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The Origins of Private Ownership of Land in Egypt: A Reappraisal

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2009

Kenneth M. Cuno
Kenneth M. Cuno
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
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Extract

In the historiography of Egypt it has long been accepted that private ownership of land was introduced in the nineteenth century. This development in statute law has often been linked analytically to a process of “modernization.” Modernization theory posits a fundamental dichotomy between two ideal-type societies, the traditional and modern, which implies an equally sharp discontinuity between historical eras: before and after the beginning of modernization. In this view, traditional societies lack the potential for generating significant social change from within. Change results rather from the expansion of communications and diversification of technology worldwide from modern Europe and North America. In the process of modernization, traditional norms and structures break down in the host societies, and new, rational values and institutions emerge in their place. The development of Egypt's new land regime is usually considered one such change.

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Articles
Information
International Journal of Middle East Studies , Volume 12 , Issue 3 , November 1980 , pp. 245 - 275
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1980

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References

Notes

Author's Note: I wish to thank Dr. Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot and Yahya Sadowski for their many helpful suggestions and criticisms during the successive drafts of this paper.

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75 ibid., pp. 206–215, 277–279.

76 ibid., pp. 244–245, 320–323, 347–348.

77 ibid., IX, 92.

78 Yacoub, Artin, La propriété foncière en Egypte (Cairo, 1883), pp. 311–312, 89;Google ScholarJabarti, , Merveilles, 9, 91.Google Scholar

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85 Levon Marashlian, “The Armenian Boghos Bey Yusufian in the Viceregency of Muhammad Au Pasha,” forthcoming in Armenian Review.

86 For example, Raymond describes how Cairo's beys engaged in commercial activities: Artisans et commerçants, II, 717–719. Cavalla itself was an entrepot to the rich region of cotton, rice, tobacco, and silk farming dominated by the commercial center of Salonica. During Muhammad Ali's thirty years there the area saw the rapid development of çiftilk cotton farming (Stoianovich, “Land Tenure and Related Sectors of the Balkan Economy,” pp. 402–404).Google Scholar

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103 Jabarti, , Merveilles, 9, 316.Google Scholar Others have implied that masmūh was granted in Lower Egypt during the first cadaster, but there is no evidence for this. The Royal Council's register, Sijill al-Dīiwān al-Khidīwī, written at some time after the grants in question were made and quoted by Barakat, contains a contradictory account. First, it mentions 440,127 faddans in Lower Egypt not taxed in 1815–1816, and 1,775,611 faddans in Upper Egypt not taxed in 1820–1821, “because it was būr “meaning either fallow or waste land” at that time.” Then, in summing up, it states, “The total of the land of Upper and Lower Egypt upon which no tax was assessed, then, was 2,215,738 faddans, including ib'ādiyyas, the multazims' ūsya, masmūh al-mashaikh, … masmüh al-mastaba, … and bür … (Barakat, , Tatawwur al-Milkiyya, pp. 27–28).Google Scholar

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125 ibid., pp. 85–94. The evidence for court factionalism has been uncovered by Dr. Afaf Marsot in the course of current research.

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