Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T06:05:12.793Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Machines and Medicines: A Projection of Analogies between Electric Power Systems and Health Care Systems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 March 2009

Thomas P. Hughes
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania

Extract

If medicine is becoming mechanized, as many indications suggest, then those interested in policy making for medical matters have much to learn from the history of technology. The mechanization of medicine, as in the case of the mechanization of production, will accelerate the transfer of skill and knowledge from people to machines and the transition of health care to a capital intensive industry (19, 196–226). Furthermore, mechanization and increasing capital intensification may bring the increased systematization of health care. If the development of mechanized medicine follows the precedent of the mechanization of production, then our society must deal with the evolution of another set of extremely large systems, systems that will become virtually impervious to social control. Historians of technology are currently providing a better understanding of the evolution of large systems of production (3;9;10); there are lessons to be learned from this history by policy makers in health care.

Type
The Cultural Shaping of Biomedical Science and Technology
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Barnes, B.The science-technology relationship: A model and a query. Social Studies of Science, 1982, 12, 166–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Callon, M. Society in the making: The study of technology as a tool for sociological analysis. In The social construction of technological systems: New directions in the sociology and history of technology. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, forthcoming.Google Scholar
3.Chandler, A. D. Jr, Strategy and structure. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966.Google Scholar
4.Dosi, G.Technological paradigms and technological trajectories. Research Policy, 1982, 11, 147–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Gille, B.Histoire des techniques. Paris: Gallimard, 1978.Google Scholar
6.Hoddeson, L.The emergence of basic research in the Bell telephone lab. Technology and Culture, 1981, 22, 512–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Hughes, T. P.Technological momentum in history: Hydrogenation in Germany 1898–1933. Past and Present, 1969, 44, 106–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Hughes, T. P.Elmer Sperry. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Hughes, T. P.Networks of power: Electrification in Western society, 1880–1930. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Hughes, T. P. The evolution of large technological systems. In Bijker, W., Hughes, T., & Pinch, T. (eds.), The social construction of technological systems: New directions in the sociology and history of technology. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, forthcoming.Google Scholar
11.Jewkes, J., Sawers, D., & Stillerman, R.The sources of invention. New York: W.W. Norton, 1969.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.LaPorte, T. R.Technology as social organization. IGS Studies in Public Organization. Working Paper No. 84–1.Google Scholar
13.Law, J. Technology and heterogeneous engineering: The case of Portuguese expan sion. In Bijker, W., Hughes, T., & Pinch, T. (Eds.), The social construction of tech nological systems: New directions in the sociology and history of technology. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, forthcoming.Google Scholar
14.MacKenzie, D. & Wajcman, J. (Eds.). The social shaping of technology. Milton Keynes, U.K.: Open University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
15.McDonald, F.Insult. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.Google Scholar
16.Nelson, R. R. & Winter, S. G.In search of a useful theory of innovation. Research Policy. 1977, 6, 3676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Noble, D. F.America by Design: Science, technology and the rise of the corporate economy. New York: Knopf, 1977.Google Scholar
18.Pinch, T. & Bijker, W. The social construction of facts and artefacts. In Bijker, W., Hughes, T., & Pinch, T. (eds.), The social construction of technological systems: New directions in the sociology and history of technology. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, forthcoming.Google Scholar
19.Reiser, S. J.Medicine and the reign of technology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978.Google Scholar
20.Ropohl, G.Eine systemtheorie der Technik: Zur Grundlegung der allgemeinen Technologie. Munich and Vienna: Hanser, 1979.Google Scholar
21.Starr, P.The social transformation of American medicine. New York: Basic Books. 1982.Google Scholar
22.Staudenmaier, J.Technology's storytellers: Reueaving the human fabric. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press. 1985.Google Scholar
23.Stevens, R. Times past, times present. Address at Wood Institute, College of Phy sicians of Philadelphia, 4 November, 1984.Google Scholar
24.White, L. Jr. Medieval technology and social change. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969.Google Scholar
25.Winner, L.Do artifacts have politics? Daedalus. 1980, 109, 121–36.Google Scholar
26.Wise, G.A new role for professional scientists in industry: Industrial research at General Electric, 1900–1916. Technology and Culture 1980. 21, 408–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar