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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 January 2009
Despite rapidly growing industrialization and large migration from the countryside,Turkey today remains primarily agricultural, with a farming area larger than that of any other southern European country, and an agricultural population consisting of just under 70 per cent of the approximately 35 million people in the country. Although reduced in importance, so that its contribution of 40 per cent of the total domestic product in 1963 was reduced by 1969 to little over 33⅓ per cent, agriculture still accounts for some 90 per cent of the country's exports.
page 45 note 1 The European Economy in 1967,Economic Survey of Europe(NewYork,United Nations,1968), p. 69.Google Scholar
page 45 note 2 The total Turkish population grew from 13,562,000 in 1927to 33,539,000 in 1968.Google Scholar
page 45 note 3 Second Five- Year Development Plan, 1968–1972, published by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Prime Ministry, State Planning Organization (SPO), no. 752(1969), p. 333 and p. 148.Google Scholar
page 46 note 1 European Turkey consists of only 23,455 hectares; Anatolia contains 743,434 square kilometers.Google Scholar
page 46 note 2 It is estimated that some 115,000 holdings of over 20 hectares each occupy more than one-third of the total farming area of the country. Another estimate indicates that farms larger than 100 hectares, constituting 0-14 per cent of all farms, occupy 10 per cent of the farming area. Turkey, Agricultural Development in Southern Europe, Agricultural Policy Reports, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD (Paris, 1969), p. 347.Google Scholar
page 47 note 1 These farmers are also entitled to receive lands reclaimed within forest or pasture areas; land owned or controlled by the state but leased to private operators (SecondPlan, PP. 332–3).Google Scholar
page 47 note 2 In 1953, for instance, the average farm size was 8 hectares; in 1963 it was 5 or 7. It was estimated that of a million separate farms in 1968-9, two-thirds contained less than 5 hectares eachGoogle Scholar
page 47 note 3 Despite attempts to work out schemes of regional development planning, by 1970 Turkey's planning was still chiefly carried on on a national scale.Google Scholar
page 47 note 4 *The State Planning Organization was set up by Law no. 91. The Constitution was promulgated by Law no. 334 on 27 July 1961. See Constitution of 1961, translated for the Committee of National Unity (Ankara, 1961).Google Scholar
page 47 note 5 See First Five-Year Development Plan, 1963~1967/ (Ankara: Prime Ministry, State Planning Organization, 1963); Second Five-Year Development Plan, 1968–1972, published by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Prime Ministry, SPO 752 (Ankara, 1969).Google Scholar
page 48 note 1 In 1968-9 per capita bread consumption was estimated at 228 kilos, but in the villages it was probably as high as 270, and in the cities as low as 140, because meat and money to buy it are more readily available there. Of the total average caloric intake of 2,700-2,900 calories for the Turkish population as a whole, grains provide an average of 1,930, but over 2,300 in rural areas. (Second Plan, p. 345.)Google Scholar
page 48 note 2 Turkey, Agricultural Development in Southern Europe, Agricultural Policy Reports, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Paris, 1969), p. 287.Google Scholar
page 48 note 3 Annual Program, 1970, p. 32.Google Scholar
page 49 note 1 See Prospects for Turkish Agriculture, Report of Agricultural Study Team, U.S.Agency for International Development (Ankara, Dec. 1966), pp. 10, 16.Google Scholar
page 49 note 2 Second Plan, p. 355.Google Scholar
page 49 note 3 Turkey - Agricultural Loan: High Yield Wheat Seed Project, Agency for InternationalDevelopment (Washington, 20 June 1967), p. 23.Google Scholar
page 49 note 4 Reimbursements start at 12 per cent for the 1966 crops, and rise to 33 per cent for sales of stocks remaining from 1962 (Turkey, OECD Economic Surveys, 1969, p. 21). These reimbursements must be distinguished from tax rebates granted under Law 261 of 1962 for all but traditional exports.Google Scholar
page 50 note 1 In 1966 some $4 million worth of cotton textiles were exported, but the textile industry,especially in the State-owned Sumerbank's factories, had unused capacity(Turkey, OECD Economic Survey, 1969, p. 23).Google Scholar
page 50 note 2 In 1967 hazelnut exports amounted to §82-3 million, dropped in 1968 to $74'3 million, and rose in 1969 to $107-6 million {Figures from SPO, July 1970).Google Scholar
page 51 note 1 In 1967, 22 per cent of all tobacco, 17 per cent of hazelnut and 12 per cent of cotton exports went to bilateral-agreement countries. See below, p. 56.Google Scholar
page 51 note 2 The Plan indicates that tobacco cultivation, for instance, is to be kept down to 200,000 hectares and the yield to 700 kilograms per hectare {Second Plan, p. 355; see also The Annual Program, 1970, p. 33).Google Scholar
page 51 note 3 Turkey, OECD Economic Surveys, 1969, p. 19.Google Scholar
page 51 note 4 Strategy and Objectives of the Second Five-Year Development Plan (1968–1972),Republic of Turkey, Prime Ministry, State Planning Organization (SPO), Ankara, issued by the Central Bank of Turkey, July 1967, p. 11.Google Scholar
page 51 note 5 Ibid.
