Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T18:32:38.819Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Juvenoids and related compounds in tropical pest management: A review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

M. T. El-Ibrashy
M. T. El-Ibrashy
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Plant Protection, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
Get access

Abstract

Despite the growing acceptance and adoption of the IPM concept, up until now no “optimal” or pragmatic IPM programme has been realized. This is apparently because most of these programmes are still in need of new types of pesticides, with no or negligible adverse impact on the environment including the non-target beneficial arthropods. From a practical perspective, such pesticides are still rather far reaching. Most, if not all, pesticides in current use as components of IPM programmes are so far belonging, in one way or another, to the conventional pesticides. It is admitted that in designing IPM programmes, several efforts should be made to minimize not only the frequency of pesticide applications but also their negative consequences on beneficial arthropods. Whilst the first goal has been achieved in several situations, the other one appeared hardly accessible. A number of methodologies are currently being suggested to cause conventional pesticides more selective, but apart from having many technical and other constraints, they might at best have fallen short of providing the hopeful solution. These together with other problems facing the development and practical utilization of juvenoids and related compounds are discussed mainly in view of their possible contribution to tropical pest management.

Résumé

Bien que le concept MIP ait été reconnu et que son application pratique soit de plus en plus fréquente, aucun programme pragmatique satisfaisant n'a été réalisé jusqu'à présent.

Peut-être est-ce parce que la plupart de ces programmes demandent l'introduction de nouveaux types de pesticides exerçant peu ou pas d'action nocive sur l'envirronement y compris sur les arthropodes. Malheureusement, il est impossible que de tels pesticides soient fabriqués à plus ou moins brève échéance. En ce qui concerne la plupart des pesticides d'usage courant, comme ceux des programmes MIP, on doit s'appliquer à en diminuer non seulement la fréquence d'utilisation mais aussi l'action nocive sur les arthropodes.

Mais s'il est relativement facile d'atteindre le premier objectif, on se heurte à des problèmes insolubles quant au second. Par conséquent, on se contente généralement de proposer des méthodes permettant de rendre les pesticides conventionnels plus sélectifs, car les différentes contraintes, techniques et autres, constituent des obstacles insurmontables à la réalisation des solutions souhaitées. Tous ces problèmes ainsi que ceux auxquels on se heurte dans l'utilisation de plus en plus fréquente des juvénoîdes et produits similaires, sont au coeur des discussions, puisque leur solution rendra possible une lutte efficace contre les insectes nuisibles des régions tropicales.

Keywords

IPMjuvenoidsformamidineschitin-synthesis inhibitorsecdysteroidsJH antagonists
Type
Symposium VII: Conventional and Novel Pesticides in Tropical Pest Management
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 8 , Issue 4-5-6: Recent Advances in Research on Tropical Entomology , December 1987 , pp. 743 - 753
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adkisson, P. L., Niles, G. A., Walker, J. K., Bird, L. S. and Scott, H. B. (1982) Controlling cotton's insect pests: A new system. Science, N.Y. 216, 19–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ascher, K. R. S. and Nemny, N. E. (1974) The ovicidal effect of PH 60–40 (l-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-diflubenzoyl)) urea In Spodoptera liuoralis Boisd. Phytoparasitica 2, 131–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asano, S., Kuwano, E. and Eto, M. (1984) Anti-juvenile hormone activity of l-citronellyl-5-phenyl-imidazole in the 3rd instar silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Appl. Ent. Zool. 19, 212–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, L. (Ed.) (1983) Integrated Pest Management for Rice. Division of Agricultural Sciences, California University, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Beeman, R. W. and Matsumura, F. (1978) Anorectic effect of chlordimeform in the American cockroach. J. Econ. Ent. 71, 859–861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergamasco, R. and Horn, D. H. S. (1980) The biological activities of ecdysteroids and ecdysteroid analogues. In Progress in Ecdysterone Research (Edited by Hoffmann, J. A.), pp. 299–324. