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The design of new vaccines

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

Sydney Cohen
Sydney Cohen
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Pathology, United Medical and Dental Schools, Guy's Hospital Medical School, London SE1 9RT, England
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Abstract

The prospects for vaccine development have been transformed by the advent of hybridoma technology for the production of specific monoclonal antibodies and recombinant DNA technology which permits the in vitro expression of genes coding for protective antigens of pathogenic organisms. These techniques are leading to the refinement of existing vaccines and the production of new vaccines against organisms which either cannot be cultured in vitro at all, e.g. hepatitis-B, or can be cultured only on a limited scale, e.g. plasmodial species. The techniques allow for the novel production of both live and dead vaccines. New live vaccines are produced using either site-directed mutagenesis or insertion of genes into hosts such as vaccinia virus, which is a potential carrier of polyvalent vaccines. New subunit vaccines are produced by expression of appropriate genes in E. coli, yeast cells or mammalian cell lines and some, e.g. hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) are at an advanced stage of development. Recombinant subunit vaccines are also being produced against the sporozoite and blood stages of malaria. Problems, in regard to the development of malaria vaccines, concern the antigenic plasticity of plasmodia and the need to induce both antibody and cell-mediated immunity; nevertheless, the work shows considerable promise of success.

Résumé

Les études pour le développement de vaccins ont été transformées par l'apparition de la technologie des hybridomes pour la production d'anticorps monoclonaux spécifiques et par la technologie de recombinaison de l'ADN qui permet l'expression in vitro des gènes codant pour les antigènes protecteurs des organismes pathogènes. Ces techniques conduisent au raffinement des vaccins existants et à la production de nouveaux vaccins contre des organismes qui soit ne peuvent pas du tout être cultivés in vitro, par exemple l'hépatite B, soit peuvent seulement être cultivés à petite échelle, par exemple les espèces Plasmodium. Ces techniques permettent la production nouvelle à la fois de vaccins vivants et de vaccins morts. De nouveaux vaccins vivants sont produits en utilisant soit la mutagenèse dirigé de sites, soit l'insertion de gènes dans des hôtes tels que le virus de la vaccine qui est un vecteur potentiel pour des vaccins polyvalents. De nouveaux vaccins à partir de sous-unités antigèniques sont produits par expression des gènes appropriés chez E. coli, chez la levure ou chez des lignées cellulaires de mammifères et certains (comme par exemple l'antigène S de l'hépatite B) sont à des stades avancés de développement. Des vaccins à partir de sous-unités recombinées sont également produits contre les stades sporozoite et sanguins du paludisme. Les problèmes liés au développement de vaccins antipaludiques concernent la plasticité antigènique des Plasmodium et le besoin d'induire à la fois l'immunité par anticorps et l'immunité cellulaire; néanmoins, les travaux donnent de considérables promesses de succès.

Keywords

Vaccinesnew technologiesmalariastage-specific antigensantigen plasticity
Type
Research Article
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 7 , Special Issue 3: Progress in Entomology: Proceedings of the VII International Congress of Protozoology , June 1986 , pp. 261 - 265
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1986

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