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Ideology and Practical Politics: A Case Study of the Rif War in Morocco, 1921–1926

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2009

C. R. Pennell
C. R. Pennell
Affiliation:
School of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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Extract

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries there were a number of armed attempts by people in the Arab world, and particularly in the Maghrib countries, to resist European penetration and colonialism. Historians have made considerable efforts to categorize these attempts as being either examples of ‘primary’ resistance or of ‘modern nationalist’ resistance, a distinction based largely on the presence or absence in the movement concerned of an ideological content making reference to the various Islamic reform movements or to European-style nationalism. Thus Edmund Burke can write of the rebellion in the Moroccan countryside around Fez in 1911, which finally ushered in the French and Spanish Protectorates: “One looks in vain, for example, for evidence of the influence of reformism, Pan-Islam or Islamic modernism upon the movement.”

Type
Articles
Information
International Journal of Middle East Studies , Volume 14 , Issue 1 , February 1982 , pp. 19 - 33
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1982

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References

NOTES

1 Burke, Edmund, “Rural Resistance and Popular Protest in Morocco: A Study of the Tribal Rebellion of 1911,” Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Mediterranée, 13–14 (1973), 193–206, at p. 205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2 Laroui, Abdallah, The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay, trans. Mannheim, R. (Princeton, 1971), p. 350.Google Scholar

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5 E.g.,Woolman, David S., Rebels in the Rif: Abd el Krim and the Rf Rebellion (London and Stanford, 1969),Google Scholar and de Campos, Carlos Martinez, España bélica el siglo XX Marruecos (Madrid, 1969).Google Scholar

6 In an unsigned article entitled “Jahl al-zu⊂amā al-muslimīn wa-mafāsid ahl al turuq wal-shurafā wa kawnunum sababan li-fashl za⊂īm al-Rīf al-Maghrabī,” Al-Manar, 8, 27 (1344–1345/1925–1927), 630–634.

7 Pérez, Andrés Sánchez, La acción decisiva contra Abd el-Krim (Toledo, 1930), p. 126.Google Scholar

8 The bay⊂a is preserved in the Archives of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MAEF), Paris, in file Maroc (NS) 517, p. 180. It is reproduced in Pennell, C. R., “The Opposition of the Rifi Confederation Led by Muḥammad bin ⊂Abd al-Karīm al-Khaṭṭābī to Spanish Colonial Expansion 1920–1926,” unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds, 1979, pp. 514–518 (English trans.) and pp. 912–915 (Arabic version).Google Scholar

9 Montagne, Robert, Révolution au Maroc (Paris, 1953), p. 119.Google Scholar

10 Hart, , Aith Waryaghar, pp. 369–403.Google Scholar

11 In fact, according to the preamble to the interview printed in Al-Manar (“Jahl al-zu⊂amā”), the article originally appeared in the Egyptian weekly Al-Shūrā. According to Shinar, , “⊂Abd al-Qadir,” p. 173n, it was also reprinted in al-Minhaj. The Al-Manar version is the best known and most accessible.Google Scholar

12 Al-Manar, “Jahl al-Zu⊂amā.”

13 Ibid.

14 Hourani, Albert, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1789–1939 (London, 1970), p. 225.Google Scholar

15 Al-Manar, “Jahl al-zu⊂amā.”

16 Hourani, , Arabic Thought, pp. 78–80.Google Scholar

17 Ibid.

18 See n. 8, above. The differences in dates is caused by the method in which a bay⊂a was given by one group and then by another.

19 Lahbabi, Mohamed, Le Gouvernement marocain à l'aube du vingtième siècle (Casablanca, 1975), pp. 22–30.Google Scholar

20 See, e.g., the bay⊂a given by the Banū Masāra tribe to Mawlāy Ḥassan in 1873/1874, reproduced in Al-Wathqiq, III, 1977. I am indebted to Mr. George Joffé for this reference.Google Scholar

21 Laroui, Abdallah, Les origines sociales et culturelles du nationalisme marocain (Paris, 1977), p. 373.Google Scholar

22 Pennell, , “Opposition,” pp. 522–524.Google Scholar

23 Skīraj, Aḥmad, “Al-ẓall al-warīf fi muḥābarat al-Rīf ⊂am 1443(sic)–1924,” MS in National Archives, Rabat (the memoirs of Muḥammad Azarqān, Rifi foreign minister', as dictated to Skīraj), pp. 80–83.Google Scholar

24 The bay⊂a referred to in nn. 8 and 18, above.

25 Ibid.

26 Hourani, , Arabic Thought, p. 89.Google Scholar

27 Ibid., p. 151.

28 Pennell, , “Opposition,” pp. 539–556.Google Scholar

29 al-Mannūnī, Muḥammad, Maẓāhir yaqẓat al-Maghrib al-ḥadīth, Pt. I (Rabat, 1392/1973), pp. 263–273.Google Scholar

30 Laroui, , Origines, p. 284.Google Scholar

31 Pennell, , “Opposition,” pp. 529–531 and 588.Google Scholar

32 Ibid., pp. 727–733.

33 Lahbabi, , Gouvernement, pp. 135–137.Google Scholar

34 Hart, , Aith Waryaghar, pp. 283–284.Google Scholar

35 Pennell, , “Opposition,” pp. 177–180.Google Scholar

36 Hourani, , Arabic Thought, p. 6.Google Scholar

37 This is the central idea of Lahbabi, Gouvernement.

38 al-Fāsī, ⊂Allāl, Al-ḥarakāt al-istiqlālīya fī-l-maghrib al-⊂arabī (Tangier, n.d.), pp. 121–122.Google Scholar

39 Pennell, , “Opposition,” p. 529.Google Scholar

40 Ibid., pp. 563–564.

41 Abun-Nasr, Jamil, “The Salafiyya Movement in Morocco: The Religious Bases of the Moroccan Nationalist Movement” in Hourani, Albert, ed., St. Antony's Papers No 16 Middk Eastern Affairs No. 3 (London, 1963), pp. 92–98.Google Scholar

42 Skīraj, , “Al-ẓall al-warīf,” p. 86.Google Scholar

43 Hart, , Aith Waryaghar, p. 371.Google Scholar

44 Ibid.

45 Comisión de Responsibilidades, Documentos relacionados con la información instruida por la llamada ‘Comisión de Responsibilidades’ acerca del desastre de Anual (Madrid, n.d.), p. 45.Google Scholar

46 Pennell, , “Opposition,” pp. 223–229.Google Scholar

47 Ibid., p. 534.

48 Ibid., pp. 575–582.

49 Hart, , Aith Waryaghar, p. 389.Google Scholar

50 Pennell, , “Opposition,” pp. 280–281.Google Scholar

51 Ibid., p. 299.

52 Ibid., p. 713.

53 Ibid., pp. 651–652.

54 Ibid., pp. 659–673.

55 Forbes, Rosita, El Raisuni, Sultan of the Mountains (London, 1924), p. 40.Google Scholar

56 See the biography of the Sharif given in Forbes, El Raisuni.

57 Ibid., p. 40.

58 Pennell, , “Opposition,” p. 144.Google Scholar

59 Sa⊂īd, Amīn, Thawrāt al-⊂arab fī-l-qarn al-⊂ashrīn (Cairo, n.d.), pp. 193–196.Google Scholar

60 Pennell, , “Opposition,” pp. 705–708.Google Scholar

61 Ibid., pp. 656–658.

62 Ibid., pp. 661–672.

63 Ibid., p. 702.

64 Ibid., p. 709.

65 An example is Muḥammad Bū Qaddur of the Timsamān tribe in the Eastern Rif. His career is described in Pennell, C. R., “‘I Want To Live Peacefully in My House’: A Moroccan Qaid and His Reaction to Colonialism,” Maghreb Review, 6, 3–4 (1981), 49–54.Google Scholar

66 Sheean, Vincent, Adventures among the Riffi (London, 1926), p. 47.Google Scholar

67 Pennell, , “Opposition,” pp. 762–766.Google Scholar

68 Gabrielli, Léon, Abd-el-Krim at les événements du Rif 1924–1926: notes et souvenirs recuellis et presentés par Roger Coindreau (Casablanca, 1953), p. 85.Google Scholar

69 Ayyāshī, Aḥmad al-Bū ⊂, Ḥarb al-Rīf al-taḥrīrīya wa-marāhil al-niḍāl, 2 vols. (Tangier, 1974), II, 361–362.Google Scholar

70 Skīraj, , “Al-ẓall al-warīf,” p. 83.Google Scholar

71 Al-Manar “Jahl al-Zu⊂amā.”