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Bhalla, O. P. (1986) Integrated pest management for seed cauliflower crop in india. Second Int. Conf. on Plant Prot. in the Tropics, 17–20 March, 1986, Genting Highlands, Malaysia. Extended Abstracts, pp. 270–271.Google Scholar
Blackett, J. A. and Toms, A. M. (1983) The role of seed treatment in integrated plant protection. Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Integrated Plant Prot. 4–9 July, 1983, Budapest, vol. 3, pp. 135–139.Google Scholar
Bottrell, D. G. (1983) The ecological basis of boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman) management. Agric., Ecosyst. Environ. 10, 247–274.Google Scholar
Bottrell, D. G. (1986) Applications and problems of integrated pest management in the tropics. Second Int. Conf. on Plant Prot. in the Tropics, 17–20 March, 1986, Genting Highlands, Malaysia. Extended Abstracts, p. 139.Google Scholar
Bottrell, D. G. and Adkisson, P. L. (1977) Cotton insect pest management. A. Rev. Ent. 22, 451–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bower, C. C. (1980) An evaluation of the potential of diflubenzuron for integrated pest control in apples. Gen. Appl. Ent. 12, 41–48.Google Scholar
Bower, C. C. and Kaldor, J. (1980) Selectivity of five insecticides for codling moth control: Effects on the two-spotted spider mite and its predators. Environ. Ent. 9, 128–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowers, W. S. (1976) Discovery of insect antiallatotropines. In The Juvenile Hormones (Edited by Gilbert, L. I.), pp. 394–408. Plenum, New York.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowers, W. S. (1981) How anti-juvenile hormones work. Am. Zool. 21, 737–742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowers, W. S. (1983) Endocrine strategies for insect control. In IUPAC Pesticide Chemistry—Human Welfare and the Environment (Edited by Miyamoto, J.et al.), pp. 29–36. Pergamon, Oxford.Google Scholar
Bowers, W. S. and Nishida, R. (1980) Juvocimenes: Potent juvenile hormone mimics from sweet basil. Science, N. Y. 209, 1030–1031.Google ScholarPubMed
Bowers, W. S. and Soderlund, D. M. (1981) Chemistry and action of the precocenes. In Regulation of Insect Development and Behaviour (Edited by Kloza, M.), pp. 309–322. Wroclaw Technical University Press, Wroclaw.Google Scholar
Bowers, W. S., Ohta, T., Cleere, J. S. and Marsella, P. A. (1976) Discovery of insect anti-juvenile hormones in plants. Science, N. Y. 193, 542–547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowers, W. S., Evans, P. H., Marsella, P. A., Soderlund, D. M. and Battarini, F. (1982) Natural and synthetic allatotoxins: Suicide substrates for juvenile hormone biosynthesis. Science, N. Y. 217, 647–648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burges, H. D. (Ed.) (1981) Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980. Academic Press, New York and London.Google Scholar
Brader, L. (1986) Problems of pesticide usage in the tropics. Second Int. Conf. on Plant Prot. in the Tropics, 17–20 March, 1986, Genting Highlands, Malaysia. Extended Abstracts, p. 138.Google Scholar
Braunholtz, J. T. (1977) Pesticides development and the chemical manufacturer. Proc. of the 15th Int. Congr. of Ent. (Edited by White, D.), pp. 747–755. Entomological Society of America, Collage Park.Google Scholar
Brown, T. M., de Vries, D. H. and Brown, A. W. A. (1978) Induction of resistance to insect growth regulators. J. Econ. Ent. 71, 223–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camps, F., Coll, J., Messeguer, A., Moretó, J. M., Pericas, M. A. and Ricart, S. (1981) Synthesis of precocene analogues. In Regulation of Insect Development and Behaviour (Edited by Kloza, M.), pp. 341–346. Wroclaw Technical University Press, Wroclaw.Google Scholar
