Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T09:31:29.390Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Seasonal abundance, damage, cultural control methods and varietal resistance of the four main pest and disease problems in irrigated maize in southern Mozambique

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

Piet Segeren ,
Rinie van Den Oever  and
Wilma Slobbe
Piet Segeren
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA), Ministry of Agriculture, C.P. 3658, Maputo, Mozambique
Rinie van Den Oever
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA), Ministry of Agriculture, C.P. 3658, Maputo, Mozambique
Wilma Slobbe
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA), Ministry of Agriculture, C.P. 3658, Maputo, Mozambique
Get access

Abstract

Crop protection problems of smallholders farming maize in the Chokwe Irrigation Scheme in southern Mozambique were investigated in a long-term field study programme during 1984–1990. Downy mildew, Peronosclerospora sorghi (Weston & Uppal) C.G. Shaw, maize streak virus, stemborers (mainly Chilo partellus Swinhoe) and the multimammate rat (Praomys natalensis Smith) were the most important, with the first three showing highest incidence in the warm rainy season (October-March). Average percentage infestation of maize at 30 days after emergence in four successive rainy seasons were 11% for maize streak virus, 16% for downy mildew and 26% for stemborers. The multimammate rat was most abundant at the beginning of the cool, dry season (April-May). Maize streak virus attacks were aggravated when there was rainfall in the preceding cool, dry season. High rainfall in the early part of the warm season increased the likelihood of outbreaks of the multimammate rat in the subsequent cool season. Early sowing decreased the intensity of downy mildew and stemborers, but not of maize streak virus. In on-farm trials involving varieties with combined tolerance to maize streak virus and downy mildew, ESR-DMR-W from IITA (Nigeria) produced 32% more grain while CW-1, a locally bred improved variety, produced 31% more than the local unimproved variety.

Résumé

Les problèmes de la protection des cultures pour les petits produteurs du maïs dans le Système d'Irrigation de Chokwe dans le sud du Mozambique ont été analisés au cours de la période 1984–1990. Le mildiou (Perenosclerospora sorghi (Weston & Uppal) C.G. Shaw), le virus de la striure du maïs et les foreurs de tiges (surtout Chilo partellus Swinhoe) et le rat multimammaire (Praomys natalensis Smith) étaient les plus importants. Le mildiou, le virus de la striure du maïs et les foreurs de tiges ont tous montré l'incidence la plus elevée pendant la saison pluvieuse chaude. Les taux moyens de plantes infestées à 30 jours après l'émergence au cours de quatre saisons pluvieuses successives étaient de 11 % pour le virus de la striure du maïs, 16% pour le mildiou e 26% pour les foreurs des tiges. Le rat multimammaire etait le plus abundant en Avril-May, au début de la saison sèche froide. Les attaques du virus de la striure du maïs s'étaient aggravées s'il y avait des pluies pendant la précédente saison sèche froide. Des pluies fortes, au début de la saison chaude ont aumenté les probabilités d'invasion des rats multimammaires au cours de la saison froide subséquente. Les semis précoces ont amélioré la lutte contre le mildiou et les foreurs de tiges, mais pas contre le virus de la striure du maïs. Dans les essais en milieu réel avec des varietés à résistance combinée au virus de la striure du maïs et au mildiou, ESR-DMR-W de l'IITA (Nigeria) a produit 32% plus, et CW-1, une varieté sélectionée e localement améliorée, 31% plus que la varieté locale.

