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Rival Empires of Trade And Imami Shi'ism in Eastern Arabia, 1300–1800

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2009

Juan R. I. Cole
Juan R. I. Cole
Affiliation:
Department of History University of Michigan
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Extract

The history of the Shi'i Muslims in the isles of Bahrain and the oases of Qatif and al-Hasa has been little studied despite the economic and political importance lent them by the large petroleum deposits in their region. The significance of this community has been further magnified by the rise in the Gulf region of Shi'i radicalism, as in the Iranian Revolution of 1978–1979 and the failed 1981 Shi'i coup attempt in Bahrain. The study of Shi'ism in the Gulf has advanced so little that even a basic chronology and overview of institutional developments are lacking for all but the most recent decades.

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Articles
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International Journal of Middle East Studies , Volume 19 , Issue 2 , May 1987 , pp. 177 - 204
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1987

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References

NOTES

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26 Braudel, The Mediterranean, vol. 1, pp. 543–70; for the spice route across Iraq to the Levant in the late 1500s, see van Linschoten, John Huyghen, The Voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies, Burnell, A. C. and Tiele, P. A., eds., 2 vols. (London: Hakluyt Society, 1885), vol. 1, pp. 46–54.Google Scholar For analysis of this route based on a British traveler in 1580 see Steensgaard, Niels, The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century: The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), pp. 37–39.Google Scholar

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28 Arjomand, The Shadow of God, ch. 5.

29 al-Bahrānī, Y., Lu'lu'a al-Bahrayn, p. 153.Google Scholar

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33 Arjomand, The Shadow of God, ch. 5.

34 Quoted from the Bihār al-anwār by Zarrīn-Qalam, 'Alī, Sarzamīn-i Bahrayn az dawrān-i bāstān tā imrūz (Tehran: Sirus, 1337 s.), p. 83.Google Scholar

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36 For al'Āmilī see al-'Āmilī, al-Hurr, Amal al-āmil, vol. 1, pp. 74–77; the source does not explain why Shaykh Husayn felt comfortable in resettling in Portuguese Bahrain from the Safavid Empire.Google ScholarFor Sheikh Dā'ūd see al-Bahrānī, A., Anwār al-badrayn, pp. 80–81.Google Scholar

37 al-Bahrānī, A., Anwār al-badrayn, p. 78.Google Scholar

38 Munshi, Iskandar Bey, Tārīkh-i 'alam-ārā-yi 'Abbāsī, Afshar, Iraj, ed., 2 vols. (Tehran: Mūsavī, 1335), vol. 2, pp. 614–16;Google Scholar English trans. Savory, Roger as History of Shah 'Abbās the Great, 2 vols. (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1978), vol. 2, pp. 803–5.Google Scholar

39 Teixeira, Pedro, The Travels of Pedro Teixeira, Sinclair, William F., ed. (London: Hakluyt Society, 1902), pp. 174–76;Google Scholar al-Nabhān, al-Tuhfa, vol. 1, pp. 63–64, gives a list of Safavid governors of Bahrain as follows: Sūndak Sultān, with one tenure before 1633, when he was recalled, and another tenure thereafter when his gifts to the shah won him reinstatement; Bābā Khān, to 1666 when the people complained of his oppression; Sultān b. Qizil Khān, from 1666; Mihdī Qūlī Khan to 1701; Qāzāgh Khān, from 1701. (Bahrain was lost to the Safavids in 1717.)

40 Bey, Iskandar, 'Alam-ārā-yi 'Abbāsī vol. 2, pp. 979–82; Eng. trans., vol. 2, pp. 1200–1204;Google ScholarCraesbeck, Paulo, Commentaries of Ruy Freyre de Andrada, Boxer, C. R., ed. and trans. (New York: Robert M. McBride & Co., 1930), pp. 14–173, 198; an extended analysis of the global economic implications of the fall of Hurmuz is Steensgaard, The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century, especially pp. 154–343;Google Scholar on Dutch-Portuguese rivalry see also Rothermund, Dietmar, Asian Trade and European Expansion in the Age of Mercantilism (Delhi: Manohar, 1981), ch. 5.Google Scholar

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69 Ibid., pp. 228–29, 207–11.

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73 al-Bahrānī, A., Anwār al-badrayn, pp. 136–40, 400–405;Google ScholarChahārdihī, Murtazā Mudarris, Shaykh Ahmad-i Ahsā'ī (Tehran: 'Alī Akbar 'llmī 1334 s.), p. 45; for the possibility of lbn Abī Jumhūr's influence, see Amanat, “Early Years”.Google Scholar

74 Palgrave, William Gifford, Narrative of a Year's Journey Through Central and Eastern Arabia (1862–1863), 2 vols. (London: Macmillan Co., 1865; repr. Hants.: Gregg, 1969), vol. 2, pp. 201–15.Google Scholar