Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T01:25:41.115Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

SAR analysis of tri-band antennas for a 5G eyewear device

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 March 2020

M. Dilruba Geyikoğlu Open the ORCID record for M. Dilruba Geyikoğlu [Opens in a new window] ,
Hilal Koç Polat ,
Fatih Kaburcuk  and
Bülent Çavuşoğlu
M. Dilruba Geyikoğlu*
Affiliation:
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
Hilal Koç Polat
Affiliation:
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
Fatih Kaburcuk
Affiliation:
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
Bülent Çavuşoğlu
Affiliation:
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
*
Author for correspondence: M. Dilruba Geyikoğlu, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The goal of this study is to analyze the specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution of the projected 5G frequencies below 6 GHz and at Wi-Fi frequency (2.45 GHz) on a human head, for eyewear device applications. Two separate tri-band printed dipole antennas for this purpose are designed and fabricated at operating frequencies of 2.45/3.8/6 GHz for prototype-1 and at operating frequencies of 2.45/3.6/4.56 GHz for prototype-2. In order to obtain the desired frequencies: first, the prototypes of the proposed antennas are fine-tuned via Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST) and then fabricated on the FR4 layer. The reflection coefficient (S11) is tested and the simulation results are confirmed. In order to analyze the effect of wearing a pair of glasses' frame including a tri-band 5G antenna, a frame is designed and produced via 3D printer with polylactic acid material which has high dielectric constant (ɛr = 8.1). The SAR results of the proposed antennas have been examined for the cases where the antenna is embedded in the frame and is used alone. Both cases were analyzed by using the homogeneous specific anthropomorphic mannequin and the heterogeneous visible human head phantoms and the results have been evaluated in terms of SAR10 g values.

