A Memoir on The Life and Poetical Works of Maliku’L-Shu‘arȃ’ Bahȃr1

M.B. Loraine

doi:10.1017/S0020743800024855

A Memoir on The Life and Poetical Works of Maliku’L-Shu‘arȃ’ Bahȃr1

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 January 2009

M.B. Loraine

Show author details

M.B. Loraine: Affiliation:
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

Article contents

Abstract
References

Get access

Rights & Permissions

Abstract

Persian poetry in the twentieth century is undergoing changes that would have been scarcely imaginable a century or even half a century ago. The dispute of ancients and moderns rages in Persian literary circles, and exponents of both traditional and modern styles are regarded as traitors by both sides. I should be foolhardy to join battle in this domestic struggle, and the purpose of this memoir is only that of setting on record the outlines of the life and poetical works of a poet generally regarded as the greatest Persia has seen for a long time.

Type: Articles
Information: International Journal of Middle East Studies , Volume 3 , Issue 2 , April 1972 , pp. 140 - 168

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800024855 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1972

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

^{page 140 note 2} For example, Safâ, Dhabîhu'llâh, Ganj-i Sukhan, vol. III, p. 327. Safâ gives a good justification of his opinion.Google Scholar

^{page 140 note 3} The eve of Friday, 13 Rabî I 1302 A.H.Google Scholar

^{page 140 note 4} Sabûrî's Dîwân has been published by Bahâr's brother Muhammad Malikzâda (Tehran, A.H.S. 1342/A.D. 1963–4).Google Scholar

^{page 141 note 1} Quoted by 'Irfânî, 'Abdu'l-Hamîd: Sharh-i Ahwâl wa Ash'âr-i Maliku'l-Shu‘arâ’ Bahâr (Tehran, A.H.S. 1335), pp. 191–2.Google Scholar

^{page 141 note 2} There was a general suppression of newspapers on 26 December 1911, and political meetings were prohibited, after the acceptance of the second Russian Ultimatum. See Browne, E. G., The Press and Poetry of Modern Persia (Cambridge University Press, 1914), p. 334.Google Scholar

^{page 142 note 1} In his Târîkh-i Mukhtasar-i Ahzâb-i Siyâsî I, Inqirâd-i Qâjâriyya (Tehran, A.H.S. 1323/A.D. 1944), p. 17.Google Scholar

^{page 142 note 2} Ibid. p. 21.

^{page 142 note 3} The committee was probably nervous regarding Mâsha'allah Khân, a well-known brigand whose execution by order of Wuthûqu'l-Dawla in August 1919 Bahâr celebrated in a poem; Dîwân, I, p. 330 (2nd ed.), p. 309 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 143 note 1} All this is described in detail in Bahâr's Târîkh-i Mukhtasar (see p. 142, n. I above), pp. 21–2. It is quite clear that Bahâr did not go, as many Democrats did, to Istanbul after the Qum Migration; Nikitine's statement in the Encyclopaedia of Islam (new edn., s.v. Bahâr) that he was in exile in Istanbul at this time is demonstrably wrong.Google Scholar

^{page 143 note 2} Dîwân, vol. I, p. 293 (2nd ed.), p. 282 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 143 note 3} Dîwân, vol. I, pp. 308–9 (2nd ed.), pp. 294–5 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 143 note 4} The first number was published on 21 April 1918. The last two were published together on 20 April 1919.Google Scholar

^{page 143 note 5} A complete set of the now rare Dânishkada is in the Senate Library, Tehran.Google Scholar

^{page 143 note 6} See Bahâr, Târîkh-i Mukhtasar, pp. 27–9.Google Scholar For an opposing view, see Dawlatâbâdî, Yahyâ, Târîkh-i Mu'âsir ya Hayât-i Yahyâ (Tehran, A.H.S. 1328/A.D. 1949–1957), I. v., pp. 129–30.Google Scholar

^{page 144 note 1} Târîkh-i Mukhtasar, p. 29.Google Scholar

^{page 144 note 2} Dawlatâbâdî, op. cit. IV, p. 150.Google Scholar

^{page 144 note 3} Târîkh-i Mukhtasar, p. 64.Google Scholar

^{page 144 note 4} Ibid. p. 98.

