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The ecology of tsetse (Glossina spp.) (Diptera, Glossinidae): a review (1970–1981)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

A. Challier
A. Challier
Affiliation:
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
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Abstract

The literature published during 1970–1981 on tsetse ecology is reviewed. The geographical distribution of some species was affected during the drought of early 1970s. New maps of tsetse distribution in Africa and a few national maps have been published. The habitats of several species have been described in detail, particularly atypical habitats in peridomestic situations. Pupal ecology has not held the attention of ecologists so much; however, pupal duration and mortality have been assessed for a few species. Due to the importance of selective application of insecticides, resting sites and resting behaviour have been described in detail. Activity patterns have been correlated with climatic factors and also with sampling methods. Several works on host-seeking behaviour, flight performance and energy metabolism have been described. Host preferences of certain species have been found to be somewhat different from those previously recorded; and new host species have been discovered. Studies on fat and haematin content showed that these metabolites are useful indices of nutritional status to interpret feeding behaviour in relation to population sampling. A tsetse contact sex-pheromone has been discovered and synthetised; and attempts have been made to use it in the field. Studies on sound production by both sexes under various conditions of light and physiological state are in progress. Comparative studies on sampling techniques have received particular attention; several trap devices have been designed and tested to evaluate the reliability of samples. The determination of the age structure of populations has become more relevant to studies on population dynamics. Attempts have been made to calculate the growth rate of populations. Density-dependent factors started being taken into consideration in the assessment of populations. Several methods have been tried out to estimate population size. New pathogens, parasites and predators have been recorded.

Résumé

Cette revue fait le point des progrès réalisés dans l'étude de l'écologie des glossines durant la période 1970–1981. La répartition géographique de certaines espèces a été affectée durant la sécheresse du début des annéss soixante-dix. Une nouvelle carte de répartition des espèces et sous-espèces en Afrique et quelques nouvelles cartes à l'échelle nationale ont été publiées. Les habitats de plusieurs espèces ont été décrits en détail, particulièrement les habitats atypiques dans les situations péridomestiques. L'écologie des pupes n'a pas retenu toute l'attention souhaitée; cependant, la durée du stade pupal et la mortalité pupale ont été évaluées chez quelques espèces. Le comportement de repos et les lieux de repos des vecteurs importants ont été décrits en détail en vue de déterminer les surface de végétation à traiter lors des applications sélectives d'insecticides. Lés niveaux d'activite diurne ont été étudiés en fonction des facteurs climatiques et des méthodes d'échantillonnage des populations. Divers travaux ont été consacrés au comportement de recherche de l'hôte, a la dynamique du vol et au métabolisme énergétique. Les données collectées sur les préférences alimentaires montrent que certaines espèces ont des préférences un peu différentes de celles observées auparavant; de nouvelles espèces d'hôtes ont été découvertes. Les études sur le taux de graisse et d'hématine ont montré que ces métabolites fournissent des indices du statut alimentaire utiles pour interpréter le comportement des mouches vis à vis des systèmes d'échantillonnage. Une phéromone sexuelle de contact a été isolée et synthétisée; des tentatives ont été faites pour l'utiliser sur le terrain. Des études sur la production de sons chez les deux sexes, dans des conditions variées de lumière et d'état physiologique ont été entreprises. Les méthodes d'échantillonnage de populations ont été comparées; et plusieurs nouveaux modèles de pièges ont été mis au point et essayés sur le terrain afin d'évaluer la qualité des échantillons. La détermination de la structure par groupes d'âge des populations est devenue une opération courante. Des tentatives de calcul du taux de croissance des populations ont été faites et les facteurs dépendants de la densité ont été pris en considération. Plusieurs méthodes ont été utilisées pour estimer la taille des populations. Enfin, de nouveaux agents pathogénes, parasites et prédateurs ont été découverts.

Keywords

EcologyAfricatsetseEcologieAfriquetsetse
Type
Mini-Review Article
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 3 , Issue 2-3 , September 1982 , pp. 97 - 145
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1982

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