Chatenet, B., Gatineau, F. and Lelievre, D. (1983) The use of phosalone in integrated control. Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Integrated Plant Prot., 4–9 July, 1983, Budapest, vol. 1, pp. 150–157.Google Scholar
Choo, P. H. and Ku, B. H. (1986) Preliminary trial results with HOE 522 on Plutella xylostella. Second Int. Conf. on Plant Prot. in the Tropics, 17–20 March, 1986, Genting Highlands, Malaysia. Extended Abstracts, pp. 130–131.Google Scholar
Cisneros, F. H. (1984) The need for integrated pest management in developing countries. Report of the 27th Planning Conference on Integrated Pest Manage., 4—8 June, 1984, Lima-Peru International Potato Center, Lima, pp. 19–30.Google Scholar
Corbett, J. R. (1980) Research on novel insecticides. Trends in Neurosci. (Netherlands) 3, 1–4.Google Scholar
Cranham, J. E. (1975) Toxicity of pesticides to predators.In Report of East Mailing Res. Stn for 1974.Google Scholar
Dadej, J., Macieslak, A. and Gromisz, Z. (1979) Studies on the application of diflubenzuron in orchard protection. Materialy XIX Sesji Naukowej Instytutu Ochrony Roslin.Google Scholar
Dalebout, C. P. (1985) The insect growth regulator diflubenzuron, its main characteristics and use. In Behavioural and Physiological Approaches in Pest Management (Edited by Regupathy, A. and Jayaraj, S.), pp. 161–166. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.Google Scholar
Delp, C. J. (1986) Trends with tropical pesticide use. Second Int. Conf. on Plant Prot. in the Tropics, 17–20 March, 1986, Genting Highlands, Malaysia. Extended Abstracts, pp. 49–50.Google Scholar
Demolin, G. (1975) Action du Dimilin sur les chenilles de Lymantria dispar L.: Incidence sur les tachinaires endo-parasites. Ann. Sci. For. (Paris) 35, 229–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deul, D. H., de Jong, B. J. and Kortenbach, J. A. M. (1978) Inhibition of chitin synthesis by l-(2,6-disubstituted ben-zoyl)-3-phenylurea insecticides. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 8, 98–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dom, S., Frischknecht, M. L., Martinez, V., Zurflüh, R. and Fischer, U. (1981) A novel non-neurotoxic insecticide with a broad activity spectrum. Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenschutz 88, 269–275.Google Scholar
Eck, W. H. van (1979) Mode of action of two benzoylphenyl ureas as inhibitors of chitin synthesis in insects. Insect. Biochem. 9, 295–300.Google Scholar
El-Ibrashy, M. T. (1981a) Physiologically active compounds: Potentialities and prospects for pest management. Proc. of the 1st Int. Congr. for Soil Pollution and Prot. from Pesticide Residues, 22–28 August, 1981, Zagazig University, part II, pp. 64–85.Google Scholar
El-Ibrashy, M. T. (1981b) Bimodal effect of the corpus allatum on morphogenesis and reproduction of Spodop-tera littoralis. In Regulation of Insect Development and Behaviour (Edited by Kloza, M.), pp. 441–450. Wroclaw Technical University Press, Wroclaw.Google Scholar
El-Ibrashy, M. T. (1982a) Juvenile hormone mimics in retrospect and antagonists in prospect. Z. Angew. Ent. 94, 217–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Ibrashy, M. T. (1982b) Juvenoids: Physiological impacts on caste differentiation for practical utilization in termite and ant control. Assiut J. Agric. Sci. 13, 13–39.Google Scholar
El-Ibrashy, M. T. (1984) Prospects for practical utilization of juvenoids against lepidopterous insects. Z. Angew. Ent. 97, 379–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Ibrashy, M. T. (1986) Potential and selectivity of juvenoids in IPM strategies. Second Int. Conf. on Plant Prot. in the Tropics, 17–20 March, 1986, Genting Highlands, Malaysia. Extended Abstracts, pp. 313–314.Google Scholar
El-Ibrashy, M. T. and Aref, N. B. E. (1985) Effects of certain juvenoids on growth and morphogenesis In Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval. J. Plant. Prot. in the Tropics 2, 105–116.Google Scholar
El-Ibrashy, M. T., Abdau, W. M. and Ibrahim, A. A. (1986) Response of two major predators of Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. to certain juvenoids. In Biological Control in the Tropics (Edited by Hussein, M. Y. and Ibrahim, A. G.), pp. 121–136. Penerbit Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang.Google Scholar
Evans, P. D. and Gee, J. D. (1980) Action of formamidine pesticides on octopamine receptors. Nature (London) 287, 60–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Georghiou, G. P. (1983) Management of resistance in arthropods. In Pest Resistance to Pesticides (Edited by Georghiou, G. P. and Saito, T.), pp. 769–792. Plenum, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, C. H. (1978) The increasing riskiness of the pesticide business. Farm Chem. 141, 20–27.Google Scholar
Gilbert, L. I., Bollenbacher, W. E. and Granger, N. A. (1980) Insect endocrinology: Regulation of endocrine glands, hormone titer, and hormone metabolism. A. Rev. Physiol. 42, 493–510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodell, G. (1984) Challenges to international pest management research and extension in the Third World: Do we really want IPM to work? Bull. Ent. Soc. Am. 30, 18–26.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. W., Horn, D. H. S., Karlson, P., Koolman, J., Nakanishi, K., Robbins, W. E., Siddall, J. B. and Take-moto, T. (1978) Ecdysteroids: A new generic term for ecdysteroids with moulting hormone activity. Nature (London) 272, 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granett, J. and Dunbar, D. M. (1975) TH 6040: Laboratory and field trials for control of gypsy moths. J. Econ. Ent. 68, 99–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granett, J., Dunbar, D. M. and Weseloh, R. M. (1976) Gypsy moth control with Dimilin sprays timed to minimize effects on the parasite Apanteles melanoscelus. J. Econ. Ent. 69, 403–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gräpel, H. (1980) Untersuchungen zur wirtschaftlichen Schadensschwelle von Getreideblattläusen und zur Virkung einiger Insektizide auf naturliche Blattlausfeinde. Dissertation, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen.Google Scholar
Greathead, D. J. (1979) Critical review of natural enemies of insect pests of rice in South and Southeast Asia and their potential for biological control. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough.Google Scholar
Greathead, D. J. and Waage, J. K. (1983) Opportunities for biological control of agricultural pests in developing countries. World Bank Tech. Paper No. 11.Google Scholar
Hajjar, N. P. and Casida, J. E. (1978) Insecticidal benzoylphenyl ureas: Structure-activity relationships as chitin synthesis inhibitors. Science, N. Y. 200, 1499–1500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hajjar, N. P. and Casida, J. E. (1979) Structure-activity relationships of benzoylphenyl ureas as toxicants and chitin synthesis inhibitors In Oncopeltus fasciatus. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 11, 33–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, R. A. and Payne, C. C. (1986) Potential of insect pathogens in the tropics. In Biological Control in the Tropics (Edited by Hussein, M. Y. and Ibrahim, A. G.), pp. 187–196. Penerbit Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang.Google Scholar
Hall, R. W. and Ehler, L. E. (1979) Rate of establishment of natural enemies in classical biological control. Bull., Ent. Soc. Am. 25, 280–282.Google Scholar
Hammock, B. D. (1981) Metabolism and environmental fate of juvenoids: A decade's research in perspective and an assessment of the future. In Regulation of Insect Development and Behaviour (Edited by Kloza, M.), pp. 841–852. Wroclaw Technical University Press, Wroclaw.Google Scholar