^{page 144 note 5} Dîwân, vol. I, p. 348 (2nd ed.), p. 322 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 144 note 6} Târîkh-i Mukhtasar, p. 132.Google Scholar

^{page 145 note 1} Dîwân, vol. I, p. 351 (2nd ed.), p. 325 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 145 note 2} Ibid. vol. I, p. 355 (2nd ed.), p. 329 (1st ed.). The second poem of this title is the famous one and was published in Naw Bahâr, yr. XIII, no. 22, 8 March 1923.

^{page 145 note 3} Ibid. vol. I, p. 368 (2nd ed.), p. 342 (1st ed.).

^{page 145 note 4} The article Bahâr wrote after ‘Ishqî's death, Qatl-i Shâ‘ir-i Jawân was first published in Mihr-i Irân, A.H.S. 1325: From there it was reprinted in the third ed. of Kulliyyât-i muscawwar-i ‘Ishqî (Tehran, A.H.S. 1331/A.D.1952), by ‘Alî Akbar Salîmî, bk. I, pp. 16–25. It is not in the fourth ed. (Tehran, A.H.S. 1342/A.D. 1963).Google Scholar

^{page 146 note 1} In the article mentioned above, p. 145, n. 4.Google Scholar

^{page 146 note 2} Quoted by Makkî, Târîkh-i Bîst Sâla-yi Îrân (Tehran, A.H.S. 1323/A.D. 1944), vol. III, pp. 111–17.Google Scholar

^{page 146 note 3} Dîwân, vol. I, p. 398 (2nd ed.), p. 366 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 147 note 1} Ibid. vol. I, p. 409 (2nd ed.), p. 377 (1st ed.)

^{page 147 note 2} Ibid. vol. II, p. 143.

^{page 147 note 3} Preface to Târîkh-i Mukhtasar, p. (xii).Google Scholar

^{page 147 note 4} Dîwân vol. II, p. 2 et seq.Google Scholar

^{page 147 note 5} Ibid. vol. I, p. 693 (2nd ed.), p. 652 (1st ed.)

^{page 147 note 6} See his justifications in the preface to Târîkh-i Mukhtasar, pp. xiii–xv.Google Scholar

^{page 148 note 1} Edited by Bahâr's brother, Muhammad Malikzâda: vol. I (1st ed., Tehran, A.H.S. 1335/A.D. 1956; 2nd ed., Tehran, A.H.S. 1344/A.D. 1965), vol. II (Tehran, A.H.S. 1336/A.D. 1957).Google Scholar

^{page 148 note 2} Muhammad Malikzâda has confirmed this orally. In 1966 only he had access to the manuscript.Google Scholar

^{page 148 note 3} See Alawî, Buzurg, Geschichte und Entwicklung der modernen persischen Literatur (Berlin 1964), pp. 56–57.Google Scholar Alawîs political bias should be considered.

^{page 149 note 1} See Malikzâda's introduction to the Dîwân.Google Scholar

^{page 149 note 2} See ‘Irfânî (‘Abdu’l-Hamîd): Sharh-i Ahwâl wa Âthâr-i Maliku'l-Shu ‘arâl’ Bahâr, pp. 39–40.Google Scholar

^{page 149 note 3} Dîwân, vol. I, p. 12 (2nd ed.), p. 13 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 150 note 1} Ibid. vol. II, p. 481; 2nd ed., vol. I, p. 146. Târîkh-i Mukhtasar, p. I (II).

^{page 150 note 2} See Browne, E. G., The Press and Poetry of Modern Persia, p. 185.Google Scholar

^{page 150 note 3} Ibid. p. 260.

^{page 150 note 4} See the undated mathnawî ‘written in Khurâsân’, Dîwân, vol. II, p. 130.

