Article contents
The State as an Always-Unfinished Performance: Improvisation and Performativity in the Face of Crisis
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 May 2018
Extract
The apparent fixity of the state has been produced by state-building projects, but also by the logic of state analysis that needs an object for its study. Encouraging critical reflection on the essentialism often associated with these processes, Pierre Bourdieu argued that these two aspects of “state formation” are contingently and epistemologically intertwined: “to endeavor to think the state is to take the risk of taking over (or being taken over by) the thought of the state.” Others, including Ellen Lust in her essay, have focused on state-making practices, and their symbolic and material effects that produce and reproduce the state as dominant idea and as ultimate institutional frame in a particular time and place. Taking this further, Kevin Dunn frames “‘the state’ as a discursively produced structural/structuring effect that relies on constant acts of performativity to call it into being.” It is this performative aspect of state making in all its variety that will be the focus here, echoing themes in the pieces by Lisa Anderson and Rabab El-Mahdi.
- Type
- Roundtable
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018
References
NOTES
1 Bourdieu, Pierre, “Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field,” Sociological Theory 12 (1994): 1–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
2 Mitchell, Timothy, “The Limits of the State: Beyond Statist Approaches and Their Critics,” The American Political Science Review 85 (1991): 77–96Google Scholar; Biersteker, Thomas J. and Weber, Cynthia, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)Google Scholar; Doty, Roxanne, Anti-immigrantism in Western Democracies: Statecraft, Desire and the Politics of Exclusion (London: Routledge, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
3 Dunn, Kevin C., “There Is No Such Thing as the State: Discourse, Effect and Performativity,” Forum for Development Studies 37 (2010): 80CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
4 Tripp, Charles, A History of Iraq (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007): 259–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Anderson, Lisa, The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830–1980 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986), 231–50.Google Scholar
5 Strauss, Julia and Cruise O'Brien, Donal, eds., Staging Politics: Power and Performance in Asia and Africa (London: I.B.Tauris, 2007): 1–14Google Scholar.
6 Butler, Judith, Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (New York: Routledge, 1998).Google Scholar
7 Davis, Eric, Memories of State: Politics, History, and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 2005)Google Scholar; Chérif Ferjani, Mohamed, Prison et liberté (Tunis: Mots passants, 2015)Google Scholar; Hibou, Béatrice, The Force of Obedience: The political Economy of Repression in Tunisia, trans. Brown, Andrew (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2011): 267–91Google Scholar.
8 Malek Gnaoui, 0904, installation in Dream City, Tunis, 4–8 October 2017.
9 Dodge, Toby, Iraq: From War to a New Authoritarianism (London: Routledge, 2013)Google Scholar.
10 Emir Sfaxi, “In with the Old in Tunisia,” Sada – Middle East Analysis, 28 September 2017, accessed 8 November 2017, http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/73252.
11 Haddad, Fanar, Sectarianism in Iraq – Antagonistic Visions of Unity (London: Hurst & Co., 2011)Google Scholar.
12 “Tunisia: A Start-up Democracy,” YouTube video, 1:01:17, speech by Mehdi Jomaa (former prime minister of Tunisia), the Belfer Center, Kennedy School, Harvard University, 26 February 2015, posted 6 January 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wljo-lXeqTI.
13 Sarah Yerkes, Where Have All the Revolutionaries Gone? CMEP, Brookings Institution, 2017, accessed 23 November 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/research/where-have-all-the-revolutionaries-gone/; Lamloum, Olfa and Ali Ben Zina, Mohamed, eds., Les Jeunes de Douar Hicher et d'Ettadhamen : une enquête sociologique (Tunis: International Alert/Arabesques, 2015)Google Scholar.
14 Renad Mansour and Faleh A. Jabar, The Popular Mobilization Forces and Iraq's Future, Carnegie Middle East Center, 2017, accessed 17 October 2017, http://carnegie-mec.org/2017/04/28/popular-mobilization-forces-and-iraq-s-future-pub-68810.
15 Oana Parvan, “Unruly Life: Subverting ‘Surplus’ Existence in Tunisia,” Mute, 2 February 2017, accessed 7 June 2017, http://www.metamute.org/editorial/articles/unruly-life-subverting-%E2%80%98surplus%E2%80%99-existence-tunisia.
16 Lefèvre, Raphaël, “The Roots of Growing Social Unrest in Tunisia,” Journal of North African Studies 22 (2017): 505–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Abdelkrim Dermech, “Un message de fermeté et d'espoir,” La Presse, 11 May 2017. President Essebsi announced the deployment of the Tunisian army to “protect” gas and oil production sites in Tatouine from a sit-in by protestors.
17 Corinna Mullin, “Tunisia's ‘Transition’: Between Revolution and Globalized National Security” (POMEAS paper, no. 8, September 2015), accessed 17 January 2017, http://www.pomeas.org/index.php/publications/pomeas-papers/495-tunisia-s-transition-between-revolution-and-globalized-national-security; Edmund Ratka and Marie-Christine Roux, “Jihad Instead of Democracy? Tunisia's Marginalized Youth and Islamist Terrorism” (international report for the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, April 2016), accessed 23 November 2017, http://www.kas.de/wf/en/33.44290/.
- 3
- Cited by