Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T00:30:10.575Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Decision on the Prosecution Application under Article 58(7) of the StatuteIn the Case of The Prosecutor v. Ahmad Muhammad Harun (“Ahmad Harun”) and Ali Muhammad Al Abd-Al-Rahman (“Ali Kushayb”) ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2017

David Scheffer
David Scheffer*
Affiliation:
Center for International Human Rights, Northwestern University School of Law
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Judicial and Similar Proceedings
Information
International Legal Materials , Volume 46 , Issue 3 , May 2007 , pp. 532 - 563
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

2 Former Minister of State for the Interior of the Government of Sudan and current Minister of State for Humanitarian Affairs.

3 Member of the Popular Defense Force and a senior leader of the Militia/Janjaweed in Sudan.

4 Article 25 of the Rome Statute of the ICC defines individual criminal responsibility.

5 Genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. For discussion of the term “atrocity crimes,” see Scheffer, David, Genocide and Atrocity Crimes, 1 Genocide studies and prevention 229 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Scheffer, David, The Merits of Unifying Terms: “Atrocity Crimes” and “Atrocity Law,” in A Symposium on David Scheffer's “Genocide and AtrocityCrimes,” 2 Genocide studies and prevention 91 (2007)Google Scholar.

6 The ICC had issued six other warrants of arrest prior to April 27, 2007. These included one warrant of arrest (successfully enforced) relating to the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and five warrants of arrest (unenforced) relating to the situation in Uganda. See listings at <//www.icc-cpi.int/cases.html>

7 Article 58(7) of the Rome Statute reads: “As an alternative to seeking a warrant of arrest, the Prosecutor may submit an application requesting that the Pre-Trial Chamber issue a summons for the personto appear. If the Pre-Trial Chamber is satisfied that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the person committed the crime alleged and that a summons is sufficient to ensure the person's appearance, it shall issue the summons, with or without conditions restricting liberty (other than detention) if provided for bynational law, for the person to appear. The summons shall contain: (a) The nameof the person and any other relevant identifying information; (b) The specified date on which the person is to appear; (c) A specific reference to the crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court which the person is alleged to have committed; and (d) A concise statement of the facts which are alleged to constitute the crime. The summons shall be served on the person.“

8 ICC-02/05-55-US-Exp; ICC-02/05/56.

9 Article 58(1) of the Rome Statute reads: “At any time after the initiation of an investigation, the Pre-Trial Chamber shall, on the application of the Prosecutor, issue a warrant of arrest of a person if, having examined the application and the evidence or other information submitted by the Prosecutor, it is satisfied that: (a) There are reasonable grounds to believe that the person has committed a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court; and (b) The arrest of the person appears necessary:(i) To ensure the person's appearance at trial; (ii) To ensure that the person does not obstruct or endanger the investigation or the court proceedings; or (iii) Where applicable, to prevent the person from continuing with the commission of that crime or a related crime which is within the jurisdiction of the Court and which arises out of the same circumstances.“

10 ICC-02/05-01/07, par. 26.

11 ICC-02/05-01/07, par. 28.

12 ICC-02/05-01/07, par. 46. Article 8(2)(f) of the Rome Statute reads in part: “[Paragraph 2(e)] applies to armed conflicts that take place in the territory of a State when there is protracted armed conflict between governmental authorities and organized armed groups or between such groups.“

13 See Rome Statute of the ICC, art. 7(1); ICC Elements of Crimes, art. 7: Crimes Against Humanity (Introduction).

14 ICC-02/05-01/07, pars. 60-64.

15 ICC-02/05-01/07, pars. 65-66.

16 ICC-02/05-01/07, par. 67.

17 ICC-02/05-01/07, pars. 76-107.

18 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, art. 28 (“Responsibility of commanders and other superiors“).

19 ICC-02/05-01/07, par. 115. The PTC continues: “In the Chamber's view, the issue raised by article 58 of the Statute is whether or not the arrests of these persons appear to be necessary. The application of article 58(7) of the Statute is restricted to cases in which the person can and will appear voluntarily before the Court without the necessity of presenting a request for arrest and surrender as provided for i articles 89 and 91 of the Statute. The Chamber can only issue a summons to appear if the Prosecution Application and its supporting material provide sufficient guarantees that the person will appear before the Court.” (Emphasis added.) Id., at pars. 117-118.