Hartinger, C. (1976) Zur Wirkung des Entwicklungshemmers Dimilin auf Gespintmotton (Yponomeuta spp.) and ihre Parasiten. Anz. Schaedlingsk. Pflanzenschutz 49, 156–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassan, S. A., Bigler, F., Bogenschütz, H., Brown, J. U., Firth, S. I., Huang, P., Ledieu, M. S., Naton, E., Öomen, P. A., Overmeer, W. J., Rieckmann, W., Samsøe-Petersen, L., Viggiani, G. and van Zon, A. G. (1983) Results of the second joint pesticide testing programme by the IOBC/WPRS-working group “Pesticides and Beneficial Arthropods”. Z. Angew. Ent. 95, 151–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herren, H. R. (1984) Africa-wide biological control programme of cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero, Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) and cassava green mite complex (Mononychellus spp., Acarina: Tetranychidae). In Integrated Pest Management of Cassava Green Mite (Edited by Greathead, A. H., Markham, R. H., Murphy, R. J., Murphy, S. T. and Robertson, I. A. D.), pp. 63–66. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Ascot.Google Scholar
Herren, H. R. and Bennett, F. D. (1984) Cassava pests, their spread and control. Proc. of CAB's First Sci. Conf, 12–18 February, 1984, Arusha (Edited by Hawksworth, D. L.), pp. 110–114. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough.Google Scholar
Hiruma, K., Yagi, S. and Endo, A. (1983) ML-236B (Com-pactin) as an inhibitor of juvenile hormone biosynthesis. Appl. Ent. Zool. 18, 111–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffmann, J. A., Hetru, C., Lagueux, M., Charlet, M. and Hirn, M. (1982) Steroid hormones in invertebrates (Cited by Koolman J., 1982.)Google Scholar
Hollingworth, R. M. and Murdock, L. L. (1981) Behavioural effects of formamidines and related compounds on insects and acarines. In Regulation of Insect Development and Behaviour (Edited by Kloza, M.), pp. 1023–1031. Wroclaw Technical University Press, Wroclaw.Google Scholar
Hoogewerff, N. C. H. and Duphar, B. V. (1986) The insect growth regulator Dimilin, its main characteristics and use. Second Int. Conf. on Plant Prot. in the Tropics, 17–20 March, 1986, Genting Highlands, Malaysia. Extended Abstracts, pp. 244–245.Google Scholar
Hummel, H. E. (1983) Insecticides and their design. J. Nematol. 15, 615–639.Google ScholarPubMed
Kaplanis, J. N., Weirich, G. F., Svoboda, J. A., Thompson, M. J. and Robbins, W. E. (1980) Moulting hormones of the tobacco hornworm and milkweed bug: their chemistry and biochemistry. In Progress in Ecdysone Research (Edited by Hoffmann, J. A.), pp. 163–186. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Karrer, F. and Farooq, S. (1981) Some insect growth regulators with aromatic rings: Their synthesis and biological properties. In Regulation of Insect Development and Behaviour (Edited by Kloza, M.), pp. 289–302. Wroclaw Technical University Press, Wroclaw.Google Scholar
Kenmore, P. E., Carino, F. O., Perez, C. A., Dyck, V. A. and Gutierrez, A. P. (1984) Population regulation of the rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) within rice fields in the Philippines. J. Plant. Prot. in the Trop. 1, 19–37.Google Scholar
Khoo, S. G. (1986) Pest outbreaks in the tropics. Secondini. Conf. on Plant Prot. in the Tropics, 17–20 March, 1986, Genting Highlands, Malaysia. Extended Abstracts, pp. 1–2.Google Scholar
Kohyama, Y. (1986) Ovicidal activity of MK-139 (CME-134) on some Lepidoptera species. Second Int. Conf. on Plant Prot. in the Tropics, 17–20 March, 1986, Genting Highlands, Malaysia. Extended Abstracts, pp. 188–189.Google Scholar
Koolman, J. (1982) Ecdysone metabolism. Insect Biochem. 12, 225–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lund, A. E., Hollingworth, R. M. and Yim, G. K. W. (1979) The comparative neurotoxicity of formamidine pesticides. In Neurotoxicology of Insecticides and Pheromones (Edited by Narahashi, T.), pp. 119–138. Plenum, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maas, W. R. van hes, Grosscurt, A. C. and Deul, D. H. (1980) Benzoylphenyl urea insecticides. In Chemie der Pflanzenschutz- und Schädlingsbekämpfugs-mittel (Edited by Wegler, R.), vol. 6, pp. 423–470. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.Google Scholar
Matthews, G. (1983) Can we control insect pests? New Sci. (London) 98, 368–372.Google Scholar
Matthews, G. A. (1986) Pesticide application in IPM. Second Int. Conf. on Plant Prot. in the Tropics, 17–20 March, 1986, Genting Highlands, Malaysia. Extended Abstracts, pp. 294–295.Google Scholar
Menn, J. J. (1980) Contemporary frontiers in chemical pesticide research. J. Agric. Food Chem. 28, 2–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menn, J. J., Henrick, C. A. and Staal, G. B. (1981) Juvenoids: Bioactivity and prospects for insect management. In Regulation of Insect Development and Behaviour (Edited by Kloza, M.), pp. 735–748. Wroclaw Technical University Press, Wroclaw.Google Scholar
Misra, M. P., Pawar, A. D., Gupta, B. N., Samujh, R. and Sahu, A. K. (1984) New records of insect pests and their natural enemies on paddy from Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. J. Adv. Zool. 5, 126–127.Google Scholar
Mitsui, T., Fukami, J. and Riddiford, L. M. (1981) Inhibition of chitin synthesis by diflubenzuron on Manduca and Mamestra larvae. In Regulation of Insect Development and Behaviour (Edited by Kloza, M.), pp. 1131–1137. Wroclaw Technical University Press, Wroclaw.Google Scholar
Monger, D. J., Lim, W. A., Kézdy, F. J. and Law, J. H. (1982) Compactin inhibits insect HMG-CoA reducíase and juvenile hormone biosynthesis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 105, 1374–1380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrison, D. E., Bradley, J. R. and van Duyn, J. W. (1979) Populations of corn earworm and associated predators after application of certain soil applied pesticides to soybeans. J. Econ. Ent. 72, 97–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, R., Bowers, W. S. and Evans, P. H. (1983) Juvadecene: discovery of a juvenile hormone mimic in the plant, Macropiper excelsum. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 1, 17–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OTA (1979) Present and future pest management strategies in the control of cotton and sorghum pests in Texas. In Pest Management Strategies, vol. II—Working Papers. Congress of the US, Office of Technology Assessment, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Pener, M. P., Troetschler, R., Fridman-Cohen, S., Zeldes, I., Nassar, S. G. and Staal, G. B. (1981) Comparative studies on the effects of precocenes in various grasshopper and locust species. In Regulation of Insect Development and Behaviour (Edited by Kloza, M.), pp. 357–375. Wroclaw Technical University Press, Wroclaw.Google Scholar
Perkins, J. H. (1982) Insects, Experts, and the Insecticide Crisis: The Quest for New Pest Management Strategies. Plenum, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quistad, G. B., Cerf, D. C, Schooley, D. A. and Staal, G. B. (1981) Fluoromevalonate acts as an inhibitor of insect juvenile hormone biosynthesis. Nature (London) 289, 176–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redouane, K. and Fuzeau-Braesch, S. (1984) L'octopamine: Répartition et rôle dans le système nerveux des Invertébrés et des Vertébrés. Agressologie 25, 3–12.Google Scholar
Robbins, W. E., Thompson, M. J., Svoboda, J. A., Shortino, T. J., Cohen, C. F., Dutky, S. R. and Dunkcan, O. J. (1975) Nonsteroidal secondary and tertiary amines: Inhibitors of insect development and metamorphosis and Δ24-sterol reductase system of tobacco hornworm. Lipids 10, 353–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roller, H., Dahm, K. G., Sweeley, C. C. and Trost, B. M. (1967) The structure of the juvenile hormone. Angew. Chem. (Int. Ed.) 6, 179–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudall, K. M. (1963) The chitin/protein complexes of insect cuticles. Adv. Insect Physiol. 1, 257–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sankaran, T. (1986) Biological control of insect pests of tropical crops: Recent developments and future prospects. In Biological Control in the Tropics (Edited by Hussein, M. Y. and Ibrahim, A. G.), pp. 15–33. Penerbit Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang.Google Scholar
Savanurmath, C. J. and Mathad, S. B. (1981) Efficacy of fenitrothion and nuclear polyhedrosis virus combinations against the armyworm Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Z. Angew. Ent. 91, 464–474.Google Scholar
Scheurer, R. (1981) Field experience with juvenile hormone analogues on plant feeding insects and mites. In Regulation of Insect Development and Behaviour (Edited by Kloza, M.), pp. 793–808. Wroclaw Technical University Press, Wroclaw.Google Scholar
