Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T08:49:53.530Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Non-chemical agents and factors capable of regulating tick populations in nature: A mini review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

Godwin P. Kaaya
Godwin P. Kaaya
Affiliation:
The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P. O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
Get access

Abstract

Ticks have always been a major obstacle to livestock production due to the devastating diseases which they transmit especially in the tropics. The control of ticks which has relied heavily on the use of acaricides is now faced with serious problems e.g. increased resistance in ticks, high costs and toxicity to the environment. Over the last few decades, alternative tick control methods which utilize natural factors with little or no acaricides have been sought and those which have shown some promise are discussed in this paper. They include release or conservation of biological control agents e.g. parasitoids, predators and pathogens; anti-tick grasses and pasture spelling. The possibility of integrating some of these factors into low cost environmentally-safe tick control strategies affordable by resource limited farmers is also discussed.

Résumé

Les tiques ont toujours été considerees comme un obstacle majeur à l'expansion des fermes à cause des maladies devastatrices qu'elles transmettent specialement dans les tropiques. La tutte centre les tiques par l'emploi des acaricides rencontre maintenant des sérieux problèmes; par example la resistance accrue des tiques aux insecticides, coûts élevés et toxicité de l'environement. Pour les dernières décades, des méthodes alternatives de lutte centre les tiques par l'emploi des facteurs naturels avec peu ou sans acaricides ont été recherchés, celles qui se sont montrées prometteuses sont discutées dans cette publication. Elles comportent des relâchés ou la conservation des agents biologiques de lutte par example les parasitoides, les predateurs et les pathogènes, des herbes anti-tiques et de paturage à odeur repugnante. La possibilité d'intégrer certains des ces facteurs dans les stratégies de lutte contre les tiques dans un environment sain à un prix bas et abordable par les fermiers aux resources limitées et aussi discutée.