20 ICC-02/05-01/07, par. 120.

21 Pars. 122-124, ICC-02/05-01/07, pars. 122-124. ‘

22 ICC-02/05-01/07, par. 131.

23 ICC-02/05-01/07, par. 132.

24 ICC-02/-5-01/07, p. 56.

25 Id. Since the situation in Darfur was referred to the ICC under Security Council Resolution 1593 (2005), the PTC is ensuring that the referring body in its entirety is informed of and atleast is politically obligated to consider the requests for cooperation and how they can be implemented through, for example, pressure on the Government of Sudan and those other governments enabling its policies in Darfur (which the suspects have been charged by the ICC with implementing). For example, it may be interesting to witness how the People's Republic of China, with its significant investments in the oil industry and hence influence in Sudan, responds to the request for cooperation, as well as Russia which could facilitate tougher sanctions on Sudan. It also will be important how the United States, which has taken initiatives on Darfur, responds publicly to the request for cooperation and whether it will assist the ICC through diplomatic, economic, logistical, or other measures. On June 7, 2007, ICC Prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo spoke to the Security Council about the importance of securing the arrest of Ahmad Harun and Ali Kushayb. See Prosecutor briefs UN Security Council, calls for the arrest of Ahmed Harun and Ali Kushayb for crimes in Darfur, ICC-OTP-PR 20070607-222_EN (“The Security Council and regional organizations must take the lead in calling on the Sudan as the territorial State to arrest the two individuals and ensure their appearance in Court. And we count on every state to execute an arrest should either of these individuals enter their territory,” the Prosecutor said.).

26 ICC-02-05-01/07, p. 57. These are front-line states neighboring Sudan where the suspects might logically seek safe haven from arrest.

27 S.C. Res. 1593,16, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1593 (March 31, 2005).

28 ICC-02-05-01/07, par. 16.

29 ICC-02-05-0107, par. 123; ICC-02/05-72-US-Exp-Anx A, p. 5.

1 S/RES/1593(2005).

2 ICC-02/05-l-Corr.

3 ICC-02/05-2.

4 ICC-02/05-55-US-Exp; ICC-02/05-56.

5 Whose names are also spelled as Ahmed Haroun, Ahmed Haroon and Mohamed Ahmed Haroun.

6 Whose names are also spelled as Ah Kosheib, Ali Kouchib, Ali Mohamed, Ah Kosheb, Koshib and Ah Koship.

7 ICC-02/05-62-US-Exp.

8 ICC-02/05-64-US-Exp.

9 ICC-02/05-67-US.

10 ICC-02/05-69-US-Exp.

11 ICC-02/05-72-US-Exp.

12 ICC-01/04-01/06-8-Corr, para. 18, unsealed pursuant to Decision ICC-01/04-01/06-37. See also the practice of Pre-Trial Chamber II in its decisions on the Prosecution requests for warrants of arrest for Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Raska Luk-wiya, Okot Odhiambo and Dominic Ongwen, unsealed pursuant to Decision ICC-02/04-01/05-52 dated 13 October 2005.

13 ICC-01/04-01/06-8-Corr, para. 21; see also articles 5,11 and 12 of the Statute.

14 Prosecution Application, para. 254 and Anxl2.

15 Prosecution Application, paras. 251-267.

16 Prosecution Application, para. 256 and Anxl2, paras. 2-5.

17 Prosecution Application, paras. 265-267.

18 CC-02/05-67-US.

19 Prosecution Application, para. 264.

20 ICC-01/04-01/06-8-Corr, para. 31.

21 ICC-01/04-01/06-8-Corr, para. 16.

22 See for instance, IACHR, Case of Bamaca Velasquez v. Guatemala, “Judgement”, 25 November 200, Series C No. 70, paras.138-144, IACHR, Case of Loayza-Tamayo v. Peru, “Judgement”, 17 September 1997, Series C No 33, paras. 49-55, and IACHR, Case of Gangaram Pandray v.Suriname, “Judgement”, 21 January 1994, Series C, No. 16, paras. 46-51. ICC- 01/04-01/06-8-Corr, para. 12.

23 Prosecution Application, paras. 20-22 and 170-172; Prosecution Submission, AnxA2; Prosecution Submission, AnxAlS, paras. 127-37; Prosecution Submission, AnxA54; ProsecutionSubmission, AnxAol; Prosecution Submission, AnxA73; Prosecution Submission, AnxASO; Prosecution Submission,AnxASl, pp. 66-96.

