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Worker Internationalism and Italian Labor Migration, 1870–1914

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2008

Donna R. Gabaccia
Donna R. Gabaccia
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University of North Carolina at Charlotte
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Was internationalism a grand failure? Was it practiced even bt those who proclaimed it? Beyond the international congresses with their affirmations of working-class solidarity, the meaning of internationalism seems to unravel. Marx called for international solidarity precisely because socialist activists operated, conceptually and practically, within a world of nationstates. Modern nationalism and the internationalism of workers's movements at best can be considered “twins, developing side by side in an uneasy relationship since 1830s”. While an international economy and division of labor surely existed before World War I, workers' internationalism seemed more a rhetorical response to modern nationalism than a pragmatic response to an international economy.

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International Labor and Working-Class History , Volume 45 , Spring 1994 , pp. 63 - 79
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Copyright © International Labor and Working-Class History, Inc. 1994

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References

NOTES

An increasingly long list of people have read and commented on this paper through several versions over the past two years. I particularly thank Sam Baily, Mary Cygan, Nancy Green, Dirk Hoerder, Franca Iacovetta, George Pozzetta, and especially Fraser Ottanelli for fine conversations, good quesions, and encouragement.

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15. Here, too, there is a sizable literature. For a summary, see Donna Gabaccia, “The ‘Yellow Peril” and the ‘Chinese of Europe’: Italian and Chinese Laborers in an International Labor Market, 1815–1930” (unpublished paper).

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35. Baily, Samuel L., “The Future of Italian-American Studies: An Historian's Approach to Research in the Coming Decade”, in Italian Americans: New Perspectives in Italian Immigration and Ethnicity, ed. Tomasi, Lydio (New York, 1985), 193–201;Google Scholaridem, “Cross-Cultural Comparisons and the Writing of Migration History: Some Thoughts on How to Study Italians in the New World”, in Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology, and Politics, ed. McLaughlin, Virginia Yans (New York, 1990), 241–53.Google Scholar

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43. Older English-language studies especially emphasize the peculiarities of the Italian labor movement: See Palombara, Joseph La, The Italian Labor Movement: Problems and Prospects (Ithaca, 1957);Google ScholarNEufeld, Maurice F., Italy: School for Awakening Countries, The Italian Labor Movement in its Political, Social, and Economic Setting from 1800 to 1960 (Ithaca, 1961);Google Scholar and Horowitz, Daniel L., The Italian Labour Movement (Cambridge, Mass., 1963).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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48. An English-language summary of a large Italian literature is in Pernicone, Nunzio, Italian Anarchism, 1864–1892 (Princeton, 1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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50. See the lives of Italy's humbler peripatetic anarchists. Fedil, Ugo, Gigi Damiani, note biografiche, il suo posto nell'anarchismo (Cesena, 1954);Google Scholaridem, Giuseppe Ciancabilla (Imola, 1965); idem, Luigi Galleani, quarant'anni di lotte rivoluzionarie (1891–1931) (Forli, 1956); and Foresi, S., La vita e l'opera di Pietro Gori (Milan, 1949), On travelling anarchists,Google Scholar see Osvaldo Bayer, “L'influenza dell'immigrazione italiana nel movimento anarchico argentino”, in Bezza, Gli Italiani fuori d'Italia, 531–48.

51. Gabaccia, “Class and Culture”; Montgomery, Fall of the House of Labor, ch. 2.

52. Hobsbawm, Eric J., Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movement in the 19th and 20th Centuries (New York, 1959), ch. 6;Google Scholar Bayer, “L'influenza dell'immigrazione italiana”, 536.

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55. Good introductions to this world include Avrich, Paul, Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background (Princeton, 1991);Google ScholarVecoli, Rudolph J., “‘Primo Maggio’ in the United States”, in May Day Celebration, Quaderni della Fondazione Giacoma Brodolini, ed. Panaccione, Andrea (Venice, 1988), 55–83;Google ScholarPernicone, Nunzio, “Carlo Tresca and the Sacco-Vanzetti Case”, Journal of American History 66 (12 1979):535–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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58. Filesi, Teobaldo, “Significato e portata della presenza italiana in Africa dalla fine del XVIII secolo ai nostri giorni”, in Movimento migratorio italiano dall'unità nazionale ai giorni nostri, ed. Assante, Franca (Geneva, 1978);Google Scholar Romain H. Rainero, “Gli emigrati italiani nel Nord Africa e la loro importanza nella nascità dei movimenti operai maghrebini (1880–1922)”, in Bezza, Gli italiani fuori d'Italia, 763–72.