^{page 150 note 5} See the satire, Dîwân, vol. I, p. 165 (2nd ed.), p. 163 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 151 note 1} Dîwân, vol. I, p. 147 (2nd ed.), p. 146 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 151 note 2} See the tarjî'-band Watan dar Khatar ast, Dîwân, vol. I, p. 206 (2nd ed.), p. 203 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 151 note 3} Dîwân, vol. I, p. 267 (2nd ed.), p. 258 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 152 note 1} Ibid. vol. I, p. 283 (2nd ed.), p. 269 (1st ed.).

^{page 152 note 2} Dîwân-i Mas'ûd-i Sa'd-i Salmân, ed. Yâsimî, Rashîd (Tehran, A.H.S. 1339), p. 61.Google Scholar

^{page 152 note 3} Dîwân, vol. I, p. 285 (2nd ed.), p. 271 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 152 note 4} Ibid. vol. I, p. 288 (2nd ed.), p. 278 (1st ed). Amîrî's poem precedes.

^{page 152 note 5} Ibid. vol. I, p. 293 (2nd ed.), p. 282 (1st ed.).

^{page 152 note 6} Ibid. vol. I, p. 302 (2nd ed.), p. 290 (1st ed.).

^{page 152 note 7} See Dîwân, vol. I, pp. 308, 310, 314 (2nd ed.), pp. 294, 296, 399 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 152 note 8} Dîwân, vol. I, p. 312 (2nd ed.), p. 298 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 153 note 1} La Fontaine, Fables, Bk 5, Fable IX.

^{page 153 note 2} Danishkada, no. 9 (21 January 1919).Google Scholar

^{page 153 note 3} Kûshish wa Umîd, Dîwân, vol. II, p. 317.Google Scholar

^{page 154 note 1} Diwân, vol. II, p. 300.Google Scholar

^{page 154 note 2} Ibid. vol. I, p. 319 (2nd ed.), p. 301 (1st ed.).

^{page 154 note 3} Ibid. vol. I, p. 322 (2nd ed.), p. 304 (1st ed.).

^{page 154 note 4} Dîwân of Mas'ûd, ed. Rashîd Yâsimî (Tehran, A.H.S. 1339), p. 351.Google Scholar

^{page 154 note 5} Dîwân of Nâsir-i Khusraw, ed. Taqawî etc. (Tehran, A.H.S. 1304–1307), pp. 281, 294.Google Scholar

^{page 154 note 6} Dîwân, vol. II, p. 140.Google Scholar

^{page 154 note 7} Ibid. vol. I, p. 339 (2nd ed.), p. 316 (1st ed.).

^{page 154 note 8} Ibid. vol. I, p. 339 (2nd ed.), p. 316 (1st ed.).

^{page 154 note 9} See p. 152, n. I above.Google Scholar

^{page 154 note 10} Dîwân of Mas'ûd-i Sa'd (see p. 152, n. 2 above), p. 269.Google Scholar

^{page 155 note 1} Dîwân, vol. I, p. 351 (2nd ed.), p. 325 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 155 note 2} Ibid. vol. I, p. 355 (2nd ed.), p. 329 (1st ed.).

^{page 155 note 3} Ibid. vol. I, p. 370 (2nd ed.), p. 681 (1st ed. with wrong date).

^{page 155 note 4} Ibid. vol. I, p. 371 (2nd ed.), p. 344 (1st ed.).

^{page 155 note 5} Ibid. vol. II, p. 283.

^{page 156 note 1} Ibid. vol. I, p. 427 (2nd ed.), p. 393 (1st ed.).

^{page 156 note 2} Year XIII, no. 21 (I March 1923).Google Scholar

^{page 156 note 3} Dîwân, vol. I, p. 367 (2nd ed.), p. 341 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 156 note 4} Ibid. vol. I, p. 343 (2nd ed.), p. 317 (1st ed.). Published in Naw Bahâr yr. XIII, no. 28 (24 May 1923).

^{page 156 note 5} Dîwân, vol. I, p. 359 (2nd ed.), p. 333 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 156 note 6} Ibid. vol. I, p. 363 (2nd ed.), p. 337 (1st ed.).