24 Prosecution Application, para. 23; Prosecution Submission,AnxAlS, paras. 78-84.

25 Prosecution Application, paras. 24, 81 and 82; Prosecution Submission, AnxA65, p. 36.

26 The Prosecution als26 calls him ‘ ‘Minni Manawi'’ in the Prosecution Application, para. 21.

27 Prosecution Application, paras. 44-46, 51 and 184; Prosecution Submission, AnxA39, paras. 36 and 49; Prosecution Sub mission, AnxA42, paras. 31 and 32; Prosecution Submission,AnxA43, paras. 175 and 176; Prosecution Submission, AnxA46, para. 52; Prosecution Submission, AnxA79, para.62.

28 Prosecution Application, para. 57; Prosecution Submission,AnxA56, para 7 and AnxA48, para.7.

29 Prosecution Application, paras. 38-40, 44-60; ProsecutionSubmission, AnxA48, p. 1, Footnote 1 and pp. 6-9; Prosecu tion Submission, AnxA42, paras. 25-51; Prosecution Submission, AnxA46, paras. 51-52; Prosecution Submission, AnxA64, p 4; Prosecution Submission, AnxA40, para. 42;Prosecution Submission, AnxA24, pp 1-2; Prosecution Sub mission, AnxAS, p. 3; Prosecution Submission, AnxA31, p.7; Prosecution Submission, AnxA47, p 1, Prosecution Submission, AnxA52; Prosecution Submission, AnxA39, para 36; Prosecution Submission, AnxA61, Prosecution Submission,AnxA37, p 8, Prosecution Submission, AnxA67, pp. 5-6; Prosecution Submission, AnxAS, p. 2; Prosecution Submission, AnxA25, Prosecution Submission, AnxA59, pp. 22-23 and28; Prosecution Submission, AnxA29, p. 2.

30 Prosecution Application, para. 47, Prosecution Submission,AnxA40, para. 42; Prosecution Submission, AnxA24, pp 1- 2; Prosecution Submission, AnxAS, p. 3, Prosecution Submis sion, AnxASl, p 7; Prosecution Submission, AnxA64, p. 4.

31 Prosecution Application, para. 102; Prosecution Submission, AnxA86, Prosecution Submission, AnxA87, Prosecution Submission, AnxA88, Prosecution Submission, AnxAlS, paras 253, 272, 275 and 297; Prosecution Submission, AnxA60;Prosecution Submission, AnxA32, paras. 21 and 30-31; Prosecution Submission, AnxA35, paras. 85-86.

32 Prosecution Application, para. 44; Prosecution Submission,AnxA-18, para. 63.

33 Prosecution Application, paras. 50-51.

34 Prosecution Application paras. 42-60; Prosecution Submission, AnxA67; Prosecution Submission, AnxA48, p. 1, Footnote 1, pp. 6-9; Prosecution Submission, AnxA42, paras. 25- 51; Prosecution Submission, AnxA46, paras. 51-52; Prosecution Submission, AnxA64, p. 4; Prosecution Submission, AnxA40, para. 42; Prosecution Submission, AnxA24, pp. 1-2; Prosecution Submission, AnxAS, p. 3; Prosecution Submis sion, AnxA31, p. 7; Prosecution Submission, AnxA47, p. 1; Prosecution Submission, AnxA52; Prosecution Submission, AnxA39, para. 36; Prosecution Submission, AnxAol; Prosecution Submission, AnxA37, p. 8; Prosecution Submission, AnxA67, pp. 5-6; Prosecution Submission, AnxAS, p. 2; Prosecution Submission, AnxA25; Prosecution Submission, AnxA59, pp. 22-23 and 28; Prosecution Submission, AnxA29,p. 2.

35 Prosecution Application, para. 196; Prosecution Submission, AnxA39, paras. 59 and 66.

36 Prosecution Application, para. 197; Prosecution Submission,AnxA39, paras. 82, 84, 85, 87 and 88.

37 Prosecution Application, para. 205,209-210; Prosecution Sub mission, AnxA32, paras. 42-43; 37 37 37 37.Prosecution Submission, AnxA34, para. 105; Prosecution Submission, AnxA35, paras. 57, 73-74; Prosecution Submission, AnxA79, paras. 81 and 85.

38 Prosecution Application, para. 228; Prosecution Submission, AnxA34, para. 61.

39 Prosecution Application, para. 229; Prosecution Submission, AnxA34, paras. 62-65; Prosecution Submission, AnxA58, pp. 3-6.