Keywords

maizedowny mildewstreak virusstemborersmultimammate ratseasonal abundancecultural controlresistant varietiesmaïsmildioule virus de la striureles foreurs de tigesabondance saisonnièrelutte culturalerésistance varietale
Type
Research Articles
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 16 , Issue 3-4 , December 1995 , pp. 263 - 277
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ampofo, J. K. (1986) Effect of resistant maize cultivare on larval dispersal and establishment of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Insect Sci. Applic. 7, 103–106.Google Scholar
Anaso, A. B., Emechebe, A. M., Tyagi, P. D. and Manzo, S. K. (1989) Assessment of loss in yield due to sorghum downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) of maize in Nigerian guinea savanna. Trop. Pest Manage. 35, 301–303.10.1080/09670878909371385CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anonymous (1987) Solving the problem of maize streak virus: A research breakthrough to increase maize production in sub-Saharan Africa. IITA 1986 Annual Report.Google Scholar
Balasubramanian, K. A. (1974) Role of date of seeding, soil moisture, temperature and pH in the incidence of downy mildew on sorghum. Plant and Soil 41, 233–241.10.1007/BF00017251CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, B. M., Chapman, R. F. and Robertson, I. A. (1959) The growth and breeding of the multimammate rat (Rattus (Mastomys) natalensis Smith) in Tanganhica Territory. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 133, 1–9.10.1111/j.1469-7998.1959.tb05548.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatterji, J. M., Young, W. R., Saji, I. V., Chahal, B. S., Khare, B. P., Kathore, Y. S., Panwar, W. P. and Siddiqi, K. H. (1969) Estimation of loss in yield of maize due to insect pests, with special reference to borers. Indian J. Entomol. 31, 109–115.Google Scholar
Chand, P. and Sharma, N. N. (1977) Influence of crop association on insect pest incidence. Proc. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad. 43, 108–114.Google Scholar
Cheeseman, C. L. and Delany, M. J. (1979) The population dynamics of small rodents in a tropical african grassland. J. Zool. 188, 451–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chew, R. M. and Butterworth, B. R. (1964) Ecology of rodents in Indian cave (Mojave desert) Joshua Tree National Monument, California. J. Mammal. 45, 203–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coetzee, C. G. (1965) The breeding season of the multimammate mouse, Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis in the Transvaal Highveld. Zool. Afric. 1, 29–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coetzee, C. G. (1975) The biology, behaviour and ecology of Mastomys natalensis in Southern Africa. Bull. World Health Org. 52, 637–644.Google ScholarPubMed
Davies, G., Cumbi, S. and Tocoro, C. (1995) Brocas de milho. Uma contribuição para o seu Estudo no Planalto de Lichinga, Niassa. Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agronómica, Serie Investigação No. 21. Maputo Moçambique, 40 pp.Google Scholar
De Leon, C. (1970) Advances in the selection of downy mildew resistant materials in Mexico. Indian Phytopathol. 23, 339–341.Google Scholar
Dissemond, A. (1987) Der einfluss von mischkulturen aus sorghum, mais und Vigna auf den befall durch Schädlinge, krankheiten und unkraüter in Kenia. Dissertation Rheinischen Friedrich Wilhelms Univ. Bonn, pp. 90–99.Google Scholar
Efron, Y., Kim, S. K., Fajemisin, J. M., Mareck, J. H. and Tang, C. Y. (1989) Breeding for resistance to maize streak virus; a multidisciplinary team approach. Plant Breeding 103, 1–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fajemisin, J. M. (1980) Downy mildew of maize in Nigeria, pp. 120–134. In Int. Conf. Graminaceous Downy Mildew Diseases Bellagio, Italy Part II. Rockefeller Foundation, New York.Google Scholar
Fajemisin, J. M., Cook, J. E., Okusanya, F. and Shoyinka, S. A. (1976) Maize streak epiphytotic in Nigeria. Plant Dis. Reptr. 60, 443–447.Google Scholar
Fourie, A. P. (1984) Variation in resistance of maize inbred lines to Busseola fusca and Chilo partellus, pp. 56–57. In Proc. 6th South African Maize Breeding Symposium. Dept. Agriculture and Fisheries, Pretoria.Google Scholar
Frederiksen, R. A. and Renfro, B. L. (1977) Global status of maize downy mildew. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 15, 249–275.10.1146/annurev.py.15.090177.001341CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frederiksen, F. A., Bockholt, A. J. and Ullstrup, A. J. (1973) Reaction of selected corn inbreds to Sclerospora sorghi II. Plant Dis. Reptr. 57, 42–43.Google Scholar
Gakuru, S. (1989) Ecological factors and time of maize planting in Gandogika (Zaire), pp. 893–898. In Proc. Integrated Pest Management in Tropical and Subtropical Cropping Systems Coni. 8–15 Febr. 1989. German Agricultural Society, Frankfurt am Main.Google Scholar
Gomes, A. A., Aquilizan, F. A., Payson, R. M. and Calub, A. G. (1963) Preliminary study on the inheritance of the reaction of corn to downy mildew disease. Philipp. Agric. 47, 113–116.Google Scholar
Gorter, G. M. (1953) Studies on the spread and control of the streak disease of maize. Union S. Afr. Dep. Agric. For. Sci. Bull. 134, 1–20.Google Scholar
Guthrie, E. J. (1978) Measurements of yield losses caused by maize streak disease. Plant Dis. Reptr. 62, 839–841.Google Scholar
Gyawali, B. K. (1986) Influence of soyabean on infestation of corn and riceborers. Q. Newsl. Asia and Pacific Plant Prot. Commun. 29, 39–44.Google Scholar
Haines, H. (1971) Characteristics of a cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) population cycle. Texas J. Sci. 23, 3–27.Google Scholar
Hanney, P. (1965) The Muridae of Malawi (Africa: Nyassaland). J. Zool. Soc. London 146, 577–633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargreaves, H. (1939) Notes on some insect pests of maize and millets in Uganda. E. Afr. Agric. For. J. 21, 220–221.Google Scholar
Harris, W. P. (1937) The grey field mouse. E. Afr. Agric. J. 2, 315.Google Scholar
Jinahyon, S. (1975) A review of breeding work for downy mildew resistance in Thailand. Trop. Agric. Res. 8, 221–230.Google Scholar
Kenneth, R. (1975) Sclerospora sorghi. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria No. 451. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Surrey, England. 2 pp.Google Scholar
Kenneth, R. G. (1981) Downy mildew of gramineous crops. In The Downy Mildews (Edited by Spencer, D. M.), Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Krüger, W. and Jooste, W. J. (1967) Important maize diseases and control measures. Farming South Africa 43, 3–16.Google Scholar
Kumar, H. and Saxena, K. N. (1986) Relationship between borer damage to different plant cultivars and their yield. Annual Report 1985. The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.Google Scholar
Kumar, H. and Saxena, K. N. (1990) Maize resistance to Chilo partellus, pp. 9–10. Annual Report 1990. The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.Google Scholar
Lund, M. (1977) Report on Danida consultantship concerning rodent problems in Chunya District, Mbeya Region, Tanzania.Google Scholar
Mathez, F. C. (1972) Chilo partellus Swinh., C. orichalcociliella Strand (Lep. Crambidae) and Sesamia calamistis Humps (Lep. Noctuidae) on maize in the Coast Province, Kenya. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 45, 267–289.Google Scholar
Mbise, T. J. (1983) The biology of Mastomys natalensis (Smith 1834) and its control in Tanzania. MSc Thesis, Dep. of Agric, and Hortic. Univ. of Reading 50 pp.Google Scholar
Minja (1990) Management of Chilo spp. infesting cereals in eastern Africa. Insect Sci. Applic. 11, 489–499.Google Scholar
Mwanjabe, P. S. (1991) Rodent problems in Tanzania. Paper presented at the SADCC workshop on Strategy for Rodent Control in the SADCC Region, 11–14 November 1991, Harare, Zimbabwe.Google Scholar
Oloo, G. W. and Ogeda, K. (1990) The incidence of Chilo partellus (Swinh.) (Pyralidae) and the contribution of natural enemies to its mortality under intercropping systems in Kenya. Trop. Pest Manage. 36, 244–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pathak, R. S. (1990) Genetics of sorghum, maize, rice and sugar-cane resistance to the cereal stemborer, Chilo spp. Insect Sci. Applic. 11, 689–699.Google Scholar
Panwar, V. P. and Sarup, P. (1979) Relationship between successive dates of sowing of maize and damage caused by Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) affecting maize yield. J. entomol. Res. 3, 9–24.Google Scholar
Pedigo, L. P., Hutchins, S. H. and Higley, L. G. (1986) Economic injury levels in Theory and Praxis. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 31, 341–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratt, R. G. and Janke, G. D. (1978) Oospores of Sclerospora sorghi in soils of south Texas and their relationship to the incidence of downy mildew in grain sorghum. Phytopathology 68, 1600–1605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Revington, J. (1986) This borer spreads rapidly through crops of maize and sorghum on the Highveld. But it can be controlled. S. Afr. Farmers Wkly, October 24, 1986.Google Scholar
Reynaud, B., Guinet, I. and Marchand, J. L. (1987) IRAT/CIRAD Maize breeding program for virus resistance. Paper presented at the Second East, Central and Southern Africa Regional Maize Workshop, Harare 15–21 March 1987. 12 pp.Google Scholar
Rose, D. J. (1974a) The epidemiology of maize streak disease in relation to population densities of Cicadulina spp. Ann. appl. Biol. 76, 199–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, D. J. (1974b) Management of Cicadulina leafhopper populations to reduce streak disease in maize crops in the highveld in Rhodesia. Rhodesia Agric. J. 70, 63–64.Google Scholar