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61. Mormino, Gary R. and Pozzetta, George E., The Immigrant World of Ybor City: Italians and Their Latin Neighbors in Tampa, 1885–1985 (Urbana, 1987);Google Scholaridem, “Concord and Discord: Italians and Ethnic Interactions in Tampa, Florida”, in Tomasi, Italian Americans, 341–57; Long, Durwood, “La Resistencia’: Tampa's Immigrant Labor Union”, Labor History 6 (Fall 1965):193–214;CrossRefGoogle ScholarPizzo, Anthony, “The Italian Heritage in ampa”, in Little Italics in North America, ed. Harney, Robert F. and Scarpaci, J. Vincenza (Toronto, 1981), 123–40;Google Scholar Pozzetta, “Italians and the General Strike of 1910”, in Pozzetta, Pane e Lavoro, 429–36.

62. Bruno Cartosio, “Gli emigrati italiani e l'Industrial Workers of the World”, in Bezza, Gli italiani fuori d'Italia, 359–97; Salerno, Salvatore, Red November, Black November, Culture and Community in the Industrial Workers of the World (Albany, 1989), 48–50.Google Scholar

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64. Gabaccia, “Class and Culture”.

65. Gianfausto Rosoli, “L'emigrazione italiana in Europa e l'Opera Bonomelli (1900–1914)”, in Bezza, Gli Italiani fuori d'Italia, 163–202; Giovan Battista Sacchetti, “L'impegno sociale di Mons. G. B. Scalabrini e di Mons. G. Bonomelli nell'assistenza agli emigrati italiani, catatteristiche e sviluppo storico”, in Assante, Movimento migratorio italiano, vol. 85–105; idem, “G. Battista Scalabrini e la sua opera di fronte al problema migratorio italiano”, in Assante, vol. 1, 185–95; Silvano M. Tomasi, “Scalabriniani e mondo cattolico di fronte all'emigrazione Italiana (1880–1940)”, in Bezza, Gli Italiani fuori d'Italia, 145–62.

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68. Hermann Schäfer, “L'immigrazione italiana nell'impero tedesco (1890–1914)”, in Bezza, Gli Italiani fuori d'Italia, 756.

69. Mario Marcelletti, “Sindacati e problemi dell'emigrazione”, in Assante, Movimento migratorio italiano, vols. 2, 3; Gianfausto Rosoli, “I sindacati di fronte all'emigrazione: Italia, Iugoslavia, Svizzera e Francia”, in ibid., 111.

70. Zeffiro Ciuffoletti, “Il movimento sindacale Italiano e l'emigrazione dalle origini al fascismo”, in Bezza, Gli Italiani fuori d'Italia, 214.

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74. Rosada, Giacinto Menotti Serrati, 25–45; Eschelman, “Forging a Socialist Women's Movement”, 49–51.

75. I borrow the term from Ragionieri, Ernesto, ll movimento socialista in Italia (1850–1911) (Milan, 1976).Google Scholar

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78. On the complex case of Trieste, see Vivante, Angelo, Irredentismo adriatico (1912; reprint, Trieste, 1984);Google ScholarPiemontese, Giuseppe, ll movimento operaio a Trieste, dalle origini all'avvento del fascismo (Rome, 1974);Google ScholarMaserati, Ennio, Il movimento operaio a Trieste dalle origini alla prima guerra mondiale (Varese, 1973);Google Scholaridem, Il sindacalismo autonomista triestino degli anni 1909–1914 (Trieste, 1965); and idem, Gli anarchici a Trieste durante il dominio asburgico (Milan, 1977). On Trento, see Monteleone, Renato, Il movimento socialista nel Trentino 1894–1914 (Rome, 1971).Google Scholar

79. Coletti, Francesco, Dell'emigrazione italiana (Milan, 1912), 180.Google Scholar

80. I include this statement more as a challenge to scholars than as a demonstrated pattern. For the limited available evidence, see Gabaccia, “Class and Culture”.

81. On women activists, see Calapso, Jole, Donne ribelli: Un secolo di lotte femminili in Sicilia (Palermo, 1980);Google Scholar and Birnbaum, Lucia Chiavola, Liberazione della Donna, Feminism in Italy (Middletown, Conn., 1986),Google Scholar ch. 1. On the PSI and the woman question, see Zappi, If Eight Hours Seem Too Few, 70–71, 244–45.