40 Prosecution Application, para. 230; Prosecution Submission, AnxA79, para. 100; Prosecution Submission, AnxA41, paras. 67-71; Prosecution Submission, AnxA39, paras. 143-146 and 148-52.

41 Prosecution Application, para. 243; Prosecution Submission, AnxA36, paras. 126-128 and 134-138. Prosecution Submission, AnxA33, paras. 32, 39, 41, 52-53, 58-59; Prosecution Submission, AnxA38, para. 38; Prosecution Submission, AnxA63, p. 37.

42 Prosecution Application, para. 247; Prosecution Submission, AnxA33, paras. 40-41.

43 Prosecution Application, para. 211; Prosecution Submission, AnxA35, paras. 67-72 and 77-79; Prosecution Submission, AnxA34, p. 10, paras. 41-45.

44 Prosecution Application, para. 244-247; Prosecution Submission, AnxA36, paras. 82-116; Prosecution Submission, AnxA33, p. 10, paras. 39-48.

45 Prosecution Application, para. 193 and 195; Prosecution Submission, AnxA39, paras. 62-66 and 81-95.

46 Prosecution Application, paras. 204-206; Prosecution Submission, AnxA32, paras. 19-24; Prosecution Submission, AnxA41, paras. 39 and 40; Prosecution Submission, AnxAU,pp. 4-5; Prosecution Submission, AnxA34, paras. 23-25 and 37-38; Prosecution Submission, AnxA39, para. 70; Prosecution Submission, AnxA51, paras. 25-28; Prosecution Submission, Exp-AnxA79, paras. 76-84; Prosecution Submission,AnxA35, paras. 41-61.

47 Prosecution Application, paras. 218-221; Prosecution Submission, AnxA41, para. 40; Prosecution Submission, AnxA35,paras. 85 and 86; Prosecution Submission, AnxA20, p. 4.

48 Prosecution Application, paras. 239-242; Prosecution Submission, AnxA53, paras. 73-79; Prosecution Submission, AnxA36, paras. 57-59 and 71; andProsecution Submission, AnxA33, paras. 28-39.

49 Prosecution Application, para. 216; Prosecution Submission, AnxA32, para. 23; Prosecution Submission, AnxA34, paras. 29 and 35; Prosecution Submission, AnxA35, para. 53; Prose cution Submission, AnxA79, para. 79; and Prosecution Sub mission, AnxA20, p. 4.

50 Prosecution Application, paras. 233-235; Prosecution Submission AnxA79, paras. 69 and 70; Prosecution Submission,AnxA39, paras. 135-136; and Prosecution Submission, AnxA34, paras. 68-69.

51 Prosecution Application, paras. 240,241 and 249; Prosecution Submission AnxA36, paras. 74 and 141-142.

52 Prosecution Application, para. 199; Prosecution Submission, AnxA39, para. 65.

53 Prosecution Application, paras. 214-215; Prosecution Submission, AnxA32, para. 41; Prosecution Submission, AnxA35, para. 53; and Prosecution Submission,AnxA79, para. 83.

54 Prosecution Application, para. 232; Prosecution Submission, AnxA35, paras. 85-86 and Prosecution Submission, AnxA41, para. 52.

55 Prosecution Application, paras. 239 and 249; Prosecution Submission, AnxA36, para. 143.

56 Prosecution Application paras. 42-60; Prosecution Submission, AnxA67; Prosecution Submission, AnxA42, paras. 25-26, 31, 34 and 51; Prosecution Submission, AnxA46, para.52; Prosecution Submission, AnxA64, p. 5; Prosecution Sub mission, AnxA40, para. 42; Prosecution Submission, AnxA31,p. 7; Prosecution Submission, AnxA47, p. 1 ; Prosecution Submission, AnxA47, pp. 8-9; Prosecution Submission,AnxA86, para. 36.

57 Prosecution Application, para. 192; Prosecution Submission,AnxA32, para. 17; Prosecution Submission, AnxA39, para. 39.

58 Prosecution Application, para. 195; Prosecution Submission,AnxA39, paras. 81-99.

59 Prosecution Application, para. 202; Prosecution Submission, AnxA32, para. 20; Prosecution Submission, AnxA41, para. 39; Prosecution Submission, AnxASl, paras. 24-25.

60 Prosecution Application, para. 203; Prosecution Submission,AnxASl, para. 30; Prosecution Submission, AnxASO, para.84.

61 Prosecution Application, para. 205; Prosecution Submission,AhxA32, paras. 23 and 41; Prosecution Submission, AnxASO,para. 83; Prosecution Submission, AnxA35, para. 66; Prosecution Submission, AnxASO, para. 85.