Sehnal, F. (1976) Action of juvenoids on different groups of insects. In The Juvenile Hormones (Edited by Gilbert, L. I.), pp. 301–322. Plenum, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skatulla, V. V. (1975) Über die Wirkung des Entwicklungshemmers Dimilin auf Forstinsekten. Anz. Schaedlingskd. Pflanzenschulz 48, 145–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sléma, K., Romanuk, M. and Šorm, F. (1974) Insect Hormones and Bioanalogues. Springer, Wien and New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soerjani, M. and Morallo-Rejesus, B. (1980) The concept of pest management and integrated ptst control. In Biological Resources Management for Economic Development in Southeast Asia (Edited by Soerianegara, I.), pp. 59–67. SEAMEO Regional Centre for Tropical Biology, Bogor.Google Scholar
Sparks, T. C. and Hammock, B. D. (1983) Insect growth regulators: Resistance and the future. In Pest Resistance to Pesticides (Edited by Georghiou, G. P. and Saito, T.), pp. 615–668. Plenum, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staal, G. B. (1975) Insect growth regulators with juvenile hormone activity. A. Rev. Ent. 20, 417–460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staal, G. B. (1977) Insect control with insect growth regulators based on insect hormones. In Natural Products and the Protection of Plants (Edited by Marini-Bettòlo, G. B.), vol. 41, pp. 353–377. Pontificia Academia Scientiarum Scripta Varia, Vatican City.Google Scholar
Staal, G. B., Henrick, C. A., Bergot, B. J., Cerf, D. C., Edwards, J. P. and Kramer, S. J. (1981) Relationships and interactions between JH and anti JH analogues in Lepidoptera. In Regulation of Insect Development and Behaviour (Edited by Kloza, M.), pp. 323–340. Wroclaw Technical University Press, Wroclaw.Google Scholar
Szöke, T. G. (1983) Soil applied systemic insecticides as a way to directed pest control: A case study of Temik aldicarb pesticide. Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Integrated Plant Prot., 4–9 July, 1983, Budapest, vol. 1, pp. 125–131.Google Scholar
Teng, P. S. (1986) Crop loss appraisal in the tropics. Second Int. Conf. on Plant Prot. in the Tropics, 17–20 March, 1986, Genting Highlands, Malaysia. Extended Abstracts, pp. 3–4.Google Scholar
Teoh, C. H. and Ooi, A. C. P. (1986) Towards more effective plant protection in the tropics. Second int. Conf. on Plant Prot. in the Tropics, 17–20 March, 1986, Genting Highlands, Malaysia. Extended Abstracts, pp. 326–327.Google Scholar
Thompson, M. J., Kaplanis, J. N., Weirich, G. F., Svoboda, J. A. and Robbins, W. E. (1981) Moulting hormones of the tobacco hornworm. In Regulation of Insect Development and Behaviour (Edited by Kloza, M.), pp. 107–124. Wroclaw Technical University Press, Wroclaw.Google Scholar
Toms, A. M. (1981) Seed dressings and their formulation. (Cited by Blackett and Toms, 1983.)Google Scholar
Verloop, A. and Ferrell, C. D. (1977) Benzoylphenyl ureas— a new group of larvicides interfering with chitin deposition. In Pesticide Chemistry in the 20th Century (Edited by Plimmer, J. R.), ser. 37, pp. 237–270. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wearing, C. H. and Thomas, W. P. (1978) Integrated control of apple pests in New Zealand. 13. Selective insect control using diflubenzuron and Bacillus thuringiensis. Proc. of the 31st New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conf, pp. 221–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, R. M. (1986) Controlled delivery systems for plant protection in tropical flooded rice. Second Int. Conf. on Plant Prot. in the Tropics, 17–20 March, 1986, Genting Highlands, Malaysia. Extended Abstracts, p. 298.Google Scholar
Williams, C. M. (1967) Third generation pesticides. Sci. Am. 217, 13–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, J. E. (1981) Utilization of diflubenzuron for insect control. In Regulation of Insect Development and Behaviour (Edited by Kloza, M.), pp. 1113–1130. Wroclaw Technical University Press, Wroclaw.Google Scholar
Yu, S. J. and Terriere, L. C. (1977) Ecdysone metabolism by soluble enzymes from three species of Diptera and its inhibition by the insect growth regulator TH-6040. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 7, 48–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar