Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T05:38:39.089Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Assessing Technologies for Preventing Injuries in Motor Vehicle Crashes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 March 2009

Terence L. Chorba
Terence L. Chorba
Affiliation:
Centers for Disease Control
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. In the Haddon matrix, crashes are divided into three phases and factors affecting each phase. In the context of this matrix, the effectiveness, use, and legislation of safety belts and airbags are discussed, using process, injury, and economic outcome measures.

Type
Special Section: Assessment Of Preventive Technologies
Information
International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care , Volume 7 , Issue 3 , Summer 1991 , pp. 296 - 314
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Adams, J. G.The efficacy of seat belt legislation. Technical paper 820819. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1982.Google Scholar
2.Arnould, R., & Grabowski, H.Auto safety regulation: An analysis of market failure. Bell Journal of Economics, 1981, 12, 27–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Baker, S. P., O'Neill, B., Haddon, W. Jr., & Long, W. B.The injury severity score: A method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. Journal of Trauma, 1974, 14, 187–96.Google Scholar
4.Baker, S. P., O'Neill, B., & Karpf, R. S.The injury fact book. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath & Co., 1984.Google Scholar
5.Baker, S. P., Whitfield, R. A., & O'Neill, B.Geographic variations in mortality from motor vehicle crashes. New England Journal of Medicine, 1987, 316, 1384–87.Google Scholar
6.Beauchamp, D.Life-style, public health and paternalism. In Doxiadias, S. (ed.), Ethical dilemmas in health promotion. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1987, 69–81.Google Scholar
7.Campbell, B. J.Seat belt injury reduction related to crash severity and front seat position. University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center publication PR 129. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, 1984.Google Scholar
8.Campbell, B. J.Research trends in injury prevention. Public Health Reports, 1987, 102, 592–93.Google Scholar
9.Campbell, B. J., & Campbell, F. A.Seat belt experience in four foreign countries compared to the United States. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, 12 1986.Google Scholar
10.Campbell, B. J., Stewart, J. R., & Campbell, F. A.Early results of seat belt legislation in the United States of America. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, 1986.Google Scholar
11.Centers for Disease Control. Seat belt use – United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1986, 35, 301–04.Google Scholar
12.Chorba, T. L., Reinfurt, D., & Hulka, B. S.Efficacy of mandatory seat-belt use legislation: The North Carolina experience from 1983 through 1987. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988, 260, 3593–97.Google Scholar
13.Crandall, R., Gruensprecht, H., Keeler, T., & Lave, L.Regulating the automobile. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1986.Google Scholar
14.Evans, L.The effectiveness of seat belts in preventing fatalities. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1986, 18, 229–41.Google Scholar
15.Evans, L.Restraint effectiveness, occupant ejection from cars and fatality reductions. General Motors Corporation research publication GMR-6398. Warren, MI: General Motors Corporation, 1988.Google Scholar
16.Evans, L.Airbag effectiveness in preventing fatalities predicted according to type of crash, driver age, and blood alcohol concentration. In 33rd annual proceedings of the American Association for Automotive Medicine. Des Plaines, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine, 1989, 307–22.Google Scholar
17.Evans, L.Restraint effectiveness, occupant ejection from cars, and fatality reductions. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1990, 22, 167–75.Google Scholar
18.Geller, E. S., Johnson, E. P., & Pelton, S. L.Community-based interventions for encouraging safety belt use. American Journal of Community Psychology, 1982, 10, 183–95.Google Scholar
19.Goldbaum, G. M., Remington, P. L., Powell, K. E., et al. Failure to use seat belts in the United States: The 1981–1983 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveys. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1986, 225, 2459–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Goryl, M. E., & Cynceki, M. J.Restraint system usage in the traffic population: 1984 annual report. Southfield, MI: Goodell-Grivas, 1985.Google Scholar
21.Graham, J. D.Technology, behavior and safety: An empirical study of automobile occupant protection regulation. Policy Sciences, 1984, 17, 141–51.Google Scholar
22.Graham, J. D.Injury control, traffic safety, and evaluation research. In Graham, J. D. (ed.), Preventing automobile injury. Dover, MA: Auburn House Publishing Co., 1988, 1–23.Google Scholar