62 Prosecution Application, para. 234; Prosecution Submission,AnxASO, paras. 69-70; Prosecution Submission, AnxA34,paras. 66-69; Prosecution Submission, AnxA39, paras. 124- 126.

63 Prosecution Application, para. 239; Prosecution Submission, AnxA33, paras. 29-31 and 33-35; Prosecution Submission, AnxA44, para. 38; Prosecution Submission, AnxA38, para. 16; Prosecution Submission, AnxA35, paras. 27-29 and 38;Prosecution Submission, AnxA53, para. 79; Prosecution Submission, AnxA36, paras. 57,71 and 61-76.

64 Prosecution Application, paras. 248-250; Prosecution Submission, AnxA32, para. 41; Prosecution Submission, AnxA38,para. 39, Prosecution Submission, AnxA36, paras. 14 and139; Prosecution Submission, AnxA64, p. 37.

65 Prosecution Application, para. 168.

66 The Prosecutor v Rutaganda, Case No. ICTR-96-3-T, TrialJudgement, 6 December 1999, paras. 67-69. See also TheProsecutor v Kayishema and Ruzindana, Case No. ICTR-95-1-T, Trial Judgement, 21 May 1999, paras. 122-123.

67 The Prosecutor v. Kordic&Cerkez, Case No. IT-95-14/2-A,Appeal Judgement, 17 December 2004, para. 94. See also, The Prosecutor v. Blagojevic&Jokic, Case No. IT-02-60-T,Trial Judgment, 17 January 2005, paras. 545-546.

68 The Prosecutor v Kunarac et al, Case No. IT-96-23&IT- 96-23/1-A, Appeal Judgement, 12 June 2002, para 98.

69 Prosecution Application, paras. 102 and 104; Prosecution Submission, AnxAlS, paras. 186, 239 and 242.

70 Prosecution Application, paras. 103-104; Prosecution Submission, AnxAlS, paras. 186 and 243.

71 Prosecution Application, paras. 27-28 and 101; ProsecutionSubmission, AnxA74; Prosecution Submission, AnxAl, Prose-cution Submission AnxAlS, para. 301.

72 Prosecution Application, paras. 26,102,162 and 182; Prosecution Submission, AnxA86; Prosecution Submission, AnxA87; Prosecution Submission, AnxA85; Prosecution Submission,AnxAlS, paras. 253, 275, 297 and 272; Prosecution Submission, AnxA32, paras. 21 and 30-31; Prosecution Submission, AnxA35, paras. 27-28, 67-72 and 85-86.

73 Prosecution Application, paras. 26, 189, 190, 225, 228-232, 243-244, 247 and 250; Prosecution Submission, AnxA35,paras. 43 and 85-86; Prosecution Submission, AnxA32, paras.17, 20-21 and 23; Prosecution Submission, AnxA37, p. 10; Prosecution Submission, AnxA34, paras. 52-65; ProsecutionSubmission, AnxA58; Prosecution Submission, AnxA79,paras. 93-94 and 100-101; Prosecution Submission, AnxA41, paras. 52, 65-67, 69-71; Prosecution Submission, AnxA39,paras. 70 and 143-146.

74 Prosecution Application, paras. 90, 92-96. These State Security Committees were given a key role, such as ordering recon-naissance missions, creating reserve forces, monitoring weapons supplies to rebels, ensuring sufficient levels of patrol activities, mobilising PDF, increasing the police presence in a town, and creating joint forces comprised of army, police and security services. Each State Security Committee was composed of representatives of the different governmental bodies involved in the counterinsurgency campaign, therefore it included the Governor of the State, the Area Military Leader(a representative of the Armed Forces), the Police Commander of the State, the Director of the State Legal Directorate, and the Commissioners of the State's localities.

75 Prosecution Application, para. 77; Prosecution Submission,AnxA12, p. 2.

76 Prosecution Application, paras. 78, 153; Prosecution Submission, AnxA43, para. 95; Prosecution Submission, AnxA46,para. 67; Prosecution Submission, AnxA77.

77 Prosecution Application, para. 80; Prosecution Submission, AnxASO, para. 112; Prosecution Submission, AnxA45, para.108; Prosecution Submission, AnxA43, para. 110; Prosecution Submission, AnxA79, para. 58.

