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Comparative Regional Integration: Concept and Measurement

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2009

Joseph S. Nye
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Extract

The decade since the formation of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957 has been marked by an impressive growth of theorizing about the causes of international regional integration in Europe and in other parts of the world. However, differences in approach to conceptualization and measurement of the dependent variable—integration—have led to two kinds of problems. First, it is difficult to relate the concepts of different authors to each other, and to a certain extent integration theorists have “talked past each other”. In other instances where theorists have indeed confronted each other, such as in the controversy over the current condition of the EEC (described below), differences in conceptualization have made the dispute unnecessarily difficult to resolve.

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Articles
Information
International Organization , Volume 22 , Issue 4 , Autumn 1968 , pp. 855 - 880
Copyright
Copyright © The IO Foundation 1968

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References

1 Causal theory and the question of “region” are dealt with in a forthcoming manuscript.

2 Lindberg, Leon N., The Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration (Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1963), p. 109Google Scholar.

3 van der Beugel, Ernst H., From Marshall Aid to Atlantic Partnership (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1966), p. 100Google Scholar; Richardson, James, “The Concept of Atlantic Community,” Journal of Common Market Studies, 10 1964 (Vol. 3, No. 1), pp. 1–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4 See Pryor, Frederick L., The Communist Foreign Trade System (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1963). P.27Google Scholar

5 Deutsch, Karl W., “A Comparison of French and German Elites in the European Political Environment,” in Deutsch, Karl W., Edinger, Lewis J., Macridis, Roy C., and Merritt, Richard L., France, Germany and the Western Alliance (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1967), p. 218Google Scholar; Lindberg, Leon, “The European Community as a Political System,” Journal of Common Market Studies, 06 1967 (Vol. 5, No. 4), p. 344CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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7 Haas, Ernst B., The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social, and Economic Forces, 1950–1957 (Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1958), p. 16Google Scholar.

8 For example, see Jacob, Philip E. and Teune, Henry, “The Integrative Process: Guidelines for Analysis of the Bases of Political Community,” in Jacob, Philip E. and Toscano, James V. (ed.), The Integration of Political Communities (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1964), pp. 4, 8Google Scholar; Etzioni, Amitai, Political Unification (New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, 1964), p. 6Google Scholar; and Nye, Joseph S., “Central American Regional Integration,” International Conciliation, 03 1967 (No. 562), pp. 7–9Google Scholar.

9 See Nye, , International Conciliation, No. 562, p. 27Google Scholar.

10 See Jacob and Teune in Jacob and Toscano (ed.), p. 4.

11 In effect, this is the approach used by the author in Pan-Africanism and East African Integration (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1965)Google Scholar rather than the more recent effort in International Conciliation, No. 562, pp. 7–9.

12 Alker, Hayward Jr, and Puchala, Donald, “Trends in Economic Partnership: The North Adantic Area, 1928–1963,” in Singer, J. David (ed.), Quantitative International Politics (New York: Free Press, 1968), p. 288Google Scholar. The authors agree that multi-indicator research is desirable. See p. 289 in.

13 Haas, Ernst B., “The Uniting of Europe and the Uniting of Latin America,” Journal of Common Market Studies, 06 1967 (Vol. 5, No. 4), p. 315CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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15 Balassa, Bela, The Theory of Economic Integration (Homewood, III: Richard D. Irwin, 1961), p. 1Google Scholar.

16 Monetary policy has no unique category in this scheme. In the scheme the author develops below it appears under EI only as a service. The more significant aspects of monetary policy appear under P2 below.

17 Another possibility which arises from the use of this measure is that it can be used in relation to a regression chart constructed by K. Deutsch, L. Bliss, and A. Eckstein to provide an estimate of the distance to be traveled before reaching the ceiling of intraregional trade if a group were in fact a single state of comparable size. Deutsch estimates a ceiling of 60–65 percent for the EEC, indicating that it is roughly two-thirds of the way to the level of trade integration that might be associated with national status. See Deutsch in Deutsch, Edinger, Macridis, and Merritt, pp. 236–237.

18 Sec Kenneth Waltz, “The Relation of States to Their World” (paper delivered at 1967 annual meeting, American Political Science Association).

19 Jacob and Teune in Jacob and Toscano (ed.), p. 4.

20 See Nye, , Pan-Africanism, pp. 259–260Google Scholar.

21 Deutsch in Deutsch, Edinger, Macridis, and Merritt, p. 229.

22 Friedrich, Carl J. (ed.), Politische Dimensionen der eurpädischen Gemeinschaftsbildung (Köln: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1968)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Other aspects of this work are relevant to political integration, below.

23 Deutsch in Deutsch, Edinger, Macridis, and Merritt, p. 220.

24 Inglehart, Ronald, “An End to European Integration?,” American Political Science Review, 03 1967 (Vol. 61, No. 1), pp. 102–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

25 See Lindberg, , Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 5, No. 4Google Scholar. Lindberg is refining these indices in a forthcoming manuscript.

26 See Kanovsky, E., “Arab Economic Unity,” in Nye, Joseph S. (ed.), International Regionalism (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), p. 350 ff.Google Scholar

27 Jacob and Teune in Jacob and Toscano (ed.), pp. 4, 5.

28 This is not an exclusive list, and a case can be made for five categories, dividing P1 into “jurisdictional” and “bureaucratic” as we shall see below.