^{page 156 note 7} Ibid. vol. I, p. 380 (2nd ed.), p. 352 (1st ed.).

^{page 157 note 1} Ibid. vol. I, p. 368 (2nd ed.), p. 342 (1st ed.).

^{page 157 note 2} Ibid. vol. I, pp. 386–8 (2nd ed.), pp. 357–9 (1st ed.).

^{page 157 note 3} Ibid. vol. I, p. 388 (2nd ed.), p. 359 (1st ed.).

^{page 157 note 4} Salîmî, 'Alî Akbar, Kulliyyât-i Musawwar-i 'Ishqî, 4th ed. (Tehran, A.H.S. 1342/A.D. 1963), p. 283.Google Scholar

^{page 157 note 5} Dîwân, vol. II, p. 482, or 2nd ed. vol. I, p. 208.Google Scholar

^{page 157 note 6} Ibid. vol. II, p. 246.

^{page 157 note 7} Ibid. vol. II, p. 266.

^{page 157 note 8} Ibid. vol. I, p. 398 (2nd ed.), p. 366 (1st ed.).

^{page 158 note 1} See Malikzâda's introduction to the Dîwân, vol. I.Google Scholar

^{page 158 note 2} Diwân, vol. I, p. 409 (2nd ed.), p. 377 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 159 note 1} Ibid. vol. I, p. 405 (2nd ed.), p. 373 (1st ed.).

^{page 159 note 2} Ibid. vol. I, p. 414 (2nd ed.), p. 382 (1st ed.).

^{page 159 note 3} Ibid. vol. I, p. 415 (2nd ed.), p. 383 (1st ed.).

^{page 159 note 4} Ibid. vol. II, p. 458.

^{page 159 note 5} Ibid. vol. I, p. 416 (2nd ed.), p. 384 (1st ed.).

^{page 159 note 6} Ibid. vol. II, p. 143.

^{page 160 note 1} Ibid. vol. I, p. 419 (2nd ed.), entitled Khwîshrâ ihyâ kunîd, p. 387 (1st ed.), entitled Man bâ Kî am?

^{page 160 note 2} Dîwân, vol. I, p. 423 (2nd ed.), p. 390 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 160 note 3} Ibid. vol. I, p. 430 (2nd ed.), p. 396 (1st ed.).

^{page 160 note 4} Ibid. vol. I, p. 439 (2nd ed.), p. 408 (1st ed.).

^{page 160 note 5} Ibid. vol. I, p. 434 (2nd ed.), p. 403 (1st ed.).

^{page 160 note 6} Ibid. vol. I, p. 444 (2nd ed.), p. 412 (1st ed.).

^{page 160 note 7} Ibid. vol. I, p. 453 (2nd ed.), p. 428 (1st ed.).

^{page 160 note 8} Ibid. vol. I, p. 458 (2nd ed. only).

^{page 161 note 1} Ibid. vol. I, p. 471 (2nd ed.), p. 436 (1st ed.).

^{page 161 note 2} Ibid. vol. I, p. 462 (2nd ed.), p. 427 (1st ed.).

^{page 161 note 3} Ibid. vol. I, p. 476 (2nd ed.), p. 441 (1st ed.). See also Dîwân, vol. II, p. 496.Google Scholar

^{page 161 note 4} Ibid. vol. I, p. 456 (2nd ed.), p. 424 (1st ed.).

^{page 161 note 5} Tehran lithograph of A.H. 1295/A.D. 1878, vol. I, p. 241.Google Scholar

^{page 161 note 6} Dîwân, vol. I, p. 477 (2nd ed.), p. 442 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 161 note 7} Ibid. vol. I, p. 481 (2nd ed.), p. 446 (1st ed.).

^{page 161 note 8} Ibid. vol. I, p. 483 (2nd ed.), p. 448 (1st ed.).

^{page 161 note 9} S.v. barmâyûn.Google Scholar

^{page 161 note 10} Salmân, Mas'ûd-i Sa'd-i, Dîwân, ed. Yâsimî, Rashîd (Tehran, A.H.S. 1339), p. 30.Google Scholar

^{page 161 note 11} Dîwân, vol. I, pp. 486, 489 (2nd ed.), pp. 451, 454 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 161 note 12} Ibid. vol. II, pp. 366, 373 (no. 33).

^{page 161 note 13} Ibid. vol. I, p. 485 (2nd ed.), p. 450 (1st ed.).

^{page 162 note 1} Ibid. vol. I, p. 496 (2nd ed.), p. 461 (1st ed.).

^{page 162 note 2} Ibid. vol. II, p. 451.

^{page 162 note 3} Ibid. vol. I, p. 494 (2nd ed.), p. 459 (1st ed.).

^{page 162 note 4} Ibid. vol. I, p. 497 (2nd ed.), p. 462 (1st ed.).

^{page 162 note 5} Ibid. vol. I, p. 506 (2nd ed.), p. 476 (1st ed.).

^{page 162 note 6} Ibid. vol. I, p. 506 (2nd ed.), p. 473 (1st ed.).

^{page 162 note 7} Ibid. vol. I, p. 514 (2nd ed.), p. 479 (1st ed.).

^{page 162 note 8} Ibid. vol. I, p. 546 (2nd ed.), p. 501 (1st ed.).

^{page 162 note 9} Ibid. vol. I, p. 520 (2nd ed.), p. 485 (1st ed.).

^{page 163 note 1} Ibid. vol. I, p. 522 (2nd ed.), p. 487 (1st ed.).

^{page 163 note 2} Ibid. vol. I, p. 531 (2nd ed.), p. 496 (1st ed.).

^{page 163 note 3} Ibid. vol. I, p. 553 (2nd ed.), p. 518 (1st ed.).

^{page 163 note 4} Ibid. vol. I, p. 542 (2nd ed.), p. 507 (1st ed.).

^{page 163 note 5} Ibid. vol. I, p. 550 (2nd ed.), p. 515 (1st ed.).

^{page 163 note 6} Ibid. vol. II, p. 238.

^{page 163 note 7} Ibid. vol. I, p. 566 (2nd ed.), p. 531 (1st ed.).

^{page 163 note 8} Ibid. vol. I. 561 (2nd ed.), p. 526 (1st ed.).

^{page 164 note 1} Ibid. vol. I, p. 584 (2nd ed.), p. 549 (1st ed.).

^{page 164 note 2} Ibid. vol. I, p. 594 (2nd ed.), p. 559 (1st ed.).

^{page 164 note 3} Ibid. vol. I, p. 591 (2nd ed.), p. 556 (1st ed.).

^{page 164 note 4} Ibid. vol. I, p. 613 (2nd ed.), p. 575 (1st ed.).

^{page 164 note 5} Mihr, vols. I, II (Farwardîn), 1313 (1934), p. 816.Google Scholar

^{page 164 note 6} Dîwân, vol. I, p. 619 (2nd ed.), p. 581 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 164 note 7} Ibid. vol. II, pp. 2–123.

^{page 164 note 8} Ibid. vol. I, p. 624 (2nd ed.), p. 586 (1st ed.).

^{page 164 note 9} Ibid. vol. I, p. 632 (2nd ed.). p. 594 (1st ed.).

^{page 165 note 1} Ibid. vol. I, p. 662 (2nd ed.), p. 623 (1st ed.).

^{page 165 note 2} Sa'dî, , Kulliyyât, ed. Furûghî, (Tehran, A.H.S. 1340), p. 107.Google Scholar

^{page 165 note 3} Dîwân, vol. I, 648 (2nd ed.), p. 609 (1st ed.).Google ScholarPushkin's poem is that headed by the Latin words: Exegi Monumentum, Polnoe Sobranie Sochineniy (Moscow, 1949), vol. III, p. 376.Google Scholar

^{page 165 note 4} Dîwân, vol. I, p. 60 (2nd ed.), p. 611. (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 165 note 5} Ibid. vol. I, p. 665 (2nd ed.), p. 626 (1st ed.).