78 Prosecution Application, para. 81; Prosecution Submission,AnxA40, para. 38.

79 Prosecution Application, para. 95; Prosecution Submission,AnxA69, p. 13; Prosecution Submission, AnxA21, pp. 13- 14; Prosecution Submission, AnxA42, para. 128; Prosecution Submission, AnxA12, p. 2.

80 Prosecution Application, para. 196; Prosecution Submission, AnxA39, paras. 59 and 66.

81 Prosecution Application, para. 197; Prosecution Submission,AnxA39, paras. 82, 84, 85, 87 and 88.

82 Prosecution Application, para. 205,209-210; Prosecution Sub mission, AnxA32, paras. 42-43; Prosecution Submission,AnxA34, para. 105; Prosecution Submission, AnxA35, paras.57, 73-74; Prosecution Submission, AnxA79, paras. 81 and 85.

83 Prosecution Application, para. 228; Prosecution Submission,AnxA34, para. 61.

84 Prosecution Application, para. 229; Prosecution Submission,AnxA34, paras. 62-65; Prosecution Submission,AnxA58, pp.3-6.

85 Prosecution Application, para. 230; Prosecution Submission,AnxA79, para. 100; Prosecution Submission, AnxA41, paras.67-71; Prosecution Submission, AnxA39, paras. 143-146.

86 Prosecution Application, para. 243; Prosecution Submission,AnxA36, p. 17-19, paras. 126-128 and 134-138. Prosecution Submission, AnxA33,paras. 32,39,41,52-53,58-59; Prosecution Submission, AnxA32, para. 40; Prosecution Submission,AnxA38, para. 38; Prosecution Submission, AnxA63, p. 37.

87 Prosecution Application, para. 199; Prosecution Submission,AnxA39, para. 65; Prosecution Submission, AnxA32, para.17; Prosecution Submission,AnxA35, paras. 41-42.

88 Prosecution Application, paras. 214-215; Prosecution Submission, AnxA32, para. 23, and 41; Prosecution Submission,AnxA35, paras. 50-61; Prosecution Submission, AnxA79,paras. 57, 83 and 87; Prosecution Submission, AnxA20, p.4; Prosecution Submission, AnxA39, para. 103; ProsecutionSubmission, AnxA41, para. 40.

89 Prosecution Application, para. 250; Prosecution Submission,AnxA36, paras. 134 and 139; Prosecution Submission, AnxA63, pp. 37-38.

90 Prosecution Application, paras. 223 and 225; Prosecution Submission, AnxA41, paras. 46-51; Prosecution Submission,AnxA34, paras. 52-53 and 88; Prosecution Submission,AnxA39, paras. 102-112.

91 Prosecution Application, paras. 223, 225-227; Prosecution Submission, AnxA34, paras. 53-60; Prosecution Submission,AnxA39, paras. 111-112; Prosecution Submission, AnxA35, para. 84; Prosecution Submission, AnxA41, paras. 46-47.

92 Prosecution Application, para. 211; Prosecution Submission,AnxA35, paras. 67-72 and 77-79; Prosecution Submission, AnxA34, p. 10, paras. 41-43.

93 Prosecution Application, para. 244; Prosecution Submission,AnxA36, pp. 12-16, paras. 82-116; Prosecution Submission, AnxA33, p. 10, paras. 39-48.

94 Prosecution Application, para. 213; Prosecution Submission,AnxA32, para. 22; Prosecution Submission, AnxA35, paras.58-59, 66 and 68-69.

95 Prosecution Application, para. 248; Prosecution Submission,AnxA32, para. 40.

96 Prosecution Application, paras. 123, 146, 182, 184, 191, 200,217 and 236.

97 See supra.

98 See supra.

99 See supra.

100 See supra.

101 In this regard, the Chamber recalls that the Statute clearly distinguishes between the following forms of liability: (i) as a perpetrator (or co-perpetrator), i.e., according to article25(3)(a), the person who committed the crime as an individual, jointly with another or through another person; (ii) as an accomplice, i.e., the person who contributed to the commission of the crime pursuant to article 25(3)(b) to (d); and (iii) as a superior pursuant to article 28 of the Statute. Therefore, as was already affirmed by this Chamber, a person cannot be held responsible for the same facts under two different modes of liability, i.e., as a perpetrator or a co-perpetrator, pursuant to article 25(3)(a), and as an accomplice, pursuant to article 25(3)(b) to (d), or a supenor, pursuant to article 28 of the Statute. See, ICC-01/04-01/06-796-Conf-tEN, paras. 320-321; ICC-01/04-01/06-2-US, p. 4.