Keywords

RhipicephalusBoophilusAmblyommaHunterellusIxodiphagusBuphagusBeauveriaMelinisAndropogonStylosanthesacaricideRhipicephalusBoophilusAmblyommaHunterellusIxodiphagusBuphagusBeauveriaMelinisAndropogonStylosanthesacaricide
Type
Biological Control, Natural Products and Social Science
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 13 , Special Issue 4: Status and Recent Advances in Tick Management in Africa , August 1992 , pp. 587 - 594
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Alfeev, N. I. (1940) The utilization of Hunterellus hookeri for the control of tick Ixodes ricinus with reference to peculiarity of their metamorphosis under conditions of Leningrad. In Pavlosky Second Conference on Parasitological Problems. November 1940. Izvestiya Academii Nauk SSSR pp. 23–25. (In Russian).Google Scholar
Attwell, R. I. G. (1966) Oxpeckers and their associations with mammals in Zambia. The Puku No. 4 pp. 17–48.Google Scholar
Bishop, F. C. (1934) Records of hymenopterous parasites of ticks in the United States. Proc. Soc. Entomol. (Wash.). 36, 87–88.Google Scholar
Bowman, J. L., Logan, T. M. and Hair, J. A. (1986) Host suitability of Ixodiphagus texanus Howard on five species of hard ticks. J. Agric. Entomol. 3, 1–9.Google Scholar
Brown, R. S., Reichelderfer, C. F. and Aderson, W. R. (1970) An endemic disease among laboratory populations of Dermacentor andersoni (= D. venustus) (Acarina: Ixodidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 16, 142–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, E. C. and Melancon, D. G. (1977) Effect of imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Farmicidae) invasion on lone star tick (Acarina: Ixodidae) populations. J. Med. Entomol. 14, 247–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooksey, L. M. and Davey, R. B. (1987) Predation of cattle fever ticks by Hispid cotton rats in south Texas. J. Parasitol. 73, 1272–1273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooley, R. A. (1928) Preliminary report on the tick parasite, Ixodiphagus caucurtei. Seventh Biennial Report, Montana State Board of Entomology, pp. 17–31.Google Scholar
Cooley, R. A. and Kohls, G. M. (1934) A summary of tick parasites. Proceedings of the Fifth Pacific Scientific Congress. 35, 3375–3381.Google Scholar
Harrison, C. M. (1950) DDT-resistant houseflies. Ann. Appl. Biol. 37, 306–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassan, S. M., Dipeolu, O. O., Amoo, A. O. J. and Odhiambo, T. R. (1989) Predation of livestock ticks by chickens. In ICIPE Annual Report, pp. 35–36.Google Scholar
Harrison, C. M. (1952) The resistance of insects to insecticides. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 46, 255–263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, W. G. and Burns, E. C. (1972) Predation on the lone star tick by the imported fire ant. Exp. Entomol. 1, 362–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendry, D. A. and Rechav, Y. (1981) Acaricidal bacteria infecting laboratory colonies of the tick Boophilus decoloratus (Acarina: Ixodidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 38, 149–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hensley, S. D., Long, W. H., Roddy, L. R., McCormick, W. J. and Conscienne, E. J. (1961) Effects of insecticides on thepredaceous arthropod fauna of Louisiana sugar-cane fields. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 146–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, L. O. (1907) A chalcidoid parasite of a tick. Entomol. News. 10, 375–376.Google Scholar
Howard, L. O. (1908) Another chalcidoid parasite of a tick. Can. Entomol. 40, 239–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lacey, L. A., Escaffre, H., Philippon, B., Seketeli, A. and Guillet, P. (1982) Large river treatment with Bacillus thuringiensis (H-14) for the control of Simulium damnosum s.l. in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme. Tropenmed. Parasitol. 33, 97–101.Google ScholarPubMed
Langley, P. A. and Maly, H. (1969) Membrane feeding technique for tsetse flies (Glossina). Nature (Lond.) 221, 855–856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larrouse, F., King, A. G. and Wolbash, S. B. (1928) The overwintering in Massachusetts of Ixodiphagus caucurtei. Science. 67, 351–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mather, T. N., Piesman, J. and Piesman, A. (1987) Absence of spirochaetes (Borrelia burgdoerferi) and piroplasms (Babesia microti) in deer ticks (Ixodes dammini) parasitized by chalcid wasps (Hunterellus hookeri). Med. Vet. Entomol. 1, 3–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Megaw, M. W. J. (1978) Virus-like particles pathogenic to salivary glands of the tick Boophilus microplus. Nature. 271, 483–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moreau, R. E. (1933) The food of the red-billed oxpecker, Buphagus erythrorhynchus (Stanley). Bull. Entomol. Res. 24, 324–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mwangi, E. N. (1990) Mortality in the non-parasitic stages of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and other ticks of livestock, with reference to predators, parasites, pathogens and climatic factors and their role in tick life cycles. Ph.D. thesis, Kenyatta University.Google Scholar
Myers, P. and Yousten, A. A. (1978) Toxic activity of Bacillus sphaericus SSII-I for mosquito larvae. Infect. Immunol., 19, 1047–1053.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Negm, A. A. and Hensley, S. D. (1967) The relationship of arthropod predators to crop damage inflicted by the sugarcane borer. J. Econ. Entomol. 60, 1503–1506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Negm, A. A. and Hensley, S. D. (1969) Evaluation of certain biological control agents of the sugarcane borer in Louisiana. J. Econ. Entomol. 62, 1008–1013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norval, R. A. I., Tebele, N., Short, N. J. and Clatworthy, J. N. (1983) A laboratory study on the control of economically important tick species with legumes of the genus Stylosanthes. Zimbabwe Vet. J. 14, 26–29.Google Scholar
Philip, C. B. (1931) Occurrence of a colony of the tick parasite Hunterellus hookeri in West Africa. Publ. Hlth. Rep. (Washington). 46, 2168–2172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philip, C. B. (1954) A new locality record in Africa for the tick parasite Hunterellus hookeri. J. Parasitol. 40, 234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, J. A. (1968) Acquisition by the host of resistance to the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). J. Parasitol. 54, 657–662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samsinakova, A., Kalalova, S., Daniel, M., Dusbabek, F., Honzakova, E. and Ceruy, V. (1974) Entomogenous fungi associated with the tick Ixodes ricinus (L). Folia Parasitol. (Praha) 21, 39–48.Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, C. N. and Cole, M. M. (1943) Studies of parasites of the American dog tick. J. Econ. Entomol. 36, 369–572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steyn, J. J. (1955) A second locality record in Uganda for the tick parasite Hunterellus hookeri Howard, and a few discussions on other tick parasites. E. Afr. Med. J. 32, 357–360.Google Scholar
Sutherst, R. W., Norton, E. A., Barlow, N. N., Conway, E. R., Birly, M. and Comins, H. N. (1979) An analysis of management strategies for cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) control in Australia. J. Appl. Ecol. 16, 329–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutherst, R. W., Raymond, J. J. and Schnitzerling, H. J. (1982) Tropical legumes of the genus Stylosanthes immobilize and kill cattle ticks. Nature 295, 320–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, K. C., Rao, J. and Romero, T. (1978) Anti-tick grasses as the basis for developing practical tropical tick control packages. Trop. Anim. Hlth. Prod. 10, 179–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Someren, V. D. (1951) The red-billed oxpecker and its relation to stock in Kenya. East Afr. Agric. 17, 1–11.Google Scholar
Vandekar, M., and Dulmage, H. T. (1982) Present status of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 and its proposed use in disease control programmes. In Guidelines for Production of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14, pp. 7–18. UNDP/World Bank/ WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva.Google Scholar
Wharton, R. H. and Norris, K. R. (1980) Control of parasitic arthropods. Vet. parasitol. 6, 135–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wharton, R. H. and Roulston, W. J. (1970) Resistance of ticks to chemicals. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 15, 281–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wharton, R. H., Utech, K. B. W. and Turner, H. G. (1970) Resistance to the cattle tick Boophilus microplus in a herd of Australian Illawarra shorthorn cattle: Its assessment and heritability. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 21, 163–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitnall, A. B. M. and Bradford, B. (1947) An arsenic resistant tick and its control with “Gammexane” dips. Bull. Entomol. Res. 38, 353–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkinson, P. R. (1957) The spelling of pasture in cattle tick control. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 14–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, P. R. (1970) A preliminary note on predation on free-living engorged female rocky mountain wood ticks. J. Med. Entomol. 7, 493–496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, L. J. and Sutherst, R. W. (1986) Acceptability of Stylosanthes scabra Vogel as a substrate for larvae of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) (Acarina: Ixodidae). J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 25, 353–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, H. P. (1911) Notes on the life history of the tick parasite, Hunterellus hookeri. J. Econ. Entomol. 4, 425–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmerman, R. H., Cams, C. I. and Beaver, J. S. (1984) Potential of Stylosanthes plants as a component in an integrated pest management approach to tick control. Prev. Vet. Med. 2, 579–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar