Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-19T03:13:17.510Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A review of the pink mealybug—Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green)*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

M. Mani
Affiliation:
Division of Entomology & Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Lake Post, Bangalore - 560 089, India
Get access

Abstract

The pink mealybug Maconellicoccus (=Phenacoccus) hirsutus (Green) (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera) occurs in more than 13 countries, but has a major pest status only in Egypt and India. Its biology, host range, ant association, natural enemies and methods of control are reviewed here.

Résumé

La cochenille de couleur de rose Maconellicoccus (=Phenacoccus) hirsutus (Green) (Pseudococcidae:Hemiptera) est distribuée dans plus de treize pays, mais c'est en Egypte et en Inde qu'il occupe un plus grand rang de peste. Sa biologie, sa circonscription territoriale, son association avec les fourmis, ses ennemis naturels et des méthodes utilisées pour sa surveillance sont analysés ci-dessus.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ankersmit, G.W. (1951) Experiments on the control of Earias fabia Stoil (Lepidoptera.-Noctuidae) Coutr. Gen. Agric. Res. Stn. Bogor. No. 126, 119.Google Scholar
Anonymous (1972) FAO Report to the Government of Saudi Arabia on research in plant protection based on the work of N.E. Martin, FAO Entomologist V.Google Scholar
Ayyar, T.V.R. (1929) A contribution to our knowledge of South Indian Coccidae (scales and mealybugs). Bull. Inst. Agric. Res., Pusa, No. 197.Google Scholar
Azam, K.M. (1983) Losses due to pests in grapes. Indian J. Entomol. (Special issue) 2, 287289.Google Scholar
Babu, T.R. (1986) Population density of grape mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) and its control by a predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls. Ph. D. thesis A.P.A.U., Hyderabad, India.Google Scholar
Babu, T.R. and Azam, K.M. (1987a) Studies on biology, host spectrum and seasonal population fluctuation of the mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) on grapevine. Indian J. Hort. 44, 284288.Google Scholar
Babu, T.R. and Azam, K.M. (1987b) Residual toxicity of different insecticides to the adult Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant. (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera). Trop. Pest Manage. 33, 180181.Google Scholar
Babu, T.R. and Azam, K.M. (1988) New record of predators on mealybug of grapevine. Andhra Agric. J. (In press).Google Scholar
Bartlett, B.R. (1978) Pseudococcidae. In Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds – A World Review (Edited by Clausen, C.P.) U.S. Dept. Agric. Hand Book. No. 480, pp. 137169.Google Scholar
Bate, A. (1939) Cotton Pests in Burma. Bull. Dept. Agric. Burma. No. 8.Google Scholar
Bedford, H.W. (1935) Entomological section – Agricultural Research Service. Report of work carried out by the staff of the section during the season 1934–1935. Rep. Agric. Res. Serv., Sudan, 63–96.Google Scholar
Beshir, H. and Hosny, M. (1939) Some mealybugs of Egypt and experiments on their control by means of chemicals. Bull. Minist. Agric. Egypt. No. 209.Google Scholar
Bodkin, G.E. (1931) Entomological Service Rep. Palestine Dept. Agric. For. 1927–1930, pp. 4855.Google Scholar
C.I.E. (1959) Distribution of Insect Pests, Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London. Series A, Map No. 100.Google Scholar
Compere, H. (1938) Description of a new species of Leptomastix parasite of Phenacoccus hirsutus Green. Bull. Soc. Fouad. Ent. 22, 3638.Google Scholar
Cooper, C.M. (1953) Mealybug in grapevine. J. Dept. Agric. S. Austr. 56, 453455 & 459.Google Scholar
De Fluiter, H.J. (1960) Krankheiten and Schadlinge. In Kafee Stuttgart Ferdinand Enke (Edited by Colhaes, C.H.J., Fluiter, De and Koenig, H.P.) Verglag, pp. 98182.Google Scholar
Dhawan, A. K., Singh, J. and Sidhu, A.S. (1980) Maconellicoccus sp. attacking arboreum cotton in Punjab. Sci. & Cult. 46, 258.Google Scholar
Dutt, N. (1959) Two pests that bother mesta and roselle. Indian Farm. 9, 710.Google Scholar
Dutt, N., Mukerjee, P.K. and Sen Gupta, N. (1951) Preliminary observations on the incidence of Phenacoccus hirsutus Green and its effect on the growth of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and V. altissima Hort. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 21, 231237.Google Scholar
Dutt, N. and Kundu, B.C. (1960) A note on the stunted disease of ramie, Boehmeria nivea Guad. Proc. 47th Indian Sci. Congr. Pt. III. (Abstracts, 558 pp.)Google Scholar
Ezzat, Y.M. (1958) Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green, a new genus with redescription of the species (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae-Coccoidea). Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypt. 42, 377388.Google Scholar
Felt, E.P. (1920) New Indian gall midges. (Diptera). Mem. Dept. Agric. India. (Ent. Ser.) 7, 111.Google Scholar
Ferriere, C. (1951) Chalcidiens orientauz introduits en Egypte (Hymenoptera). Bull. Soc. Fouad. Ent. 35, 187191.Google Scholar
Flaherty, D., Jensen, F. and Nakata, J. (1976) Grape Mealybug. Univ. Calif. Agric. Ext. Berkely, Calif. A. 0038.Google Scholar
Fletcher, T.B. (1919) Report of the Imperial Entomologist. Sci. Rep. Agric. Res. Inst., Pusa, 1918–1919. pp. 86103.Google Scholar
Fletcher, T.B. (1920) Report of the Imperial Entomologist. Sci. Rep. Agric. Res. Inst., Pusa, 1919–1920, pp. 6890.Google Scholar
Green, E.E. (1908) Remarks on Indian scale insects, Coccidae Part- III. Mem. Dept. Agrie. Ind. Entomol. Ser. 2, 1546.Google Scholar
Ghose, S.K. (1961) Studies on some coccids (Coccidae: Hemiptera) of economic importance of West Bengal, India. Indian Agric. 5, 5778.Google Scholar
Ghose, S.K. (1971a) Morphology of various instars of both sexes of the mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Pseudococcidae:Hemiptera). Indian. J. Agric. Sci. 41, 602611.Google Scholar
Ghose, S.K. (1971b) Predators, parasites and attending ants of the mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Pseudococcidae, Hemiptera). Plant Prot. Bull. 22, 2230.Google Scholar
Ghose, S.K. (1971c) Assessment of loss in yield of seeds of roselle (Hibiscus sabdarifaa L. var. altissima) due to the mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera). Indian J. Agric. Sci. 41, 360362.Google Scholar
Ghose, S.K. (1971d) Chemical control of the mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green). (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera). Plant Prot. Bull. 22, 1721.Google Scholar
Ghose, S.K. (1972a) Biology of the mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Pseudococcidae:Hemiptera). Indian Agric. 16, 323332.Google Scholar
Ghose, S.K. (1972b) Morpho-histological changes in some economic plants due to the infestation of the mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Indian J. Agric. Sci. 42, 329334.Google Scholar
Greathead, D.J. (1971) A review of biological control in the Ethiopian region. Commonw. Inst. Biol. Control. Tech. Common. 5.Google Scholar
Hall, W.J. (1920) Report on a preliminary campaign against the hibiscus mealybug in the Cairo Nursery Gardens. Agric. J. Egypt. Cairo 10, 16.Google Scholar
Hall, W.J. (1921a) The Hibiscus mealybug, Pseudococcus hibisci (Hemip.). Bull. soc. Ent. d'Egypt. Cairo 14, 1729.Google Scholar
Hall, W.J. (1921b) The Hibiscus mealybug, Phenacoccus hirsutus (Green). Egypt Minist. Agric, Cairo. Tech. & Sci. Ser. Bull. 17.Google Scholar
Hall, W.J. (1926) The Hibiscus mealybug, Phenacoccus hirsutus Green in Egypt in 1925 with notes on the introduction of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls. Minist. Agric. Egypt. Bull. 70, 115.Google Scholar
Hall, W.J. (1927) The introduction of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls. in Egypt. Bull. Entomol. Res. 17, 385392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hosny, M. (1939) Coccids found on roots of plants in Egypt. Bull. Minist. Agric. Egypt, No. 237.Google Scholar
Kamal, M. (1951) Biological control projects in Egypt with a list of introduced parasites and predators. Bull. Soc. Foud. 1er Entomol. 35, 205220.Google Scholar
Krishnamoorthy, A. and Singh, S.P. (1987) Biological control of citrus mealybug, Plannococcus citri with an introduced parasite, Leptomastix dactylopii in India. Entomophaga, 3, 143148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luppino, P. (1979) Lotta biologica per la difesa degli agumetii si controlla il Planococcus citri utilizzando il Leptomaxtix dactylopii – Informatore Agririo 35, 41834186.Google Scholar
Mani, M. (1986) Distribution, bioecology and management of the grape mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green.) with special reference to its natural enemies. Ph. D. thesis, UAS., Bangalore.Google Scholar
Mani, M. (1987) Role of parasitoids and predators in the biological control of fruit and vegetable crop pests in India. Proc. seminar cum workshop. Biol. Control Crop Pests and Weeds. Tech. Doc. No. 19, 108119.Google Scholar
Mani, M. (1988) Bioecology and management of grapevine mealybug. Indian. Inst. Hort. Res. Tech. Bull. 5.Google Scholar
Mani, M., Krishnamoorthy, A. and Singh, S.P. (1988) The impact of the predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls. on pesticide-resistant populations of the striped mealybug, Ferrista virgata (Ckll.) on guava in India. Insect Sci. Applic. (In press).Google Scholar
Mani, M. and Thontadarya, T.S. (1987a) Record of mealybug species on grapevine in Karnataka. Curr. Sci. 56, 1192.Google Scholar
Mani, M. and Thontadarya, T.S. (1987b) Development and feeding potential of the coccinellid, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri on the grape mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green). J. Biol. Control 1, 1922.Google Scholar
Mani, M. and Thontadarya, T.S. (1987c) Biological studies on the grape mealybug predator Scymnus coccivora Ayyar. (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera). J. Biol. Control 1, 8992.Google Scholar
Mani, M. and Thontadarya, T.S. (1988a) Status of the grape mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) in South India. Indian Grape J. (In press).Google Scholar
Mani, M. and Thontadarya, T.S. (1988b) Population dynamics of the mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) and its natural enemies in grapevine ecosystem. J. Biol. Control 2, 9397.Google Scholar
Mani, M. and Thontadarya, T.S. (1988c) Biology of the grape mealybug parasitoid Anagyrus dactylopii (How.) (Encyrtidae: Hymenoptera). Entornan (In press).Google Scholar
Mani, M. and Thontadarya, T.S. (1988d) Development of encrytid parasitoid Anagyrus dactylopii (How.) on the grape mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Enlomon (In press).Google Scholar
Mani, M. and Thontadarya, T.S. (1988e) Effect of soil application of systemic granular insecticides on the population of grape mealybug and its natural enemies. Indian J. Plant Prot. (In press).Google Scholar
Mani, M. and Thontadarya, T.S. (1988f) Field evaluation of the coccinellid predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls. in the suppression of grape mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green). J. Biol. Control (In press).Google Scholar
Mani, M. and Thontadarya, T.S. (1988g) Response of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls. (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) to commonly used pesticides in vineyards. J. Biol. Control 2 (In press).Google Scholar
Mani, M. and Thontadarya, T.S. (1988h) Studies on the safety of different pesticides to the grape mealybug natural enemies Anagyrus dactylopii (How.) and Scymnus coccivora Ayyar. Indian J. Plant Prot. 16, 205210.Google Scholar
Mani, M., Thontadarya, T.S. and Singh, S.P. (1987) Record of natural enemies on the grape mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green). Curr. Sci., 56, 624625.Google Scholar
Manjunath, T.M. (1985) Maconellicoccus hirsutus on grapevine. FAO Plant Prot. Bull., 33, 74.Google Scholar
Manjunath, T.M. (1986) Recent outbreaks of mealybugs and their biological control. In Resurgence of Sucking Pests. Proc. Nat. Symp. (Edited by Jayaraj, S.) pp. 249253. TNAU, Coimbatore.Google Scholar
Marshall, J. (1953) A decade of pest control in British Columbia orchards. Ent. Soc. Br. Columbia Proc. 49, 711.Google Scholar
Mendiola, N.B. and Capinpin, J.M. (1923) Breeding of Ornamental Hibiscus. Philipp. Agric. 11, 217230.Google Scholar
Meyerdirk, D.E., Newell, I.M. and Warkentin, R.W. (1981) Biological control of comstock mealybug. J. econ. Ent. 74, 7984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Misra, C.S. (1919a) Some pests of cotton in North Bihar. Proc. Third. Ent. Meet. Pusa, pp. 547561.Google Scholar
Misra, C.S. (1919b) “Tukra” disease of mulberry. Proc. Third Ent. Meet., Pusa, pp. 610618.Google Scholar
Moursi, A.A. (1948) Contribution to the knowledge of natural enemies of mealybugs. Anagyrus kamali Moursi. A parasite of the hibiscus mealybug Phenacoccus hirsutus Green. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Bull. soc. Foud. Ent., 32, 916.Google Scholar
Neuenschwander, P. and Hammond, W.N.O. (1988) Natural enemy activity following the introduction of Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) against cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in South Western Nigeria. Environ. Entomol. 17, 894902.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osborn, H.T. (1938) Introduction into the Hawaiian islands of Mexican enemies of the avocado mealybug. Hawaii Planters' Rec. 42, 153158.Google Scholar
Pushpaveni, G., Rao, P.R.M. and Rao, P.A. (1973) A new record of Spalgis epius Westwood as a predator of Maconellicoccus hirsutus Gr. on mesta. Indian J. Ent. 35, 71.Google Scholar
Ramamurthy, T.V. (1982) Biology and feeding potential of coccinellid predator, Scymnus gratiosus (Weise) M.Sc. Thesis, APAU, Hyderabad, India.Google Scholar
Ranga Reddy, A. and Lakshmi Narayana, K. (1986) Biology and control of grape mealybug. Indian Grape J. 2, 3039.Google Scholar
Raichoudhury, D.P. (1958) A short note on the study of Tukra disease of mulberry (Morus sp.) caused by Phenacoccus hirsutus Green (Coccidae). J. Silkworm. 4, 315319.Google Scholar
Rao, V.P. (1967) Biological control projects of the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Indian station, Bangalore-6, India. Int. Adv. Commonw. Inst. Biol. Control Info. Bull. 2.Google Scholar
Rao, P.R.M., Kanagaraju, A., Appa Rao, R.V. and Azam, K.M. (1984) New record of predators on mealybug of mesta. Andhra agric. J., 31, 83.Google Scholar
Satyanarayan Murthy, M. and Lakshmi Narayana, K. (1986) Biology of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) a predatory beetle of mealybug. Indian Grape J. 2, 4052.Google Scholar
Smith, H.S. and Armitage, H.M. (1931) The biological control of mealybugs attacking citrus. Calif. Univ. Agric. Exp. Sin. Bull., 509.Google Scholar
Singh, M.P. and Ghosh, S.N. (1970) Studies on Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) causing bunchy top in mesta. Indian J. Sci. Ind. 4, 99105.Google Scholar
Srinivasan, T.R. (1987) Biology and control of grapevine mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green). M.Sc. (Agric.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ. Madurai.Google Scholar
Stephanov, E.M. (1935) The biological method of controlling pests of plants in Abkhazia. Med. 8.Google Scholar
Swart, P.L. and Barnes, B.N. (1976) Mealybug on table grapes: A most effective insecticide for the control of vine mealybug, and the economic implications of three and four spray programmes. Deciduous Fruit Grow. 26, 378382.Google Scholar
Tawfik, M. F.S. and Said, B. (1962) Studies on Scymnus (=Pullus) syriacus Mars. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Bull. Soc. Entomol. Egypte 46, 485504.Google Scholar
Williams, D.J. (1986) The identity and distribution of the genus Maconellicoccus Ezzat (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Africa. Bull. Ent. Res. 76, 351357.Google Scholar
Wilson, F. (1960) A review of biological control of insects and weeds in Australia and Australian New Guineas. Commonw. Inst. Biol. Control Tech. Commu. 1.Google Scholar
Wiltshire, E.P. (1948) The Lepidoptera of the kingdom of Egypt, Part I. Bull. Soc. Foud. Ier. Ent. 32, 203298.Google Scholar