102 Prosecution Application, paras. 30-31; Prosecution Submission, AnxA42, para. 65; Prosecution Submission, AnxA71, para. 91; Prosecution Submission,AnxA43, paras. 65 and 128.

103 Prosecution Application, paras. 112 113.

104 Prosecution Application, para. 96; Prosecution Submission,AnxA43, paras. 40 and 49; Prosecution Submission, AnxA7, p. 2; Prosecution Submission, AnxA3, p. 2.

105 Prosecution Application, para. 83.

106 Prosecution Application, paras. 96-97; Prosecution Submission, AnxA69.

107 Prosecution Application, para. 47; Prosecution Submission,AnxA40, para. 42; Prosecution Submission, AnxA31; Prosecution Submission, AnxAS; Prosecution Submission, AnxA64.

108 Prosecution Application, para. 122; Prosecution Submission,AnxA12.

109 Prosecution Application, para. 125; Prosecution Submission,AnxA78.

110 Prosecution Application, paras. 131-137; Prosecution Submission, AnxA43, paras. 105,122-130 and 141; Prosecution Submission, AnxA40, para. 44; Prosecution Submission, AnxA66; Prosecution Submission, AnxA40, paras. 62-80; ProsecutionSubmission, AnxA42, paras. 73-76.

111 Prosecution Application, para. 132; Prosecution Submission, AnxA43, paras. 122-130 and 141.

112 Prosecution Application, paras. 133-137; Prosecution Submission, AnxA43, para. 105; Prosecution Submission, AnxA39,paras. 44 and 62-68; Prosecution Submission, AnxA42, paras.73-76.

113 Prosecution Application, paras. 123 and 127; Prosecution Submission, AnxA79, paras. 62-67 and 69; Prosecution Submission,AnxA34, paras.66-69; Prosecution Submission,AnxA39, paras. 124-126; Prosecution Submission, AnxAS; Prosecution Submission, AnxA40, para. 49; Prosecution Sub mission, AnxASO, para. 112.

114 Prosecution Application, para. 129; Prosecution Submission, AnxA40, para 49; Prosecution Submission, AnxASO, para. 112.

115 Prosecution Application, paras. 138-142; Prosecution Submission, AnxA7; Prosecution Submission, AnxAll; ProsecutionSubmission, AnxA32, paras. 20-21 and 30-31; ProsecutionSubmission, AnxA34, paras. 66-69; Prosecution Submission, AnxA39, paras. 60 and 124-126; Prosecution Submission,AnxA42, paras. 69-71; Prosecution Submission, AnxA43, paras. 128-138; Prosecution Submission, AnxA53, para. 79; Prosecution Submission, AnxA79, paras. 65-66, 69-70 and72.

116 Prosecution Application, para. 123; Prosecution Submission,AnxA7; Prosecution Submission, AnxA34, paras. 66-69; Prosecution Submission, AnxA79, paras. 62-67 and 69.

117 Prosecution Application, paras. 123-124; Prosecution Submission, AnxA79, paras. 65-70.

118 Supra paras. 81-83; Prosecution Application, paras. 150 and 156.

119 Prosecution Application para. 157; Prosecution SubmissionAnxA12, Prosecution Submission AnxA75.

120 Prosecution Application, para. 145-149; Prosecution Submission, AnxA12; Prosecution Submission, AnxA64.

121 Prosecution Application, para. 145. Prosecution SubmissionAnxA12 and 64.

122 Prosecution Application, para. 36; Prosecution Submission,AnxA24; Prosecution Submission, AnxA26; Prosecution Submission, AnxA44, para. 19; Prosecution Submission, AnxA51,para. 43; Prosecution Submission, AnxA53, para. 63; Prosecution Submission, AnxA79, paras. 33 and 83.

123 Ali Kushayb obtained a PDF appointment, introduced himself as being a member of the PDF, and was known to weara PDF uniform. Prosecution Application, paras. 37and 79;

124 Prosecution Submission, AnxA24; Prosecution Submission,AnxA26; Prosecution Submission, AnxA27; Prosecution Submission, AnxA42, para. 63; Prosecution Submission, AnxA52.

