprocity and Social Influence on !Kung San Economics. In Politics and History in Band Societies, edited by Leacock, Eleanor and Lee, Richard B., 61–84. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wiessner, Polly. 1986. !Kung San Networks in a Generational Perspective. In The Past and Future of !Kung Ethnography: Critical Reflections and Symbolic Perspectives. Essays in Honor of Lorna Marshall, edited by Biesele, Megan, 103–36. Hamburg, Germany: Buske.Google Scholar
Wight, Colin. 2006. Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodburn, James. 1968. Stability and Flexibility in Hadza Residential Groupings. In Man the Hunter, edited by Lee, Richard B. and DeVore, Irven, 103–110. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Woodburn, James. 1979. Minimal Politics: The Political Organization of the Hadza of North Tanzania. In Politics in Leadership: A Comparative Perspective, edited by Shack, William A. and Cohen, Percy S., 244–66. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Woodburn, James. 1982. Egalitarian Societies. Man 17 (3):431–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodburn, James. 1988. African Hunter-Gatherer Social Organization: Is It Best Understood as a Product of Encapsulation? In Hunters and Gatherers. Vol. 1, , edited by Ingold, Tim, Riches, David, and Woodburn, James, 31–64. Oxford, UK: Berg.Google Scholar
Woodburn, James. 1998. “Sharing Is Not a Form of Exchange”: An Analysis of Property-Sharing in Immediate-Return Hunter-Gatherer Societies. In Property Relations: Renewing the Anthropological Tradition, edited by Hann, C.M., 48–63. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Woodburn, James. 2005. Egalitarian Societies Revisited. In Property and Equality. Vol. 1, , edited by Widlok, Thomas and Tadesse, Wolde Gossa, 18–31. New York: Berghahn.Google Scholar
Wright, Quincy. 1983 [1942]. A Study of War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar