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Expression and stability of soybean resistance to agromyzid beanflies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

Hsih-Shin Chiang  and
Dale M. Norris
Hsih-Shin Chiang
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A.
Dale M. Norris
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A.
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Abstract

Plants express evolutionary adaptations in response to overall environmental stresses (selection pressures), of which insect infestation usually represents only a minor component. The majority of insect-host plant relationships involves adaptations of insect species to existing plants. Over time, plants have evolved a variety of physical and chemical defence mechanisms against environmental stresses. Only some of these are active against insects, and then not against all species. Plants rarely seem to evolve defences specifically against insects. Parameters of plant resistance to parasites are classified as constitutive or inducible. Soybean resistance to agromyzid stem-miners involves both constitutive and inducible components. Expression of such resistance parameters involves controls ranging from single genes (e.g. for trichome traits) to various combinations of genes (e.g. for the metabolic pathway for phenyl-propanoids). Environmental stresses (e.g. high illumination) especially affect the expression of resistance parameters which involve dynamic metabolic pathways. Soybean (Glycine soja) resistance to beanflies is an example of ‘horizontal’ resistance. Thus, the expected stability is long-term. Such stability is attributable to its major parameters being fundamental components of the soybean's primary and secondary growth and differentiation. These kinds of parameters are major products of the soybean's successful evolutionary experience at survival.

Résumé

Les plantes manifestent des adaptations évolutionnaires en réponse aux forces générales de l'environnement (pression de la sélection). L'infestation par les insectes n'y représente normalement qu'une partie constituante d'importance secondaire. La majorité des rapports entre les insectes et les plantes-hôtes comprend des adaptations des espèces d'insectes aux plantes existantes. À la longue, les plantes ont développé one variété de systèmes défensifs physiques et chimiques contre les forces de l'environnement. Seuls quelques-uns de ces systèmes défensifs agissent contre les insectes, mais non contre toutes les espèces d'insectes. Les plantes ne semblent que rarement développer des systèmes de défense spécifiques aux insectes. Les paramètres de la résistance végétale aux parasites se classifient comme constitutifs ou induisibles. La résistance du soja aux larves mineuses des tiges (celles de l'espèce Agromyzidae) implique à la fois des parties constitutives et induisibles. L'expression de tels paramètres de résistance comprend des contrôles qui vont des gènes singuliers (ex. les trichomes) à des gènes aux combinaisons variées (ex. le sentier métabolique des composants secondaires). Les pressions de l'environment atteignent surtout l'expression des paramètres de résistance qui comportent des sentiers métaboliques dynamiques. La résistance du soja aux mouches de l'espèce Agromyzidae est un exemple de la résistance ‘horizontale’. Ainsi la stabilité attendue est de longue durée. Une telle stabilité est imputée au fait que ses paramètres principaux sont des composants fondamentaux de la pousse et de la différentiation primaires et secondaires due soja. De tels paramètres sont les produits majeurs de l'expérience évolutionnaire satisfaisante du soja a l'état de survie.

Keywords

Plant resistancesoybeaninsectsagromyzidsexpressionstabilityconstitutiveinduciblesecondary growthdifferentiationLa résistance des plantesle sojales insectesles larves mineuses de l'espèce Agromyzidael'expressionla stabilitéconstitutifinduisiblela pousse secondairedifféntiation
Type
Section II: Factors influencing the expression and stability of host plant resistance
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 6 , Special Issue 3: Host Plant Resistance and its Significance in Pest Management , June 1985 , pp. 265 - 270
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1985

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