Rose, D. J. (1978) Epidemiology of maize streak disease. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 23, 259–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuh, W., Jeger, M. J. and Frederiksen, R. A. (1987) The influence of soil temperature, soil moisture, soil texture and inoculum density on the incidence of sorghum downy mildew. Phytopathology 77, 125–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitt, C. G. and Freytag, R. E. (1977) Response of selected maize genotypes to three species of Sclerospora. Plant Dis. Rep. 61, 478–481.Google Scholar
Segeren, P., Rafael, E. and Sitoi, V. (1991) Milho, Principais doenças e pragas. Relatório de ensaios realizados no regadio do Chokwe, 1986–1990. INIA Série Investigação No. 10, 38 pp.Google Scholar
Seshu, Reddy K. V. (1985) Integrated approach to the control of sorghum stemborers, pp. 205–215. In Proceedings Int. Sorghum Entomol. Workshop, 15–21 July 1984. Texas A&M Univ. College Station, Texas USA. Int. Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru AP 502324 India.Google Scholar
Sharma, V. K. and Chatterji, S. M. (1972) Further studies on the nature of antibiosis in maize (Zea mays Linn.) against the maize stemborer, Chilo zonellus (Swinhoe). Indian J. Entomol. 34, 11–19.Google Scholar
Siddiq, S. A. (1972) Gramineous stemborers in the Northern Province of the Sudan. I. Ecological studies. J. Appl. Entomol. 71, 376–381.Google Scholar
Siradhana, B. S., Dange, S. R., Jain, K. L. and Rathore, R. S. (1976) Effect of sowing dates on the natural incidence of SDM of maize in Udaipur (Rhajasthan). Indian Phytopathology 28, 140–141.Google Scholar
Siradhana, B. S., Dange, S. R., Rathore, R. S. and Singh, S. D. (1978) Control of sorghum downy mildew on maize, a three-prong strategy. Madras Agric. J. 65, 688–691.Google Scholar
Sithole, S. Z. (1990) Status and control of the stemborer, Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Southern Africa. Insect Sci. Applic. 11, 481–488.Google Scholar
Starks, V. J. (1969) Some cereal crop insects in East Africa. Intern. Report of E. Afr. Agric. For. Res. Org. Serere Res. Station Kampala, Uganda.Google Scholar
Storey, H. H. and Howland, A. K. (1967) Inheritance of resistance in maize to the virus of streak disease in East Africa. Ann. appl. Biol. 59, 429–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tantera, T. M. (1975) Cultural practices to decrease losses due to corn downy mildew disease. Trop. Agric. Res. Series 8, 165–175.Google Scholar
Taylor, K. D. (1963) Report on a two day visit to the northern region Tanganyika. MAFF report no. 3 (unpublished), cited in Mbise, 1983.Google Scholar
Taylor, K. D. (1968) An outbreak of rats in agricultural areas of Kenya in 1962. E. Afr. Agric. For. J. 34, 66–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, K. D. and Green, M. G. (1976) The influence of rainfall on diet and reproduction in four african rodent species. J. Zool. Land. 180, 367–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Telford, S. R. (1989) Population biology of the multimammate rat, Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis at Morogoro, Tanzania 1981–1985. Bull. Florida State Mus. Biol. Sci. 34, 249–287.Google Scholar
Touber, L. and Noort, L. F. (1985) Avaliação de terra para agricultura regada na área de Siremo, Vale de Limpopo. Série Terra e Água do Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agronómica, Maputo, Mozambique 55 pp.Google Scholar
Van de Westhuizen, G. C. (1977) Downy mildew of maize and sorghum in S. Africa. Phytophylactica 9, 83–89.Google Scholar
Van de Graaf, K. M. and Balda, R. B. (1973) Importance of green vegetation for reproduction of the Kangaroo rat Dipodomys merriami. J. Mammal. 54, 509–512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Hamburg, H. (1979) The grain-sorghum stalkborer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lep.: Pyralidae): Seasonal changes in adult populations in grain sorghum in the Transvaal. J. Ent. Soc. Sth. Afr. 42, 1–9.Google Scholar
Van Rensburg, G. D. (1981) Effect of plant age at the time of infection with maize streak virus on yield of maize. Phytophylactica 13, 197–198.Google Scholar
Warui, C. M. and Kuria, J. N. (1983) Population incidence and the control of maize stalkborers Chilo partellus (Swinhoe), C. orichalcociellus Strand and Sesamia calamistis Hmps. in Coast Province, Kenya. Insect Sci. Applic. 4, 11–18.Google Scholar
Wheatley, P. E. (1961) The insect pests of agriculture in the Coast Province of Kenya I—Maize and sorghum. E. Afr. Agric. For. J. 27, 105–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodhouse, P., Jimenez, H., Heemskerk, W., Spittel, M. and Van Slobbe, W. (1986) Programa de investigação sobre Sistemas da Produção Agrícola no Siremo de Chókwè. Communicações Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agronómica, Serie Agronomia No. 2. INIA, Maputo, Mozambique, 68 pp.Google Scholar