page 52 note 1 The Annual Programme, 1969, p. 3.Google Scholar
page 52 note 2 ‘To attain a balanced diet, the ratio of animal protein to the total diet will be increased' (Second Plan, p. 322).Google Scholar
page 52 note 3 Of a 31 per cent projection, 13 per cent was realized.Google Scholar
page 52 note 4 33-2 per cent.Google Scholar
page 52 note 5 The Annual Programme, 1969, p. 1. The same priority is given to forest products, mining and metallurgy.Google Scholar
page 53 note 1 Agricultural Development in Southern Europe, p.Google Scholar
page 53 note 2 Export of fresh fruit and vegetables, SPO Statistics, 1970:
page 53 note 3 The quotation continues: ‘and as regards invisible receipts from tourism’ (Turkey, OECD Economic Survey, 1968, p. 41).Google Scholar
page 54 note 1 Among the possibilities for evasion was the provision of the law allowing farm losses to be offset against profits partly earned outside agriculture.Google Scholar
page 54 note 2 Second Plan, p. 119.Google Scholar
page 54 note 3 Turkey, OECD Economic Survey, 1969, p. 32.Google Scholar
page 54 note 4 Together with another public banking enterprise, the Real Estate Bank, it holds half the total bank assets of the country (Turkey, OECD Economic Survey, 1968, p. 40).Google Scholar
page 54 note 5 The Bank is established with public capital and has supervision over the Agricultural Credit Cooperatives and the Agricultural Sales Cooperatives. See ' The Role of the Agricultural Bank in Turkey's Economic Growth'; 'Turkey', New York Times, 12 Oct. 1969, p. 4; Namik Zeki Aral, 'Agricultural Credits and Credit Establishments in Turkey', Agricultural Aspects of Economic Development (Istanbul: Economic and Social Studies Planning Board, 1965), passim, esp. pp. 50–2. For legal power and organization, see Siddik Sami Onar,' The Nature of State Economic Enterprises', State Economic Enterprises (Istanbul, Economic and Social Studies Conference Board, 1969), pp. 50–2Google Scholar
page 54 note 6 Law no. 3203, 4 June 1937.Google Scholar
page 54 note 7 In 1968 they numbered 1,919 - less than 200 more than in 1965 (The Role of the Agricultural Bank, p. 4).Google Scholar
page 55 note 1 The Annual Program, 1970, p. 34.Google Scholar
page 55 note 2 The Plan projected $2 billion exports and $3-2 billion imports. The balance of payments was expected to be minus by $1-25 billion but the actual figure turned out to be $778 million, 8473 million less than the forecast. While imports followed their target amounts, exports surpassed theirs by $250 million.Google Scholar
page 55 note 4 Nearly 93 per cent of the increase from 1963^7 was made up of traditional products. Cotton exports grew at a rate of about 16 per cent annually, hazelnuts 9 per cent, raisins 7, tobacco 4. Fresh fruits started in 1963 at $3-2 million and rose to 88-5 million in 1967. In 1968 out of total farm exports of 8431-5 million, $402-6 million were unprocessed. {Turkey, OECD Economic Survey (Paris, 1969), p. 23.)Google Scholar
Türkiye Sinai Kakkinma Bankasi, A.B. (Industrial Development Bank of Turkey), annual statement for the year ended 31 December 1968, p. 56.
page 57 note 1 In terms of gross value of production (as distinguished from gross value added). The agricultural components consist of a proposed 3-7 per cent increase in field crops, 4-7 per cent in animal products, 3-4 per cent in fish, and 2-5 per cent in forest products. {Annual Programme, a Summary, 1969, p. 6.)Google Scholar
page 57 note 2 From 1964 to 1966 the average rate of growth was 3-1 per cent of GNP per annum, after reaching 7-6 in 1963 primarily because of the unusually fine weather. Production slumped in 1964 and in 1965 declined seriously; 1966, however, brought an increase of 8-5 per cent. (The Annual Program, 1970, Publ. SPO no. 842, p. 33.)Google Scholar
page 57 note 3 Even substantial growth in the output of oil seeds, fruits and vegetables, forest and fish products in 1968 did not entirely compensate for the drop in wheat, barley, sugar beets and potatoes, all of which crops were smaller than in 1967. (Annual Programme, A Summary, 1969, p. 5.)Google Scholar
page 57 note 4 Namik Zeki Aral, 'Agricultural Credits and Credit Establishments in Turkey', Agricultural Aspects of Economic Development, p. 167. The situation in many ways had not changed markedly by 1970.Google Scholar
page 58 note 1 Agricultural Development in Southern Europe, p. 349.Google Scholar