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The Logic of Analogy and the Role of the Sufi Shaykh in Post-Marinid Morocco

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2009

Vincent J. Cornell
Vincent J. Cornell
Affiliation:
University of California: Los Angeles
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Extract

In spite of the fact that it has been a favorite subject of scholars for more than seventy years, the religious history of Morocco, especially concerning the period before the French protectorate, remains at best incompletely studied and at worst completely misunderstood. This does not mean, however, that theories and indeed dogmatic assumptions have not been advanced, most notably in the study of what has been termed “popular religion,” that exotic blend of “orthodox” scholasticism and “heterodox” praxis that has made “Moroccan Islam” so interesting.

Type
Articles
Information
International Journal of Middle East Studies , Volume 15 , Issue 1 , February 1983 , pp. 67 - 93
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1983

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References

NOTES

1 Eickelman, Dale, Moroccan Islam (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976).Google Scholar

2 Geertz, Clifford, Islam Observed (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971).Google Scholar

3 Gellner, Ernest, Saints of the Atlas (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969).Google Scholar

4 Geertz, , Islam Observed, p. 16.Google Scholar

5 Ibid., p. 50.

6 Ibid., p. 15.

7 Gellner, , Saints of the Atlas, p. 7.Google Scholar

8 Ibid., p. 8.

9 Ibid.

10 Geertz, , Islam Observed, p. 46.Google Scholar

11 Ibid.

12 Ibid., p. 31.

13 These authors' misunderstanding of the walī's role is all the more surprising when one that three major indigenous sources for Moroccan history, two of them contemporary “Maraboutic Crisis,” have been translated into French. These contemporary sources are: Muḥammad, Ibn ⊂Alī Ibn Miṣbāḥ Ibn ⊂Askar, Dawḥat an-Nāshir li Maḥāsin man Kāna bi'l Maghrib min Mashāyikh al-Qarn al-⊂Ashir, Mission Scientifique du Maroc, Graulle trans. (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1913),Google Scholar and Muḥammad, al-Qādirī, Nāshir al-Mathānī, Mission Scientifique du Maroc, Graulle Maillard trans. (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1913).Google Scholar An excellent nineteenth-century secondary source is Aḥmad, Ibn Khālid an-Nāṣirī as-Salāwī, Kitāb al-Istiqṣā'li Akhbār ad-Duwwal al-Maghrib al-Aqḥā⊃, Direction des Affairs Indigènes, various translators (Paris: Librarie Ancienne HonoréChampion, 1934).Google Scholar

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15 Ibid., p. 2.

16 Ibid.

17 Cour, Auguste, La Dynastie marocaine des Beni Wauas, (Algiers: Université de Alger, 1920), pp. 28–45.Google Scholar

18 Ibid., p. 46.

19 Berque, Jacques, L'Intérieur du Maghreb (Paris: Editions Gallimard, 1978). p. 150.Google Scholar

20 Cour, , La Dynastie marocaine, p. 42.Google Scholar

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22 Mention of the arrival of the Banī Waṭṭāṣ in the Rif mountains is given in ⊂Abd, al-Ḥaqq al-Bādisī, al-Maqṣad ash-Sharīf wa'l-Manzā⊂ al-Laṭīf fī Dhikr Ṣulaḥā⊃ ar-Rīf Archives Marocaines, vol. 26, Cohn, George, trans. (Paris: Librarie Ancienne Honoré Champion, 1926), pp. 35, 37, 77, 113–114, 175.Google Scholar

23 An-Nāṣirī, , Kitāb al-Istiqṣā⊃, “Les Merinides,” pp. 470–471.Google Scholar

24 Ibid., pp. 473–477.

25 Cour, , La Dynastie marocaine, p. 93.Google Scholar

26 Ibid., p. 108.

27 Ibid., pp. 110–111.

28 An-Nāṣirī, , Kitāb al-Istiqṣā⊂. “Les Saadiens,” pp. 6–7.Google Scholar

29 Al-Qādirī, , Nāshir al-Mathānī, pp. 236–237.Google Scholar

30 An-Nāṣirī, , Kitāb al-Istiqṣā, “Les Saadiens,” p. 12.Google Scholar

31 Ibid., pp. 14–15.

32 Ibid., pp. 16–17.

33 Anonymous, Ta⊃rīkh ad-Dawla as-Sa⊂adīyya, p. 6.Google Scholar

34 Cour, , La Dynastie marocaine, pp. 36–37.Google Scholar

35 Berque, , L'Intérieur du Maghreb, p. 163.Google Scholar

36 Muḥammad, al-Mahdī al-Fāsī, Kitāb Mumattī⊂ al-Asmā⊂ fī Dhikr al-Jazūlī wa at-Tabbā⊂ wa mā lahumā min al-Itbā⊂ (Fez; 1313/1893).Google Scholar