Keywords

5GSpecific Absorption RateEyewear DeviceMultiband
Type
Antenna Design, Modeling and Measurements
Information
International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies , Volume 12 , Special Issue 8: Special Issue EuMW 2019. Part II , October 2020 , pp. 754 - 761
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and the European Microwave Association 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Lee, Y-H, Wang, A-S, Liao, Y-D, Lin, T-W, Chi, Y-J, Wong, C-C, Shinohara, N, Yuan, Q and Chen, Q (2017) Wireless power IoT system using polarization switch antenna as polling protocol for 5G mobile network. In Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC), 2017 IEEE, IEEE, pp. 1–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cihangir, A, Panagamuwa, CJ, Whittow, WG, Gianesello, F and Luxey, C (2016) Ultrabroadband antenna with robustness to body detuning for 4G eyewear devices. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 16, 1225–1228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pujol, F, Manero, C and Jaffal, T (2019) 5G Observatory Quarterly Report 4. 4, 1-85. [Online]. Available at http://5gobservatory.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/80082-5G-Observatory-Quarterly-report-4-min.pdfGoogle Scholar
Kurka, PRG and Salazar, AAD (2019) Applications of image processing in robotics and instrumentation. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 124, 142–169. doi: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2019.01.015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daponte, P, De Vito, L, Picariello, F and Riccio, M (2013) State of the art and future developments of measurement applications on smartphones. Measurement 46, 3291–3307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravikumar, N, Metcalfe, NH, Ravikumar, J and Prasad, R (2016) Smartphone applications for providing ubiquitous healthcare over cloud with the advent of embeddable implants. Wireless Personal Communications 86, 1439–1446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guideline, I (1998) Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Physics 74, 494–522.Google Scholar
Mertz, L (2016) Are wearables safe?: we carry our smart devices with us everywhere-even to bed-but have we been sleeping with the enemy, or are cautionary tales overinflated? IEEE Pulse 7, 39–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaburcuk, F and Elsherbeni, AZ (2018) Smart glasses radiation effects on a human head model at Wi-Fi and 5G cellular frequencies. In 2018 International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Symposium-China (ACES), IEEE, pp. 1–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cihangir, A, Gianesello, F and Luxey, C (2018) Dual-antenna concept with complementary radiation patterns for eyewear applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 66, 3056–3063.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zheng, Y-F, Sun, G-H, Huang, Q-K, Wong, S-W and Zheng, L-S (2016) Wearable PIFA antenna for smart glasses application. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Computational Electromagnetics (ICCEM), IEEE, pp. 370–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, S and Choi, J (2017) Miniaturized MIMO antenna with a high isolation for smart glasses. In 2017 IEEE-APS Topical Conference on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications (APWC), IEEE, pp. 61–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hong, S, Kang, SH, Kim, Y and Jung, CW (2016) Transparent and flexible antenna for wearable glasses applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 64, 2797–2804.10.1109/TAP.2016.2554626CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cihangir, A, Whittow, WG, Panagamuwa, CJ, Ferrero, F, Jacquemod, G, Gianesello, F and Luxey, C (2013) Feasibility study of 4G cellular antennas for eyewear communicating devices. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 12, 1704–1707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cihangir, A, Panagamuwa, CJ, Whittow, WG, Jacquemod, G, Gianesello, F, Pilard, R and Luxey, C (2017) Dual-band 4G eyewear antenna and SAR implications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 65, 2085–2089.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y-Y, Ban, Y-L and Nie, Z (2019) Dual-loop antenna for 4G LTE MIMO smart glasses applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 18, 1818–1822.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IEEE, (2013) IEEE Std. 1528-2013 recommended practice fordetermining the peak spatial-average specific absorptionrate (SAR) in the human head from wireless communica-tions devices—measurement techniques. New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, pp. 1–246.Google Scholar
Zhu, J, Antoniades, MA and Eleftheriades, GV (2010) A compact tri-band monopole antenna with single-cell metamaterial loading. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 58, 1031–1038.Google Scholar
Ur-Rehman, M, Adekanye, M and Chattha, HT (2018) Tri-band millimetre-wave antenna for body-centric networks. Nano Communication Networks 18, 72–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abu, M, Rahim, MKA, Suaidi, M, Ibrahim, I and Nor, N (2009) A meandered triple-band printed dipole antenna for RFID. In Microwave Conference, 2009. APMC 2009. Asia Pacific, IEEE, pp. 1958–1961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fang, X, Wen, G, Inserra, D, Huang, Y and Li, J (2018) Compact wideband CPW-fed meandered-slot antenna with slotted Y-shaped central element for Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and 5G applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 66, 7395–7399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedir Yousif, MS and Abdelrazzak, M (2015) Design and simulation of meander line antenna for LTE communications based on defected ground structure. Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola 30, 15–29.Google Scholar
Hong, Y and Choi, J (2018) 60 GHz Patch antenna array with parasitic elements for smart glasses. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 17, 1252–1256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, J-N and Chen, F-C (2006) Reduction of the peak SAR in the human head with metamaterials. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 54, 3763–3770.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaburcuk, F and Elsherbeni, AZ (2018) Temperature rise and SAR distribution at wide range of frequencies in a human head due to an antenna radiation. ACES Journal 33, 367–372.Google Scholar
Hadjem, A, Lautru, D, Dale, C, Wong, MF, Hanna, VF and Wiart, J (2005) Study of specific absorption rate (SAR) induced in two child head models and in adult heads using mobile phones. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 53, 4–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaburcuk, F (2019) Effects of a brain tumor in a dispersive human head on SAR and temperature rise distributions due to RF sources at 4G and 5G frequencies. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 38, 168–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegbahn, M, Bit-Babik, G, Keshvari, J, Christ, A, Derat, B, Monebhurrun, V, Penney, C, Vogel, M and Wittig, T (2010) An international interlaboratory comparison of mobile phone SAR calculation with CAD-based models. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 52, 804–811.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuster, N, Christ, A, Chavannes, N, Nikoloski, N and Frohlich, J (2002) Human head phantoms for compliance and communication performance testing of MTE. 2002 Interim International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, Yokosuka Reserach Park, Japan November 26–28, 2002Google Scholar