29 Haas, , The Uniting of Europe, p. 7Google Scholar.

30 See, for instance, the views of European institutions taken by Siotis, Jean, “Some Problems of European Secretariats,” Journal of Common Market Studies, 03 1964 (Vol. 2, No. 3), pp. 222–250CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sidjanski, Dusan, “Some Remarks on Siotis' Article,” Journal of Common Market Studies, 10 1964 (Vol. 3, No. 1), pp. 47–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Cox, Robert W., “The Study of European Institutions: Some Problems of Economic and Political Organization,” Journal of Common Market Studies, 02 1965 (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 102–117CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Cox points out that the task of evaluation is made more difficult by the interest of the Eurocrats in maintaining the idea of uniqueness.

31 Mitrany, David, “The Prospect of Integration: Federal or Functional?” in Nye, (ed.), International Regionalism, pp. 68–69Google Scholar.

32 See Manger, William, Pan America in Crisis: The Future of the OAS (Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1961), pp. 79–81Google Scholar.

33 This does not take into account the proliferation of institutions instead of strengthening of a single institution that Schmitter describes in Central America. See “The Process of Central American Integration: Spill-over or Spill-around?” (paper delivered at 1967 annual meeting, American Political Science Association). This might be compensated for by including an index of institutional growth such as that which Lindberg suggests could be based on Huntington. See Lindberg, , Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp.368–369Google Scholar.

34 This is based on a scheme suggested by Coplin, William, The Functions of International Law (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1966), pp. 166 ff.Google Scholar

35 See van der Beugel, pp. 222–223; and Andren, Nils, “Nordic Integration,” Cooperation and Conflict, 1967 (No. 1), pp. 1–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

36 Schmitter in “The Process of Central American Integration” suggests scope, salience, and level as the criteria of political integration in general, but his concept of level is jurisdictional.

37 Hoffmann, Stanley, “Discord in Community: The North Atlantic Area as a Partial International System,” International Organization, Summer 1963 (Vol. 17, No. 3), p. 531CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

38 Leon Lindberg, forthcoming manuscript.

39 Lindberg, , Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 5, No. 4, p. 359Google Scholar.

40 This approach to policy integration focuses on process rather than outcome. At the higher degrees of extent the difference is not important, but in some cases of low degrees of extent (states acting individually), there may be a surprisingly high degree of similarity in a policy outcome. However, similarity does not necessarily mean interdependence. It might reflect a mutual self-awareness or regional “demonstration effect” in Scandinavia but merely a residue of previous colonial rule in East Africa. To the degree that it is a result of conscious coordination it is picked up by the index of extent. It might be better to handle non-deliberate similarity in policy outcome by including it as a measure of “region” than to include it in an index of integration conceived of as a process.

41 See for instance, Ake, Claude, A Theory of Political Integration (Homewood, III: Dorsey Press, 1967)Google Scholar.

42 Recent events in Canada raise some interesting questions about this process.

43 Deutsch, , Edinger, , Macridis, , and Merritt, , France, Germany and the Western Alliance, p. 251Google Scholar; Segal, Aaron, “The Integration of Developing Countries: Some Thoughts on East Africa and Central America,” Journal of Common Market Studies, 03 1967 (Vol. 5, No. 3), p. 282CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

44 The polls conducted by Marco Surveys in East Africa must be used with caution.

45 See Hoffmann, Stanley, “De Gaulle's Memoirs: The Hero as History,” World Politics, 10 1960 (Vol. 13, No. 1), pp. 143 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

46 Haas initiated this line of thought in “International Integration: The European and the Universal Process,” International Organization, Summer 1961 (Vol. 15, No. 3), pp.366–392CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Lindberg is currently developing a more sophisticated index of bargaining styles.

47 Recent disclosures of less than perfect security-community expectations between the United Kingdom and the United States in the late 1920's are a case in point. See The New York Times, January 7, 1968.

48 Scored by the author from Hispanic American Report, 1952–1964 (Vols. 5–17)Google Scholar. Hostile incidents equal hostile reports in major press; hostile statements by important leaders; press reports of tense relations; diplomatic protest and break in relations; invasion by exiles from neighbors; troop movements to border; direct clash of troops.

49 For instance, it would be hard to scale the effects of recent press emphasis on the French doctrine of “defense against all directions.”

50 Krause, Lawrence B., European Economic Integration and the United States (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1968), p. 24Google Scholar.

51 Wionczek, Miguel, “Requisites for Viable Integration,” in Nye, , International Regionalism, p. 287 ff.Google Scholar

52 Russett, Bruce, International Regions and the International System: A Study in Political Ecology (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1967), p. 22Google Scholar.

53 “Contrary to the ‘balance of power’ theory, security-communities seem to develop most frequently around cores of strength,” , Deutsch et al. , Political Community and the North Atlantic Area, p. 10Google Scholar.

54 See Rweyemamu, Anthony, “The Administration of the Treaty for East African Cooperation” (unpublished paper, 1968)Google Scholar.