37 Al-Qādirī, Nāshir al-Mathānī.

38 Ibn ⊂Askar, Dawḥat an-Nāshir.

39 A similar conclusion was drawn by the anthropologist David Hart, who attempted to deal with the problem of definition by postulating the existence of “big imrabdhen” and “little imrabdhen” among the saintly families of the Rif (Hart, David, The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif [Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1976], pp. 190–191).Google Scholar

40 Ibn, ⊂Askar, Dawḥat an-Nāshir, pp. 11–12.Google Scholar

41 Lévi-Provencal, E., Les Historiens des Chorfa (Paris: Emile Larose, 1922), pp. 231–234.Google Scholar

42 An excellent introduction to mainstream Shādhilī doctrine as interpreted in the twentieth century can be found in Schuon, Fritjof, Understanding Islam (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1976).Google Scholar

43 Charles, Sanders Peirce in Buchler, Justus, Ed., The Philosophy of Peirce (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1940), p. 98.Google Scholar

44 See George, Herbert Mead in Morris, Charles, Ed., Mind, Self and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972).Google Scholar

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46 Ibid., p. 75.

47 Ibid., p. 102.

48 Ibid., pp. 75, 102.

49 Ibid., p. 102.

50 Examples of Professor Maquet's ideas can be found in Maquet, Jacques, “Meditation in Contemporary Sri Lanka: Idea and Practice,” Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 7, 2 (1975),Google Scholar and “The World/Nonworld Dichotomy,” in Bharati, Agehananda, Ed., The Realm of the Extra-Human: Ideas and Actions (The Hague: Mouton, 1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

51 One could also mention the famous Qur⊃ānic phrase, Innā li'llāhi wa inna ilāyhi rāji⊂ūn.

52 Buchler, , Philosophy of Peirce, p. 118.Google Scholar

53 Ibid., p. 117.

54 Geertz, Clifford, Geertz, Hildred, and Rosen, Lawrence, Meaning and Order in Moroccan Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), pp. 154–162.Google Scholar

55 ⊂Abd, al-Karīm al-Jīlī, al-Insān al-Kāmil fī Ma⊂arifat al-Awākhir wa'l-Awā'il (Cairo, 1316/1896).Google Scholar

56 Ibid., book II, pp. 46–47.

57 Geertz, et al. , Meaning and Order, pp. 92–101.Google Scholar

58 This assumption is implicit throughout Islam Observed.

59 ⊂Abd, ar-Raḥmān Ibn Muḥammad al-Fāsī, Sharḥ Ḥizb al-Barr (Cairo: Maktaba al-Kulīyya al-Azhārīyya, 1969), p. 112.Google Scholar

60 Ibid., p. 119.

61 Muḥammad, al-Fāsī, Mumatti⊂ al-Asmā⊂, pp. 3–4.Google Scholar

62 Ibid., p. 6.

63 Ibid.

64 Ibid., p. 7.

65 Muḥammad, Ibn Sulaymān al-Jazūlī, Dalā⊃il al-Khayrāt (Tunis: Al-Manār, 1964).Google Scholar

66 Muḥammad, al-Fāsī, Mumattī⊂ al-Asmā⊂, p. 10.Google Scholar

67 Ibid., pp. 4–6.

68 Ibid., p. 5.

69 Ibid., pp. 7–8.

70 See al-Qādirī, Nāshir al-Mathānī, and an-Nāṣirī, Kitāb al-lstiqṣā⊃.

71 Muḥammad, al-Fāsī, Mumattī⊂ al-Asmā⊂, pp. 22–23.Google Scholar

72 Ibid., p. 16.

73 Ibid., p. 22.

74 For example, see Anonymous, Ta⊃rīkh ad-Dawla as-Sa⊂adīyya, p. 2.Google Scholar

75 Introduction to Ibn ⊂āskar, Dawḥat an-Nāshir.

76 Muḥammad, al-Fāsī, Mumatti⊂ al-Asmā⊂, p. 7.Google Scholar

77 Ibid., p. 5.

78 Ibid., p. 12. An-Nāṣirī, , Kitāb al-Istiqṣā⊃, “Les Merinides,” pp. 507–511.Google Scholar