23.Graham, J. D.Auto safety: Assessing America’s performance. Dover, MA: Auburn House Publishing Co., 1989.Google Scholar
24.Graham, J. D., & Garber, S.Evaluating the effects of automobile safety regulation. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 1984, 3, 206–24.Google Scholar
25.Graham, J., & Henrion, M.A probabilistic analysis of the passive restraint system question. Risk Analysis, 1984, 4, 25–40.Google Scholar
26.Haddon, W. Jr., Advances in the epidemiology of injuries as a basis for public policy. Public Health Reports, 1980, 95, 411–21.Google ScholarPubMed
27.Haddon, W. Jr., Options for the prevention of motor vehicle crash injury. Israel Journal of Medical Science, 1980, 16, 45–65.Google Scholar
28.Hedlund, J.Casualty reductions resulting from safety belt use laws. In Effectiveness of safety belt use laws: A multinational examination. Department of Transportation publication no. HS-807-018. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1985.Google Scholar
29.Hutchinson, T. P.Road accident statistics. Adelaide, Australia: Rumsby Scientific Publishing, 1987.Google Scholar
30.Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Surveying speeders; belt use: Where less is more– dangerous. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety Status Report, 1985, 20(12), 9.Google Scholar
31.Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Toughest belt use law proves to be the most effective. In Insurance Institute for Highway Safety Status Report, 1986, 21(12), 1–6.Google Scholar
32.Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Automakers gear up to produce millions of airbagequipped cars. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety Status Report, 1988, 23(12), 1–3.Google Scholar
33.Jonah, B. A., Dawson, N. E., & Smith, G. A.Effects of a selective traffic enforcement program on seat belt usage. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1982, 67, 89–96.Google Scholar
34.Kahane, C.An evaluation of child passenger safety: The effectiveness and benefits of safety seats. Department of Transportation publication no. HS-806-890. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1986.Google Scholar
35.Last, J. M.Epidemiology and health information. In Last, J. M. (ed.), Maxcy-Rosenau public health and preventive medicine, 12th ed.Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1986.Google Scholar
36.Lessne, C. W.Apparent consumption of alcohol and violent and accidental death in North Carolina: A time-series analysis, 1956–1981. Doctoral thesis. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 1985.Google Scholar
37.Lund, A. K.Voluntary seat belt use among U.S. drivers: Geographic, socioeconomic and demographic variation. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1986, 18, 43–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Lund, A. K., & O'Neill, B.Perceived risks and driving behavior. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1986, 18, 367–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39.Lund, A. K., Pollner, J., & Williams, A. F.Preliminary estimates of the effects of mandatory seat belt use laws. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1987, 19, 219–23.Google Scholar
40.Lund, A. K., & Zador, P.Mandatory belt use and driver risk taking. Risk Analysis, 1984, 4, 41–53.Google Scholar
41.Madison, J. No. 10. In Hamilton, A., Madison, J., & Jay, J., The Federalist papers. New York: NAL Penguin Inc., 1961.Google Scholar
42.Magleby, D. B.Direct legislation: Voting on ballot propositions in the United States. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
43.Mannering, F., & Winston, C.Recent automobile occupant safety proposals. In Blind intersection? Policy and the automobile industry. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1987.Google Scholar
44.Mausner, J. D., & Bahn, S.Epidemiology – An introductory text, 2nd ed.Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders Co., 1985.Google Scholar
45.McKinlay, J. B.Some approaches and problems in the study of the use of services – An overview. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 1972, 13, 115–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46.Mertz, H. J.Restraint performance of the 1973–76 GM air cushion restraint system. Technical paper 880400. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1988.Google Scholar
47.Ministry of Transportation and Communications. The 1979 Ontario roadside BAC summary report. Ottawa: Ministry of Transportation and Communications, 1979.Google Scholar
48.Moore, J. O., & Tourin, B.A study of automobile doors opening under crash conditions: The relationship between the opening of front doors and the area of passenger automobile sustaining the principal impact. New York: Automotive Crash Injury Research Program of Cornell University, 1954.Google Scholar
49.Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association. World motor vehicle data. Detroit, MI: Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, 1987.Google Scholar