^{page 165 note 6} Ibid. vol. I, p. 641 (2nd ed.), p. 604 (1st ed.).

^{page 165 note 7} Ibid. vol. I, p. 653 (2nd ed.), p. 614 (1st ed.).

^{page 165 note 8} Ibid. vol. I, p. 655 (2nd ed.), p. 616 (1st ed.).

^{page 165 note 9} Ibid. vol. I, p. 671 (2nd ed.), p. 631 (1st ed.).

^{page 165 note 10} Ibid. vol. I, p. 689 (2nd ed.), p. 648 (1st ed.).

^{page 166 note 1} Ibid. vol. I, p. 733 (2nd ed.), p. 689 (1st ed.).

^{page 166 note 2} Ibid. vol. I, p. 693 (2nd ed.), p. 652 (1st ed.).

^{page 166 note 3} Ibid. vol. I, p. 697 (2nd ed.), p. 656 (1st ed.).

^{page 166 note 4} Ibid. vol. II, p. 417.

^{page 166 note 5} Ibid. vol. I, p. 703 (2nd ed.), p. 662 (1st ed.).

^{page 166 note 6} Ibid. vol. II, p. 190.

^{page 166 note 7} Ibid. vol. I, p. 705 (2nd ed.), p. 664 (1st ed.).

^{page 167 note 1} Ibid. vol. I, p. 367, no. 25.

^{page 167 note 2} Ibid. vol. I, p. 712 (2nd ed.), p. 669 (1st ed.).

^{page 167 note 3} Ibid. vol. I, p. 746 (2nd ed.), p. 702 (1st ed.).

^{page 167 note 4} Ibid. vol. I, p. 750 (2nd ed.), p. 706 (1st ed.).

^{page 167 note 5} Ibid. vol. I, p. 736 (2nd ed.), p. 692 (1st ed.).

^{page 167 note 6} Ibid. vol. I, p. 763 (2nd ed.), p. 717 (1st ed.).

^{page 167 note 7} Ibid. vol. I, p. 171 (2nd ed.), p. 169 (1st ed.).

^{page 167 note 8} Farrukhî, , Dîwân, ed. Siyâqi, Dabîr (Tehran, A.H.S. 1335), p. 66.Google Scholar

^{page 167 note 9} Dîwân, vol. I, p. 762 (2nd ed.), p. 716 (1st ed.).Google Scholar

^{page 167 note 10} Ibid. vol. I, p. 770 (2nd ed.), p. 722 (1st ed.).

^{page 167 note 11} Ibid. vol. I, p. 774 (2nd ed.), p. 723 (1st ed.).

^{page 168 note 1} Ibid. vol. I, p. 782 (2nd ed.), p. 734 (1st ed.).

^{page 168 note 2} Ibid. vol. I, p. 789 (2nd ed.), p. 734 (1st ed.).

^{page 168 note 3} Ibid. vol. I, p. 794 (2nd ed.), p. 738 (1st ed.).

^{page 168 note 4} Ibid. vol. I, p. 790 (2nd ed.), p. 735 (1st ed.).

^{page 168 note 5} Vol. I, p. 494. (Tehran, A. H. 1295).Google Scholar

^{page 168 note 6} Dîwân, vol. II, p. 350.Google Scholar

^{page 168 note 7} Ibid. vol. II, p. 535.

^{page 168 note 8} Ibid. vol. I, p. 796 (2nd ed.), p. 740 (1st ed.).

^{page 168 note 9} Ibid. vol. I, p. 757 (2nd ed.), p. 711 (1st ed.).

^{page 168 note 10} Minûchihrî, , Dîwân, ed. Siyâqî, Dabîr (Tehran, A.H.S. 1324), p. 72.Google Scholar

Article contents

A Memoir on The Life and Poetical Works of Maliku’L-Shu‘arȃ’ Bahȃr1

Abstract

Access options

References

Save article to Kindle

Save article to Dropbox

Save article to Google Drive

Reply to: Submit a response

Your details

You have entered the maximum number of contributors

Conflicting interests