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The Critic's View: Beyond Revisionism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2009

Richard G. Hovannisian ,
Stanford J. Shaw  and
Ezel Kural Shaw
Richard G. Hovannisian
Affiliation:
Professor of Armenian and Near Eastern HistoryUniversity of California, Los Angeles
Stanford J. Shaw
Affiliation:
Professor of Turkish and Near Eastern HistoryUniversity of California, Los Angeles
Ezel Kural Shaw
Affiliation:
Research Associate in Near Eastern HistoryUniversity of California, Los Angeles
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Abstract

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Type
Forum: The Armenian Question
Information
International Journal of Middle East Studies , Volume 9 , Issue 3 , August 1978 , pp. 379 - 400
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1978

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References

1 Volume I by Shaw, S. J. is subtitled Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280–1808. Volume 2Google Scholar by Shaw, S. J. and Ezel, Kural Shaw is subtitled Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808–1975 (Cambridge, London, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1976–1977). All citations of the work in this paper refer to Volume II (cited hereafter as Shaw and Shaw).Google Scholar

2 Lewis, V. Thomas and Richard, N. Frye, The United States and Turkey and Iran (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1951), p. 61.Google Scholar

3 Shaw, and Shaw, , pp. 201–202.Google Scholar

4 Aside from the Armenian records, see, for example, Great Britain, Parliament, House of Commons, Reports by Her Majesty's Diplomatic and Consular Agents in Turkey respecting Conditions of the Christian Subjects of the Porte, 1868–1875, Sessional Papers, 1877, Vol XCII, C. 1739, and Instructions to Her Majesty's Embassy at Constantinople respecting Financial and Administrative Reform, and Protection of Christians in Turkey, 1856–1875, Sessional Papers, 1877, Vol. XCII, C. 1740. See also the several Blue Books published between 1876 and 1881 and entitled Correspondence respecting the Conditions of the Population in Asia Minor and Syria.Google Scholar

5 Shaw, and Shaw, , p. 188.Google Scholar

6 See, for example, William, L. Langer, The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890–1902 (New York and London: Alfred A. Knopf, 1935), I, 157–160.Google Scholar

7 Shaw, and Shaw, , p. 203.Google Scholar

8 Ibid.

9 Shaw, and Shaw, , pp. 203–204.Google Scholar

10 France, Ministère des Affaires Étrangerès. Documents diplomatiques: Affaires arménzennes: Projets de réformes dans l'empire Ottoman, 1893–1897 (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1897);Google Scholar Great Britain, House of Commons, Correspondence relating to the Asiatic Provinces of Turkey, Sessional Papers, 5895, Vol. CIX, part I, C. 7894, ‘Events at Sassoon, and Commission of Inquiry at Moush‘ part 2, c. 7894-I, ‘Commission of Inquiry at Moush: Procés-verbaux and Separate Depositions.’ See also United States of America, The National Archives, Record Group 59, Despatches from United States Ministers to Turkey, 1818–1906, Microfilm Publication M46, rolls 56–58, 03 1894-08 1895; and Diplomatic Instructions of the Department of State, 1801–1906, M77, rolls 166–167, 10 1888–12 1896.Google Scholar

11 Great Britain, Sessional Papers, c. 7874, p. 173. See also Correspondence respecting the Introduction of Reforms in the Armenian Provinces of Asiatic Turkey, Sessional Papers, 1896, Vol. XCV, C. 7923.Google Scholar

