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Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 April 2019

Rizal Abdul Kadir
Rizal Abdul Kadir*
Affiliation:
Dr. Rizal Abdul Kadir, Deputy Director-General, Maritime Institute of Malaysia; Adjunct Professor, National Defence University of Malaysia.
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Extract

After twenty-two years of negotiations, in Aktau on August 12, 2018, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Russia, and Turkmenistan signed the Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea. The preamble of the Convention stipulates, among other things, that the Convention, made up of twenty-four articles, was agreed on by the five states based on principles and norms of the Charter of the United Nations and International Law. The enclosed Caspian Sea is bordered by Iran, Russia, and three states that were established following dissolution of the Soviet Union, namely Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan.

Type
International Legal Documents
Information
International Legal Materials , Volume 58 , Issue 2 , April 2019 , pp. 399 - 413
Copyright
Copyright © 2019 by The American Society of International Law 

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References

ENDNOTES

1 Papadopoulos, William Constantinos, International Law & Pipeline Geopolitics in the Caspian Sea, 36 Tex. J. Bus. L. 1, 1 (1999)Google Scholar.

2 See Roach, J. Ashley & Smith, Robert W., Caspian Seabed Boundaries, in International Maritime Boundaries (Colson, David A. & Smith, Robert W. eds., 2005)Google Scholar [hereinafter Roach & Smith].

3 Vinogradov, Sergei & Wouters, Patricia, The Caspian Sea: Quest for a New Legal Regime, 9 Leiden J. Int'l L. 87 (1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4 Dunlap, Ben N., Divide and Conquer? The Russian Plan for Ownership of the Caspian Sea, 27 Bos. C. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 115, 120 n.41 (2004)Google Scholar [hereinafter Dunlap].

5 Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea arts. 5–7, 9, Aug. 12, 2018, http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/5328 [hereinafter Convention].

6 Roach & Smith, supra note 2, at 3583.

7 Dunlap, supra note 4, at 121.

8 Smith, Robert W. & Roach, J. Ashley, Report No. 11-1, Kazakstan-Russia, in International Maritime Boundaries, at 4013, 4018, 4023 (Colson, David A. & Smith, Robert W. eds., 2005-a)Google Scholar; Smith, Robert W. & Roach, J. Ashley, Report No. 11-2, Azerbaijan-Russia, in International Maritime Boundaries, at 4034, 4037, 4039 (Colson, David A. & Smith, Robert W. eds., 2005-b)Google Scholar.

9 Smith, Robert W. & Roach, J. Ashley, Report No. 11-3, Azerbaijan-Kazakstan, in International Maritime Boundaries, at 4042, 4045, 4048 (Colson, David A. & Smith, Robert W. eds., 2005-c)Google Scholar.

10 See generally Fisheries (U.K. v. Norway), 1951 ICJ Rep. 116, 132 (Dec. 18).

11 See Colson, David A., Legal Regime of Maritime Boundary Agreements, in International Maritime Boundaries (Charney, Johnathan I. & Alexander, Lewis M. eds., 1993)Google Scholar.

12 Roach & Smith, supra note 2, at 3537.

13 Id.

14 Letter dated 18 January 1996 from the Permanent Representatives of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Russian Federation to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, UN Doc A/51/59, Annex 5 (1996) [hereinafter Iran/Russia Joint Statement].

15 Letter dated 3 September 1997 from the Charge d' Affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/52/325, at 1 (1997); Law of the Sea - Letter dated 5 October 1994 from the Permanent Representatives of the Russian Federation to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/49/475, at 2 (1994).

16 Iran/Russia Joint Statement, supra note 14, Annex 1.

17 Id. Annex 2.

18 Letter dated 30 September 1998 from the Permanent Representatives of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkmenistan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/53/453, at Annexes 4, 5 (1998).

19 Dunlap, supra note 4, at 121.

20 Dubner, Barry Hart, The Caspian: Is It a Lake, a Sea or an Ocean and Does It Matter? The Danger of Utilizing Unilateral Approaches to Resolving Regional/International Issues, 18 Dickinson J. Int'l Law 253, 285 (1999–2000)Google Scholar [hereinafter Dubner].

21 See Kalicki, Jan H., Caspian Energy at the Crossroads, 80 Foreign Aff. 120 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 See Forsythe, Rosemarie, The Politics of Oil in the Caucasus and Central Asia: Prospects for Oil Exploitation and Export in the Caspian Basin, 36 Adelphi Papers 300 (1996)Google Scholar.

23 Dubner, supra note 20, at 285.

24 Dunlap, supra note 4, at 124.