125 Prosecution Application, para. 36; Prosecution Submission,AnxA24; Prosecution Submission, AnxA26; Prosecution Submission, AnxA44, para. 19; Prosecution Submission, AnxA51, para. 43; Prosecution Submission,AnxA53, para. 63; Prosecution Submission, AnxA79, paras. 33 and 83.

126 Prosecution Application, paras. 161-164; Prosecution Submission , AnxA24; Prosecution Submission, AnxA26; ProsecutionSubmission, AnxA33, para. 40; Prosecution Submission,AnxA35, paras. 67-72; Prosecution Submission, AnxA42, para. 63; Prosecution Submission, AnxA53, para. 36; Prosecution Submission, AnxA79, paras. 33-37and 53.

127 Prosecution Application, para. 161; Prosecution Submission,AnxA79, paras. 33 and 37. Prosecution Application, para. 192; Prosecution Submission,AnxA32, para. 17; Prosecution Submission, AnxA39, paras. 57 and 61.

128 Prosecution Application, paras. 189 and 196-198; ProsecutionSubmission, AnxA35, para. 43;ProsecutionSubmission,AnxA32, paras. 20-21 ; Prosecution Submission, AnxA37;Prosecution Submission, AnxA39, paras. 60-66, 84-85, 88, and 95-97.

129 Prosecution Application, paras. 201-208; Prosecution Submission, AnxA35, paras. 94-96.

130 Prosecution Submission, AnxA35, paras. 41-61 and 80; Prosecution Submission, AnxA64, p. 5; Prosecution Submission,AnxA42, paras. 25-51; Prosecution Submission, AnxA46, paras. 51-52; Prosecution Submission, AnxA40, para. 40;Prosecution Submission, AnxA39, para, 36; Prosecution Sub-mission, AnxA31, p. 7; Prosecution submission, AnxA61;Prosecution Submission, AnxA52, p. 7; Prosecution Submission, AnxA37, p. 8; Prosecution Submission, AnxA5, p. 2;Prosecution Submission, AnxA25, p. 1; Prosecution Submission, AnxA16, p. 1; Prosecution Submission, AnxA12, p. 1; Prosecution Submission, AnxASOl, para. 112; Prosecution Submission, AnxA45, para. 108; Prosecution Submission, AnxA43, para. 110; Prosecution Submission, AnxA79, para. 58.

131 Prosecution Application paras. 211-213; Prosecution Submission, AnxA35, paras. 62-81.

132 Prosecution Application, paras. 162, 218-231 and 233-235;Prosecution Submission, AnxA35,paras. 67-72.

133 Prosecution Application, paras. 242 and 244-247; Prosecution Submission, AnxA35, paras. 67-72.

134 Prosecution Application, para. 163; Prosecution Submission, AnxA24; Prosecution Submission, AnxA26; Prosecution Submission, AnxA33, para. 40; Prosecution Submission, AnxA79,para. 45.

135 Prosecution Application, para. 163; Prosecution Submission,AnxA24; Prosecution Submission, AnxA26; Prosecution Submission, AnxA33, para. 40; Prosecution Submission, AnxA79, para. 45.

136 Prosecution Application, para. 163; Prosecution Submission,AnxA24; Prosecution Submission, AnxA26; Prosecution Submission, AnxA33, para. 40; Prosecution Submission, AnxA79, para.

137 Prosecution Application, para. 164; Prosecution Submission,AnxA26; Prosecution Submission; AnxA42, para. 63; Prosecution Submission, AnxA79, paras. 33-34 and 53.

138 Prosecution Application, para. 273.139 Prosecution Application, para. 274.

140 Prosecution Application, para. 275.

141 Prosecution Application, para. 276.

142 ICC-02/05-62-US-Exp, para. 2.

143 Prosecution Application, paras. 277 and 278.

144 Prosecution Application, para. 276.

145 See articles 58(5), 89 and 91 of the Statute.

146 Prosecution Application, para. 272, footnote 161; ICC-02-05-T-l-CONF-EXP-EN[8March2007Edited], p.25-26.

147 ICC-02/OS-72-US-Exp-Anx A, p. 5.

148 Prosecution Submission, AnxA17, p.1-2.

149 Prosecution Submission, AnxA9.

150 Ibid, p. 6.

151 Prosecution Submission, AnxAlS, para.35.

152 ICC-02/04-01/05-l-US-Exp, p. 6. See supra footnote 12

* This text was reproduced and reformatted from the text appearing at the ICC website (visited May 18, 2007) <http://www.icc-cpi.int/cases/Darfur/c0205/c0205_docPreTrial.html.>