50.Nash, C.Reduced fatality rates in Toyota Cressidas with automatic belts. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Research Notes, May. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1988.Google Scholar
51.National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 1988. Department of Health and Human Services publication no. (PHS) 89-1232. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1989.Google Scholar
52.National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Assessment of insurance incentives for safety belt usage. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1983.Google Scholar
53.National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Final regulatory impact analysis: Amendment to FMVSS 208 passenger car front seat occupant protection. Department of Transportation publication no. HS-805-572. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1984.Google Scholar
54.National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Preliminary regulatory impact analysis: Rear seat lap shoulder belts in passenger vehicles under 10,001 GVWR. Department of Transportation, Docket 87-08-No. 1-001. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1987.Google Scholar
55.National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. A model for estimating economic costs from motor vehicle crashes in state and local jurisdictions. Department of Transportation publication no. HS-807-253. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1988.Google Scholar
56.National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Fatal accident reporting system, 1989. Department of Transportation publication no. HS-807-693. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1991.Google Scholar
57.National Traffic Safety Board. Performance of lap belts in 26 frontal crashes. National Traffic Safety Board publication no. PB86-917006. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1986.Google Scholar
58.Nordhaus, W.Comments of William Nordhaus on notice of proposed rulemaking on federal motor vehicle safety standards: Occupant crash protection. Docket no. 74–14, notice 22. Washington, DC: Department of Transportation, 05 26, 1981.Google Scholar
59.O'Neill, B. Comments. In Graham, J. D. (ed.), Preventing automobile injury. Dover, MA: Auburn House Publishing Co., 1988, 105–10.Google Scholar
60.O'Neill, B., Lund, A. K., Zador, P., & Ashton, S. J.Mandatory belt use and driver risk taking: An empirical evaluation of the risk compensation hypothesis. Presented at the International Symposium on Human Behavior and Traffic Safety, Warren, MI, 1984.Google Scholar
61.Partyka, S. C.Simple models of fatality trends using employment and population data. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1984, 16, 211–22.Google Scholar
62.Partyka, S. C.Papers on adult seat belts–Effectiveness and use. Department of Transportation publication no. HS-807-286. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1988.Google Scholar
63.Partyka, S. C., & Womble, K. B.Projected lives saved from greater belt use. National Center for Statistics & Analysis Research Notes, June. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1989.Google Scholar
64.Peltzman, S.The effects of automobile safety regulation. Journal of Politics and Economics, 1975, 83, 677–725.Google Scholar
65.Petrucelli, E., States, J. D., & Hames, L. N.The abbreviated injury scale: Evolution, usage, and future adaptability. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1981, 13, 29–35.Google Scholar
66.Phillips, B. M.Restraint system usage in the traffic population. Department of Transportation publication no. HS-806-424. Princeton, NJ: Opinion Research Corporation, 1983.Google Scholar
67.Preusser, D. F., Williams, A. F., & Lund, A. K.Seat belt use among New York bar patrons. Journal of Public Health Policy, 1986, 7, 470–79.Google Scholar
68.Reinfurt, D. W., Campbell, B. J., Stewart, J. R., & Stutts, J. C.North Carolina’s occupant restraint law: A three year evaluation. University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center publication no. PR158. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, 10 1988.Google Scholar
69.Rice, D. P., & Hodgson, T. A.The value of human life revisited. American Journal of Public Health, 1982, 72, 536–38.Google Scholar
70.Rice, D. P., MacKenzie, E. J., & Associates. Cost of injury in the United States: A report to Congress. San Prancisco: Institute for Aging, University of California, and Injury Prevention Center, The Johns Hopkins University, 1989.Google Scholar
71.Robertson, L., Kelley, A., O'Neill, B., et al. A controlled study of the effect of television messages on seat belt use. American Journal of Public Health, 1974, 64, 1071–80.Google Scholar
72.Robertson, L. S.Estimates of motor vehicle seat belt effectiveness and use: Implications for occupant crash protection. American Journal of Public Health, 1976, 66, 859–64.Google Scholar