12 See especially the British Sessional Papers entitled Correspondence relating to the Asiatic Provinces of Turkey, and Correspondence relative to the Armenian Question and Reports from Her Majesty's Consular Officers in Asiatic Turkey. For the period 1892–1896, these are c. 7927, C. 8015, c. 8108, and c. 8273. See also France, , Affaires arméniennes, documents 91–235,Google Scholar and Supplément, 1895–1896 (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1897);Google Scholar Germany, Auswärtiges Amt, Die grosse Politik der europäischen Kabinette, 1871–1914 (Berlin: Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft für Politik und Geschichte, 1922–1927),Google Scholar X, nos. 2450–2476 passim; United States, National Archives, Record Group 59, Despatches from United States Consuls: Sivas, 1886–1906, Microfilm Publication T681; Erzerum, 1895–1904, T568; Harput, 1895–1906, T579; Despatches from United States Ministers to Turkey, M46, rolls 59–62, September 1895–February 1897; Diplomatic Instructions of the Department of State, M77, roll 167, October 1894–December 1896. For representative eyewitness accounts and studies by Europeans and Americans, see Johannes, Lepsius, Armenien und Europa (Berlin: Faber, 1896. French ed., Lausanne: Payot, 1896. English ed., London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1897);Google ScholarHarris, J. R. and Helen, B. Harris, Letters from the Scenes of Recent Massacres in Armenia (London: Nisbet, 1897);Google ScholarHoward, W. W., Horrors of Armenia: The Story of an EyeWitness (New York: Armenian Relief Association, 1896);Google ScholarFélix, Charmetant, Martyrologe arménien: Tableau officiel des massacres d'Arménie (Paris: Belin Frères, 1896).Google Scholar

13 Shaw, and Shaw, , p. 204.Google Scholar

14 Ibid., pp. 204–205.

15 Shaw, and Shaw, , p. 205.Google Scholar

16 Ibid.

17 See, for example, Great Britain, House of Commons, Further Correspondence respecting the Asiatic Provinces of Turkey and Events in Constantinople, Sessional Papers, 1897,Google Scholar Vol. CI, c. 8305; France, Affaires arméniennes, nos. 236–296, and Foreign Ministry Archives, Nouvelle série, Correspondance politique et commerciale: Turquie, politique intérieure, n.s. 71–72, February 1896–April 1897. See also Armenian accounts in Armen, Garo [Garegin Pasdermadjian], Aprvads orer (Boston: Hairenik, 1948), pp. 95–162,Google Scholar and Hushapatum H. H. Dashnaktsutian, 1890–1950 (Boston: Hairenik, 1950), pp. 280–301.Google Scholar

18 Shaw, and Shaw, , p. 281.Google Scholar

19 See, for example, France, Foreign Ministry Archives, n.s. 83, January 1908–February 1910; United States, National Archives, Numerical File 1906–1910: Turkey, 1909. The report of Hagop Babiguian, a member of the Ottoman Parliament and its commission of inquiry is published as La situation des Arméniens en Turquie exposée par des documents (1908–1912): Rapport en 1909 sur les massacres arméniens d'Adana. See also The Adana Massacres: Who Is Responsible? The Parliamentary Commission to Adana (Constantinople, 1909);Google ScholarFerriman, Z. Duckett, The Young Turks and the Truth about the Holocaust at Adana in Asia Minor during April, 1909 (London, 1913);Google ScholarGeorges, Brézol, Les Turcs ont passé là Recueil de documents… sur les massacres d'Adana en 1909 (Paris: L'Auteur, 1911);Google Scholard'Annezay, J., Au pays des massacres, saignée arménienne de 1909 (Paris, Bloud, 1910);Google ScholarSéropian, M., Les vêpres ciliciennes: Les responsabilités: Faits et documents (Alexandria: Della Rocca, 1909);Google ScholarAdossides, A., Arméniens et Jeunes-Turcs: Les massacres de Cilicie (Paris: Stock, 1910).Google Scholar

20 Shaw, and Shaw, , p. 314.Google Scholar

21 Richard, G. Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1967), p. 42.Google Scholar

22 Shaw, and Shaw, , p. 315.Google Scholar

23 Shaw, and Shaw, , pp. 315–316.Google Scholar

24 For an extensive bibliography of archival and published materials in Western languages relating to the elimination of the Ottoman Armenian population, see Richard, G. Hovannisian, The Armenian Holocaust: A Bibliography relating to the Deportations, Massacres, and Dispersion of the Armenian People, 1915–1923 (Cambridge, Mass.: Armenian Heritage Press, 1978).Google Scholar

25 Shaw, and Shaw, , p. 330.Google Scholar

26 Ibid., pp. 322–323, 324–326, 356–357, 362–363. Not mentioning the study of Marjorie, Housepian, The Smyrna Affair (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1966; British ed., London: Faber and Faber, 1972),Google Scholar the Shaws write, ‘Perhaps the last atrocity of the war was the suggestion, quickly taken up by the Western press, that the victorious Turkish army was responsible for burning the conquered second city of the empire’ (Shaw, and Shaw, , p. 363).Google Scholar