73.Robertson, L. S.Injuries: Causes, control strategies, and public policy. Lexington, MA: D. C. Health & Co., 1983.Google Scholar
74.Robertson, L. S.Automobile safety regulation: Rebuttal and new data. American Journal of Public Health, 1984, 74, 1390–94.Google Scholar
75.Rood, D. H., & Kraichy, P. P.The effects of mandatory occupant restraint legislation on safety belt use in New York State. In 30th annual proceedings of the American Association for Automotive Medicine. Des Plaines, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine, 1986, 345–56.Google Scholar
76.Rood, D. H., Kraichy, P. P., & Carubia, J.Evaluation of New York State's mandatory occupant restraint law: Observational surveys of safety restraint use in New York State. Albany, NY: Institute for Traffic Safety Management and Research, 1985.Google Scholar
77.Schelling, T. C.The life you save may be your own. In Chase, S. B. (ed.), Problems in public expenditure analysis. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1975, 127–76.Google Scholar
78.Society of Automotive Engineers. Advances in belt restraint systems: Design, performance, and usage. Special publication SP-141. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1984.Google Scholar
79.Society of Automotive Engineers. Restraint technologies: Rear seat occupant protection. Special publication SP-691. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1987.Google Scholar
80.Stapp, J. P.Effects of mechanical force on living tissue: Abrupt deceleration and windblast. Journal of Aviation Medicine, 1955, 26, 268–88.Google Scholar
81.States, J. D., Ingersoll, S. L., & Annechiarico, R. P.The effect of the New York State safety belt law on hospital admissions in Monroe County (Rochester), New York. In 30th annual proceedings of the American Association for Automotive Medicine. Des Plaines, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine, 1986, 407–22.Google Scholar
82.Streff, F. M., & Geller, E. S.Strategies for motivating safety belt use: The application of applied behavior analysis. Health Education Research, Theory and Practice, 1986,1,47–59.Google Scholar
83.Tingvall, C.Children in cars: Some aspects of the safety of children as car passengers in road traffic accidents. Ada Paediatrica Scandinavia, 1987 339(Suppl.), 1–35.Google Scholar
84.Torrance, G.Measurement of health state utilities for economic appraisal: A review. Journal of Health Economics, 1986, 5, 1–30.Google Scholar
85.Transport Canada. Estimates of shoulder seat belt use by road type for 1984 survey. Ottawa: Transport Canada, 1985.Google Scholar
86.Trinca, G., Johnston, I., Campbell, B., et al. Reducing traffic injury–A global challenge. Melbourne: A. H. Massina & Co., 1988.Google Scholar
87.Viano, D. C.The role of biomechanics in vehicle design for control of injury. Public Health Reports, 1987, 102, 595–99.Google Scholar
88.Von Buseck, C. R., Evans, L., Schmidt, D. E., & Wasielewski, P.Seat belt usage and risk taking in driving behavior. In Accident causation. Special publication no. SP-461. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1980.Google Scholar
89.Wagenaar, A.Direct observation of seat belt use in Michigan: December 1985. Research report UMTRI-86-5. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute research report, 1986.Google Scholar
90.Wagenaar, A. C., Maybee, R. G., & Sullivan, K. P.Mandatory seat belt laws in eight states: A time-series evaluation. Journal of Safety Research, 1988, 19, 51–70.Google Scholar
91.Wagenaar, A. C., & Wiviott, M. B. T.Effects of mandating seatbelt use: A series of surveys on compliance in Michigan. Public Health Reports, 1986, 101, 505–13.Google Scholar
92.Warner, K., & Luce, B.Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis in health care: Principles, practice, and potential. Ann Arbor, MI: Health Administration Press, 1982.Google Scholar
93.Wilde, G.The theory of risk homeostasis: Implications for safety and health. Risk Anal ysis, 1982, 2, 209–25.Google Scholar
94.Williams, A. F., & Lund, A. K.Seat belt use laws and occupant crash protection in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 1986, 76, 1438-42.Google Scholar
95.Williams, A. F., & Lund, A. K.Mandatory seat belt use laws and occupant crash protection in the United States: Present status and future prospects. In Graham, J. D. (ed.), Preventing automobile injury. Dover, MA: Auburn House Publishing Co., 1988, 51–72.Google Scholar
96.Williams, A. F., Preusser, D. F., Blomberg, R. D., et al. Results of a seat belt use law en forcement and publicity campaign in Elmira, N.Y. Washington, DC: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 1986.Google Scholar
97.Williams, A. F., Wells, J., & Lund, A. K.Shoulder belt use in four states with belt use laws. Washington, DC: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 1986.Google Scholar
98.Williams, A. F., Wells, J. K., Lund, A. K., & Teed, N.Observed use of automatic seat belts in 1987 cars. Washington, DC: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 1987.Google Scholar